6.6 Consider a cylindrical nickel wire 2.0 mm (0.08 in.) in diameter and 3 × 10 4 mm (1200 in.) long.

Calculate its

elongation when a load of 300 N (67 lbf) is applied. Assume that the deformation is totally elastic.

Solution

In order to compute the elongation of the Ni wire when the 300 N load is applied we must employ
Equations 6.2, 6.5, and 6.1. Combining these equations and solving for ∆l leads to the following

s l0 F l0 F 4l0 F
Dl = l0e = l0 = = =
2
E EA0 æd ö Ep d02
Ep ç 0 ÷
è 2ø

since the cross-sectional area A0 of a cylinder of diameter d0 is equal to

2
æd ö
A0 = p ç 0 ÷
è 2ø

Incorporating into this expression values for l0, F, and d0 in the problem statement, and

realizing that for Ni, E = 207 GPa (30  106 psi) (Table 6.1), and that 3  104 mm = 30m, the wire
elongation is

(4)(30 m)(300 N)
Dl = = 0.0138 m = 13.8 mm (0.53 in.)
( 207  109 N/m 2 )(p )(2  10-3 m )2

6.15 A cylindrical specimen of steel having a diameter of 15.2 mm (0.60 in.) and length of 250 mm (10.0 in.) is
deformed elastically in tension with a force of 48,900 N (11,000 lb f). Using the data contained in Table 6.1,
determine the following:
(a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress.
(b) The change in diameter of the specimen. Will the diameter increase or decrease?

Solution

(a) We are asked, in this portion of the problem, to determine the elongation of a cylindrical specimen of
steel. To solve this part of the problem requires that we use Equations 6.1, 6.2 and 6.5. Equation 6.5 reads as
follows:

s = Ee
Substitution the expression for s from Equation 6.1 and the expression for e from Equation 6.2 leads to

F Dl
=E
æ d2 ö l0
pç 0 ÷
è 4ø

In this equation d0 is the original cross-sectional diameter. Now, solving for Dl yields

4 F l0
Dl =
p d02 E

And incorporating values of F, l0, and d0, and realizing that E = 207 GPa (Table 6.1), leads to

(4)(48,900 N) ( 250  10-3 m )

Dl = = 3.25  10 -4 m = 0.325 mm (0.013 in.)
(p) (15.2  10-3 m )2 (207  109 N/m 2 )

(b) We are now called upon to determine the change in diameter, Dd. Using Equation 6.8 (the definition of
Poisson's ratio)

ex Dd/d0
n= - = -
ez D l/l0

From Table 6.1, for steel, the value of Poisson's ratio, n is 0.30. Now, solving the above expression for ∆d yields

n Dl d0 (0.30)(0.325 mm)(15.2 mm)

Dd = - = -
l0 250 mm

-3 -4
= –5.9  10 mm (–2.3  10 in.)

The diameter will decrease since Dd is negative.

6.28 A load of 140,000 N (31,500 lbf) is applied to a cylindrical specimen of a steel alloy (displaying the stress–
strain behavior shown in Figure 6.22) that has a cross-sectional diameter of 10 mm (0.40 in.).
(a) Will the specimen experience elastic and/or plastic deformation? Why?
(b) If the original specimen length is 500 mm (20 in.), how much will it increase in length when this load is
applied?

Solution

This problem asks us to determine the deformation characteristics of a steel specimen, the stress-strain
behavior for which is shown in Figure 6.22.
(a) In order to ascertain whether the deformation is elastic or plastic, we must first compute the stress, then
locate it on the stress-strain curve, and, finally, note whether this point is on the elastic or elastic + plastic region.
Thus, from Equation 6.1

F F 140,000 N
s = = = = 1,782 MPa (250,000 psi)
A0 2 2
æ d0 ö æ 10  10 -3 m ö
pç ÷ pç ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø

The 1782 MPa point is beyond the linear portion of the curve, and, therefore, the deformation will be both elastic
and plastic.
(b) This portion of the problem asks us to compute the increase in specimen length. From the stress-strain
curve, the strain at 1782 MPa is approximately 0.017. Thus, from Equation 6.2

Dl = e l0 = (0.017)(500 mm) = 8.5 mm (0.34 in.)

6.45 A tensile test is performed on a metal specimen, and it is found that a true plastic strain of 0.16 is
produced when a true stress of 500 MPa (72,500 psi) is applied; for the same metal, the value of K in Equation 6.19
is 825 MPa (120,000 psi). Calculate the true strain that results from the application of a true stress of 600 MPa
(87,000 psi).

Solution

We are asked to compute the true strain that results from the application of a true stress of 600 MPa (87,000
psi); other true stress-strain data are also given. It first becomes necessary to solve for n in Equation 6.19. Taking
logarithms of this expression leads to

log s T = log K + nlog e T

Next we rearrange this equation such that n is the dependent variable:

log s T - log K
n=
log e T

We now solve for n using the following data given in the problem statement:
sT = 500 MPa
eT = 0.16

K = 825 MPa
Thus
log (500 MPa) - log (825 MPa)
n= = 0.273
log (0.16)

We now rearrange Equation 6.19 such that eT is the dependent variable; we first divide both sides of the Equation

6.19 by K, which leads to the following expression:

sT
e Tn =
K

e becomes the dependent variable by taking the 1/n root of both sides of this expression, as

1/n
æs ö
eT = ç T ÷
è K ø

Finally, using values of K and n, we solve for the true strain at a true stress of 600 MPa:

1/n 1/0.273
æs ö æ 600 MPa ö
eT = ç T ÷ =ç = 0.311
è Kø è 825 MPa ÷ø

6.57 Estimate the Brinell and Rockwell hardnesses for the following:
(a) The naval brass for which the stress–strain behavior is shown in Figure 6.12.
(b) The steel alloy for which the stress–strain behavior is shown in Figure 6.22.

Solution

This problem calls for estimations of Brinell and Rockwell hardnesses.

(a) For the brass specimen, the stress-strain behavior for which is shown in Figure 6.12, the tensile strength
is 450 MPa (65,000 psi). From Figure 6.19, the hardness for brass corresponding to this tensile strength is about 125
HB or 85 HRB.
 (b) The steel alloy (Figure 6.22) has a tensile strength of about 1950 MPa (283,000 psi) [Problem 6.26(d)].
This corresponds to a hardness of about 560 HB or ~55 HRC from the line (extended) for steels in Figure 6.19.

6.D1 A large tower is to be supported by a series of steel wires; it is estimated that the load on each wire will be
13,300 N (3000 lbf). Determine the minimum required wire diameter, assuming a factor of safety of 2.0 and a yield
strength of 860 MPa (125,000 psi) for the steel.

Solution

For this problem the working stress is computed using Equation 6.24 with N = 2, as

sy 860 MPa
sw = = = 430 MPa (62,500 psi )
2 2

Since the force is given, the area may be determined from Equation 6.1, and subsequently the original diameter d0

may be calculated as

2
F æd ö
A0 = = pç 0 ÷
sw è 2ø

And

4F (4)(13,300 N)
d0 = =
ps w p ( 430  106 N/m 2 )

= 6.3  10-3 m = 6.3 mm (0.25 in.)