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Series Introduction
Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum
Greek has been important in the intellectual life of western civilization, but not to the
extent of Latin, except for ecclesiastical matters where it is obviously of major
importance for determining the meaning of New Testament texts. In years past, Latin
was introduced in the first year of High School, followed by Greek in the third year. The
prominence of Greek for intellectual matters is evident in designations of subjects
central to university study, such as philosophy 'love of wisdom', philology 'love of words
or more generally study', theology 'study related to God', psychology 'study related to the
soul or psyche', and so on.
The Greek in the New Testament is the so-called koine 'common language'. Based
originally on the Greek of Athens, it was circulated throughout Alexander the Great's
empire. Languages acquired by many non-native speakers are generally simplified, as
was the koine. Morphological categories were lost, such as the dual and the optative,
though forms of them may occur in written texts. Sentences were greatly simplified, as
noted below. Yet many forms remain, especially for verbs.
A difficulty with Greek that may put off learners is the maintenance of an older form of
the alphabet than that used for Latin, English, and many other languages. Moreover,
accentuation varies in Greek words, and in early Greek was musical. While today
accented syllables are pronounced with stress rather than tones, the older accents are
still written [with η added for illustration]: ή for the οκσεῖα 'acute' accent or high pitch, ῆ
for the περισπώμενον accent or high-low pitch, and ὴ for the βαρεῖα 'grave' or falling
pitch.
Furthermore, the sentence structure and number of forms require a great deal of
attention. The words of sentences are often placed for their emphasis, rather than in
accordance with a pattern like that of the English Subject-Verb-Object order. But we may
note that the sentences of New Testament Greek texts are simpler to analyze than are
those of Classical Greek. The writers were strongly influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic,
in which the verb is placed first in the sentence and is often accompanied by particles, in
Greek δέ and καί, which may also stand before the verb. This sentence structure has had
an effect on the translations into more modern languages, as in the King James version:
the first four verses of our first text, Luke 2, begin with And, as do verses 6 through 10.
Even with the simpler syntax, knowledge of the inflections is highly important.
Interpretation is also assisted by the use of articles which, like nouns, adjectives,
pronouns and verbs, are inflected. It is essential, then, to learn the basic inflections of
these parts of speech.
1. The Greek alphabet and pronunciation.
The Greek alphabet was taken over from the Semitic as used in the Phoenician area,
which in turn was based on an Egyptian alphabet. These were also used for the
numerals, so that the order of the symbols was maintained, if changed at times in sound
value. This is true also of the Latin alphabet, which was based ultimately on the Greek
alphabet; the 3rd symbol, which represented [g] as in its name gamma, had the sound of
[k] in Latin, as in words like car or the proper name Cato. The symbols themselves,
especially the small cursives, may also differ in form from those of Latin and English, but
on the whole the differences may readily be recognized. The alphabet is as follows:
α β γδ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σςτ υ φ χ ψ ω
ΑΒΓ ΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣ ΤΥΦΧΨΩ
Note that there are two forms of the small letter sigma: the latter (ς) is used where the
letter appears last in the word; everywhere else, the former is used. The [h] sound
before a vowel is signalled by a rough breathing sign [with ο added for illustration]: ὁ;
and when there is no initial [h] sound before vowels, the smooth breathing sign is ὀ. The
rough breathing may also be used with initial rho: ῥ.
The names of the letters are as follows, in English and then in Greek:
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi,
omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega
ἄλφα, βῆτα, γάμμα, δέλτα, ἔψιλόν, ζῆτα, ῆτα, θῆτα, ἰῶτα, κάππα, λάμβδα, μῦ, νῦ,
͂ έγα
ξεῖ, ὄμικρόν, πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγμα, ταῦ, ὔψιλόν, φεῖ, χεῖ, ψεῖ, ὠμ
Latin and thereupon English has maintained this order with modifications that are
apparent from the different sounds of the letters and the different names. The letter ζ
was pronounced like the consonant in adze. The letter ξ was pronounced like the
consonant in ax. The letter ψ was pronounced like the final consonants in tops. The
letters θ φ χ were originally pronounced like the aspirated initial consonants in English
tan, pan, can as opposed to the unaspirated consonants in stan, span, scan; but they are
usually pronounced today like the initial consonants in than, fan and the consonant in
German ach.
The vowels are pronounced as follows: α like the vowel of bot, ε like that of bet, η like
that of bait, ι like that of beet, ο like that of boat, υ like that of bit, ω like that of bought.
The five vowels other than η ω may be long or short. Unlike English, there are few silent
letters. Sentences, then, are read with every letter pronounced, as in the following
quotations from Luke 1:46 and 1:68 --
Μεγαλύνει ἥ ψυχή μου τὸν κύριον.
'Praise (the) soul my the Lord'
'My soul doth praise the Lord.'
Εὐλογητὸς Κύριος ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ.

