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Time-varying current
Or
If there is a charge but not moving, current will not be created and there is no radiation
Examples
Input excitation
Fundamental Parameters:
Radiation Patterns
Directivity
Gain
Bandwidth
Effective aperture
Polarization
Input Impedance
Efficiency
Coordinate system
𝜑 𝜃
𝑟 𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑 𝜑 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
0 0
0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋 0≤𝜃≤𝜋
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
Amplitude radiation pattern
Field pattern:
Typically represents a plot of field (either electric 𝐸 or magnetic 𝐻 ) as a function
of the angular space
Power pattern:
Typically represents a plot power (proportional to either 𝐸 2 or 𝐻 2 ) on a linear
scale or decibel (dB) scale
Amplitude radiation pattern of 10 elements linear array, d (spacing)=𝞴/4
2-D Field pattern 2-D power pattern (linear scale) power pattern (dB scale)
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
3-D Spherical Plot
𝞴
𝑁 = 10, 𝑑 =
4
𝐸 (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑟=𝑟𝑐
= 𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑟 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑) + 𝑎𝜃 𝐸𝜃 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑)
+ 𝑎𝜑 𝐸𝜑 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑)
2
𝐸= 𝐸𝑟 2 + 𝐸𝜃 2 + 𝐸𝜑
∅=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝜃 ↑↓
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
Radiation pattern lobes
Side Lobe: A radiation lobe in any direction other than the indented lobe
A side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in
the direction of main beam.
Side lobe are usually the largest of the minor lobes.
Back Lobe: is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180
Degree with respect to the main beam of antenna.
Isotropic radiator/patterns:
E-plane pattern:
The plane containing the electric field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.
H-plane pattern:
The plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction (or direction of maximum radiation)
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
Or
The directivity of a practical antenna is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in given
direction over that of an isotropic source.
The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna
divided by 4π.
Poynting vector:
The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic waves is
the instantaneous Poynting Vector
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
Plane Angle (Radian)
One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at the center of a circle of radius 𝑟
that is subtended by an arc whose length is 𝑟.
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶
𝜃(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) =
𝑟
If 𝐶=r
𝜃(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) = 1
2𝜋𝑟
Total radians in full circle = 𝑟
= 2𝜋
Ω=
𝐴 If 𝐴=𝑟 2
𝑟2
𝐴
Ω= =1
𝑟2
4𝜋𝑟 2
Total steradian in full sphere = = 4𝜋
𝑟2
𝑑𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝑑Ω = = =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝑟2 𝑟2
0≤𝜃≤𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
Ω 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑Ω 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0
𝜋 2𝜋
Ω 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑 = 4𝜋
0 0
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
Radiation power density:
The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic wave is the
instantaneous Poynting vector and it is defined as.
W=E X H
1
Pavg = Prad (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐠 . 𝐝𝐬 = 𝐑𝐞(𝐄𝐬 X 𝐇𝐬 ∗ ) . 𝐝𝐬
2
Prad
Wo =
4𝜋𝑟 2
The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna
divided by 4π.
𝑈 = 𝑟 2 Wrad
𝜋 2𝜋
Prad 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑈 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0
Prad
𝑈0 =
4𝜋
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction (or direction of maximum radiation)
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
The directivity of a practical antenna is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in given
direction over that of an isotropic source.
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
𝐷= = 𝑈 = 4π 𝑃
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4π
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
Gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “ the ratio of radiation intensity in
a given direction , to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power
accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
𝐺= = = 4π 𝑃
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) 𝑈0 𝑖𝑛
The range of frequencies over which the performance of an antenna is within some
specified limit is known as the bandwidth (BW).
The total antenna efficiency is used to take into account losses at the input terminals
and within the structure of antenna
The conduction-dielectric efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power delivered to the radiation
resistance to loss resistance (due to conduction and dielectric) and radiation resistance
Absolute gain
It takes into account the reflection/mismatch losses (due to mismatch between antenna
terminal and transmission line)
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)
Beam Efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of transmitted power within cone angle to total power transmitted
by antenna
1 2𝜋 𝜃
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 0 0 𝑈 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
BE= = 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑈 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0
“The impedance provided by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to
current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric
to magnetic fields at a point”
• Infinitesimal Dipole (𝑙 ≪ 𝞴)
𝞴 𝞴
• Small Dipole (50 < 𝑙 ≤ 10)
𝞴
• Finite length Dipole (2 < 𝑙 < 𝞴)
𝞴
• Half-Wavelength Dipole (𝑙 = 2)
Wire antennas, linear or curved, are some of the oldest, simplest, cheapest, and in
many cases the most versatile for many applications
𝑘 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
𝑑𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗η
4𝜋𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑧 ′ cos𝜃
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑧 ′ cos𝜃
𝑙 𝑙 ′ cos𝜃
2 𝑘 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 (𝑟−𝑧
2 )
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑑𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗η
−
𝑙
−
𝑙 4𝜋𝑟
2 2
𝑙
η𝑘 ′ cos𝜃
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 2 𝑙 𝐼 𝑧′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ′
4𝜋𝑟 −
2
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
η𝐼0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −cos( )
2 2
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝐸𝜃 𝐼0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −cos( 2 )
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗60𝐼0 F(𝜃) 𝐻𝜑 ≃ η
= 𝑗 2𝜋𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟
𝐸𝜑∗
1 1 1
𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐠 = Re[𝐸𝜃 𝑎𝜃 X 𝐻𝜑∗ 𝑎𝜑 ] = Re[𝐸𝜃 𝑎𝜃 X 𝑎 ] = 𝐸𝜃 2 𝑎𝑟
2 2 η 𝜑 2η
𝟐
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
𝐼0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − cos( 2 )
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 =η
𝟖𝝅𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