'Blessed Lord the God of-the Israel'
'Blessed be the Lord God of Israel.'
2. The vocabulary.
English and Greek belong to the Indo-European language family; their earlier versions
separated from each other some four thousand years ago. Words of the same origin are
often disguised because of changes that have taken place in both languages. For
example, an initial [s] sound before vowels in Greek evolved into [h], as in (cf. English
six) Latin sex, Greek heks, written ἕξ (cf. hexagon). The word corresponding to seven is
written ἑπτά (cf. heptagon). Moreover the Indo-European consonants represented as bh,
dh, gh evolved to ph, th, kh -- φ, θ, χ, as in φράτηρ 'brother'. New sounds have also been
introduced in Greek with their own letter in the alphabet, such as η for the vowel
corresponding to the [a] in hate, and ξ for the combination [ks] as in six.
The greatest difference, however, may have resulted from a massive change of
consonants in Germanic (hence English) well before our era. The change was formulated
by the great German scholar, Jakob Grimm, and is known as Grimm's law, which is listed
even in smaller dictionaries of English. At this time, p, t, k evolved into sounds that today
are represented by f, th, h. Among examples are: father, compare Greek πατήρ, three,
compare Greek τρεῖς, hundred, compare Greek ἑκατόν, literally 'one hundred'. And the
sounds represented by bh, dh, gh in Indo-European were changed to the sounds that
today are represented by b, d, g. These sounds were also changed in Greek, as noted
above. Among examples are English brother, compare Greek φράτηρ, door, compare
Greek θύρα, goose, compare Greek χήν. At the same time, b, d, g were changed to p, t, k.
Among English examples are ten, compare Greek δέκα, kin, compare Greek γένος. (Indo-
European had almost no words with b.)
It is interesting to compare such cognate words, but the changes that both languages
have undergone often conceal the relationships, as for the numerals for four and five.
Some of the others are transparently related, in spite of changes: one, Greek εἱς͂ ; two,
Greek δύο; three, Greek τρεῖς; four, Greek τέτταρες; five, Greek πέντε; six, Greek ἕξ;
seven, Greek ἑπτά; eight, Greek ὀκτώ; nine, Greek ἐννέα; ten, Greek δέκα. Since
dictionaries may provide the Greek cognates of English entries, control over the Greek
vocabulary can be gained by noting them. Etymological dictionaries are of greater
assistance.
As noted above, by far the greatest number of similar words are found in academic and
ecclesiastical language, where English simply took over the Greek terms through long
influence on western culture from these spheres. Words were pronounced in
accordance with the English spellings, rather than with their pronunciation in Greek.
Some examples are cited here.
The academic terms are in accordance with the influence of Aristotle, who conducted his
teaching in the Athenian grove known as the Academy, which was named after the hero
Akademos. We have already noted terms ending in -logy, to which others might be
added like biology and neurology. The last part attained a status of its own, so that
further words like sociology, with its initial part from Latin, could be introduced.
Moreover, the last part has a somewhat different function in the word doxology, 'giving
words of praise'. Other ecclesiastical terms are clergy, clerical, Eucharist and liturgy. In
the political sphere the words democrat and democracy are based on the components for
people and power, as also in aristocrat and aristocracy for the best or superior people
and power, autocracy for self or absolute power, theocracy for ecclesiastical power.
Examination of the etymology or 'true meaning' of such words will assist in gaining
control of the Greek vocabulary.
3. The sentence structure of Greek.
As is clear from the earlier quotations, the sentence order of Greek may differ
considerably from that of English. In an earlier form of Greek, the verb was placed last in
the sentence, but in Luke 1:46 its position is quite different. The different position is
possible because of Greek inflections. Greek can move elements around for stylistic
purposes -- as in Luke 1:46, giving emphasis to the verb.
In examining a Greek text, one should first identify the verb. Its forms are identifiable
through their inflections, with the additional help that nouns are often marked by
preceding articles. In Luke 1:46, the ending -ει indicates that the subject is in the
nominative case. And the -ου endings indicate that μου and τοῦ Ἰσραήλ are genitives. It
is useful, then, to memorize the basic inflections of verbs as well as those of nouns,
pronouns, and adjectives.
As illustrated by these brief passages, the key to reading Greek is provided by
knowledge of its inflections. While these are numerous, memorization of the basic
inflections of the article, of nouns and of verbs is generally adequate.
4. The forms of Greek.
4.1 Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, the article.
Thee parts of speech are inflected for four cases, besides a case of address called the
vocative. The cases are as follows:
 Nominative, the case of the subject;
 Genitive, the case to indicate possession -- possessive, in grammars of English
 Dative, the case of the indirect object
 Accusative, the case of the direct object -- objective, in grammars of English
Case forms may also be determined by prepositions.
In English, only the nominative, genitive/possessive and accusative/objective have been
maintained, and that only in pronouns: I is nominative, my is genitive, me is accusative.
Nouns simply have a nominative and a possessive, as in dog, dog's. Adjectives are not
inflected.
Greek nouns are also inflected for --
 number, that is, singular and plural; Classical Greek also maintained a dual.
 three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
 a large number of declensions.
Paradigms are given in the various lessons. For illustration here, forms of the article are
shown in all three genders, as well as the feminine noun for 'country' of the α-declension
and the masculine noun for 'word' and the neuter for 'gift' of the ο-declension:
Fem. Masc. Nt. Fem. Masc Nt
Sg. Nom. ἡ ὁ τό χώρα λόγος δῶρον
Sg. Gen. τῆς τοῦ τοῦ χώρᾱς λόγου δώρου
Sg. Dat. τῇ τῷ τῷ χώρᾳ λόγῳ δώρῳ
Sg. Acc. τήν τόν τό χώρᾱν λόγον δῶρον
Pl. Nom. αἱ οἱ τά χῶραι λόγοι δῶρα
Pl. Gen. τῶν τῶν τῶν χωρῶν λόγων δώρων
Pl. Dat. ταῖς τοῖς τοῖς χώραις λόγοις δώροις
Pl. Acc τάς τούς τά χώρας λόγους δῶρα
4.2 Verbs.
Like nouns, verbs have many inflections (though not all of the possible combinations
below are realized):
 Verbs are inflected for voice: active, middle, and passive. The middle indicates action
directed at the subject; this is often expressed in the lexical meaning itself. Verbs with a
basically middle voice are known as deponents; for example, γίγνομαι means 'become,
take place, be produced,' etc.
 Verbs are inflected for mood: indicative, subjunctive, and optative, though as noted
above the optative has been virtually lost in New Testament Greek.
 Verbs are inflected for tense: present, past (or imperfect), and future. Of these, there are
three sets (again, not in all combinations): the basic (or simple), the aorist, and the
perfect. The past perfect is also called pluperfect.
In addition there are imperative forms, infinitives, participles, a gerund, and a supine.
The imperative forms are rare in written texts.
The present infinitive active may be illustrated by λέγειν 'to say, speak'; the aorist is
λέξαι. The present infinitive middle is λέγεσθαι; the aorist is λέξασθαι. The passive
infinitive is λέγεσθαι; the aorist is λεγθῆναι. The present participle active is λέγων,
λέγουσα, λέγον. The present participle middle and passive is λεγόμενος, λεγομένη,
λεγόμενον.
It should be obvious that the verb system of Greek is complex. The basic forms of
irregular verbs are generally listed in dictionaries.
4.3 The other parts of speech.
In addition to these parts of speech, Greek includes adverbs, conjunctions, interjections
and prepositions. Since their functions are comparable to those of their English
counterparts, they will not be discussed here.
5. Examples of texts.
We assume that users of New Testament Greek Online may want to memorize selected
passages. Accordingly, each lesson includes one memory verse. Of all such passages, the
Lord's Prayer may be the most highly preferred. Its sentence structure is simple, so that
each verse is easily memorized. We provide it here both as a sample of New Testament
Greek and for memorization. The Greek given here is that of Matthew 6:9-13; the Greek
in Luke 11:2-5 is somewhat different, although the King James version provides virtually
the same English translation for the two. The familiar conclusion, "For thine is the
Kingdom, and the power, and the glory forever and ever" is taken to be a later addition,
and is not provided in the Nestle edition nor in the Westcott and Hort edition of the
Greek text.
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
O-father of-us he in the heavens
'Our Father which art in heaven,'
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου,

hallowed-be the name of-you
'Hallowed be thy name.'
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου,

come the kingdon of-you
'Thy kingdom come,'
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,

be-done the will of-you
'Thy will be done'
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·

as in heaven also on earth
'in earth, as it is in heaven.'
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·

the bread of-us the daily give to-us today
'Give us this day our daily bread.'
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,

and forgive to-us the sins of-us
'And forgive us our debts'
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·

as also we forgive the sinners of-us
'as we forgive our debtors.'
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,

and not lead us into temptation
'And lead us not into temptation'
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ

but bring us away-from the evil
'but deliver us from evil.'
Related Language Courses at UT

Most but not all language courses taught at The University of Texas concern modern
languages; however, numerous courses in ancient Greek, at both the undergraduate and
graduate levels, are taught in the Department of Classics (link opens in a new browser
window). Online language courses for college credit are offered through the University
Extension (new window).
Hellenic Resources Elsewhere
Our Web Links page includes pointers to Hellenic resources elsewhere.

Lesson 1
Like the other gospels, the third was written anonymously. In the Classical world,
identification was not considerd to be as important as it is today. But in the second
century, Christians began ascribing each gospel, as well as the book of Acts, to a specific
author. In view of their close relationships, both the third gospel and the book of Acts
were ascribed to St. Luke. Efforts to support this identification were based on passages
in each. The third gospel begins with four remarkable verses that are parallel to the
opening of historical works of the Classical world, such as the history of Herodotus.
These verses include a dedication to Theophilus, literally "a man who loves God." On the
basis of such evidence the gospel was assumed to have been written by an educated
Gentile to another Gentile. Luke is assumed to be a Gentile on the basis of references in
Colossians 4:10, 11, 14. Moreover, on the basis of the word "we" in Acts 16:10-14, Luke
joined Paul at Troas during his second missionary journey, and accompanied him to
Philippi, staying there apparently for seven years. Then he joined Paul again on his last
return to Jerusalem (Acts 20:6-21:18), and from there, eventually, to Rome (Acts 28:2,
12-16), where he supposedly remained with Paul until the latter's death. The time of
writing is unclear. From references in the early church fathers, it is assumed that Luke
wrote it sometime after the death of St. Paul in the late sixties.
Reading and Textual Analysis
Luke 2:1-14 (incl. memory verse)
The fourteen beginning verses of the gospel according to St. Luke, chapter 2, need little
commentary. The sentence structures are for the most part transparent. The passage is
well known in its English translation. This can easily be matched with the Greek original.
2:1 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐξῆλθεν δόγμα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου
ἀπογράφεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην.
 ἐγένετο -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <γίγνομαι> happen, become --
it happened
 δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- and
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in
 ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- those
 ἡμέραις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- days
 ἐξῆλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐξέρχομαι> come out --
(there) came
 δόγμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <δόγμα> opinion, decree -- a decree
 παρὰ -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- from
 Καίσαρος -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Καῖσαρ> Caesar -- Caesar
 Αὐγούστου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Αὐγούστος> Augustus --
Augustus
 ἀπογράφεσθαι -- verb; infinitive passive of <ἀπογράφω> register -- be registered
 πᾶσαν -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 οἰκουμένην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <οἰκουμένη> the inhabited world,
the Roman world -- world
2:2 - αὐτὴ ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου.

 αὐτὴ -- pronoun; nominative singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- this
 ἀπογραφὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἀπογραφή> census -- census
 πρώτη -- adjective; nominative singular feminine of <πρῶτος> first -- first
took place
 ἡγεμονεύοντος -- verb; genitive singular masculine of present participle of
<ἡγεμονεύω> govern -- governed
 τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 Συρίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Συρία> Syria -- Syria
 Κυρηνίου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Κυρηνίος> Cyrenius -- (when)
Cyrenius
2:3 - καὶ ἐπορεύοντο πάντες ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἕκαστος εἰς τήν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν.
 καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- and
 ἐπορεύοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <πορεύω> go, make go --
were compelled to go
 πάντες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 ἀπογράφεσθαι -- verb; infinitive passive of <ἀπογράφω> register -- to be registered
 ἕκαστος -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each,
every -- every one
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- to
 τήν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἑαυτοῦ -- reflexive pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ἑαυτοῦ> oneself -- his
own
 πόλιν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <πόλις> city -- city
2:4 - Ἀνέβη δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν
εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ, διὰ τὸ εἰν͂ αι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς
Δαυίδ,
 ἀνέβη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- went up
 Ἰωσὴφ -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰωσήφ> Joseph -- Joseph
 ἀπὸ -- preposition; <ἀπό> from -- from
 Γαλιλαίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Γαλιλαία> Galilee -- Galilee
 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- out of
 πόλεως -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πόλις> city -- (the) city
 Ναζαρὲθ -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ναζαρέθ> Nazareth -- Nazareth
 τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 Ἰουδαίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- Judea
 πόλιν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <πόλις> city -- city
 Δαυὶδ -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Δαυίδ> David -- (of) David
 ἥτις -- relative pronoun; nominative singular feminine of <ὅστις> whoever, whatever -
- which
 καλεῖται -- verb; 3rd person singular present passive of <καλέω> call, summon -- is
called
 Βηθλέεμ -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <Βηθλέεμ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
 διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- (through) because
 τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 εἰν͂ αι -- verb; infinitive of <εἰμί> I am -- (being) was
 αὐτὸν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (him) he
 ἐξ -- preposition; <ἐξ> from, out of -- from
 οἴκου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <οἰκ ͂ ος> house -- (the) house
 πατριᾶς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πατριά> lineage -- lineage
 Δαυίδ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Δαυίδ> David -- of David
2:5 - ἀπογράψασθαι σὺν Μαριὰμ τῇ ἐμνηστευμένῃ αὐτῷ, οὔσῃ ἐγκύῳ.
 ἀπογράψασθαι -- verb; infinitive future passive of <ἀπογράφω> register -- to be
registered
 σὺν -- preposition; <σύν> with -- with
 Μαριὰμ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <Μιριάμ> (indeclinable; from Hebrew)
Mary -- Mary
 τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἐμνηστευμένῃ -- verb; dative singular feminine of perfect participle passive of
<μνηστεύω> woo, espouse -- espoused
 αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to him
 οὔσῃ -- verb; dative singular feminine of present participle of <εἰμί> I am -- (she)
being
 ἐγκύῳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἐγκύων> pregnant -- pregnant
2:6 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ εἰν͂ αι αὐτούς ἐκεῖ ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν,
it happened
 τῷ -- article; dative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 εἰν͂ αι -- verb; infinitive of <εἰμί> I am -- being
 αὐτούς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- they
 ἐκεῖ -- adverb; <ἐκεῖ> there -- there
 ἐπλήσθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <πίμπλημι> fill -- were
fulfilled
 αἱ -- article; nominative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἡμέραι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- days
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 τεκεῖν -- verb; infinitive aorist of <τίκτω> give birth -- to give birth
 αὐτήν -- pronoun; accusative singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (for) her
2:7 - καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον, καὶ ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ
ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἠν͂ αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ καταλύματι.
 ἔτεκεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <τίκτω> give birth -- gave birth to
 τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 υἱὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <υἱός> son -- son
 αὐτῆς -- pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- her
 πρωτότοκον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <πρωτότοκος> first-born --
first-born
 ἐσπαργάνωσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <σπαργανόω> wrap in swaddling
clothes -- wrapped ... in swaddling clothes
 αὐτὸν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
 ἀνέκλινεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <ἀνακλίνω> lay down -- laid
 φάτνῃ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <φάτνη> manger -- manger
 διότι -- conjunction; <διότι> because -- because
 οὐκ -- particle; <οὐκ> not -- not
 ἠν͂ -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- there was
 αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- for them
 τόπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <τόπος> place -- room
 τῷ -- article; dative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 καταλύματι -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <κατάλυμα> inn -- inn
͂ αν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες

2:8 - Καὶ ποιμένες ἠσ
φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμην αὐτῶν.
 ποιμένες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <ποιμήν> shepherd -- shepherds
 ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- (there) were
ἠσ
 χώρᾳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <χώρα> land, country -- place
 αὐτῇ -- pronoun; dative singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- that
 ἀγραυλοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of
<ἀγραυλούνω> dwell in the fields -- dwelling in the fields
 φυλάσσοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of
<φυλάσσω> keep watch -- keeping watch
 φυλακὰς -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <φυλακή> watch -- ...
 τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- that
 νυκτὸς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <νύξ> night -- night
 ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- over
 τὴν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- their
 ποίμην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ποίμην> flock -- flock
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- their
2:9 - καὶ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς καὶ δόξα κυρίου περιέλαμψεν αὐτούς, καὶ
ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν.
 ἄγγελος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄγγελος> angel -- the angel
 κυρίου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <κύριος> lord -- of the Lord
 ἐπέστη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐφίστημι> stand up, appear -- appeared
 αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to them
 δόξα -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <δόξα> glory -- the glory
 κυρίου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <κύριος> lord -- of the Lord
 περιέλαμψεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <περιλάμπω> shine around --
shone around
 αὐτούς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
 ἐφοβήθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <φοβέω> terrify -- they feared
 φόβον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <φόβος> fear -- (fear)
 μέγαν -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <μέγας> great -- (a...great) =
greatly
͂ εν αὐτοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος, μὴ φοβεῖσθε·

2:10 - καὶ εἰπ
 ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
εἰπ
 ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἄγγελος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄγγελος> angel -- angel
 μὴ -- particle; <μή> not -- not
 φοβεῖσθε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative middle of <φοβέω> terrify -- do...fear
ἰδοὺ γὰρ εὐαγγελίζομαι ὑμῖν χαρὰν μεγάλην, ἥτις ἔσται παντὶ τῷ λαῷ·
 ἰδοὺ -- adverb; <ἰδού> behold -- behold
 γὰρ -- conjunction; <γάρ> for -- for
 εὐαγγελίζομαι -- deponent verb; 1st person singular present middle of
<εὐαγγελίζομαι> bring good news -- I bring good news
 ὑμῖν -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- to you
 χαρὰν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <χαρά> joy -- (of) ... joy
 μεγάλην -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <μέγας> great -- great
 ἥτις -- relative pronoun; nominative singular feminine of <ὅστις> whoever, whatever -
- which
 ἔσται -- verb; 3rd person singular future of <εἰμί> I am -- shall be
 παντὶ -- adjective; dative singular masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- to all
 τῷ -- article; dative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 λαῷ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <λαός> people -- people
2:11 - ὅτι ἐτέχθη ὑμῖν σήμερον σωτὴρ, ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος, ἐν πόλει Δαυίδ.
 ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- that
 ἐτέχθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <τίκτω> give birth -- was born
 σήμερον -- adverb; <σήμερον> today -- today
 σωτὴρ -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <σωτήρ> Savior -- a Savior
 ὅς -- relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- who
 ἐστιν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
 χριστὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <χριστός> Christ -- Christ
 κύριος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <κύριος> lord -- the Lord
 πόλει -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <πόλις> city -- the city
 Δαυίδ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Δαυίδ> David -- of David
2:12 - καὶ τοῦτο ὑμῖν σημεῖον, εὑρήσετε βρέφος ἐσπαργανωμένον καὶ κείμενον ἐν
φάτνῃ
 τοῦτο -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- this
 σημεῖον -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <σημεῖον> sign, miracle -- (shall be a)
sign
 εὑρήσετε -- verb; 2nd person plural future of <εὑρίσκω> find -- you shall find
 βρέφος -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <βρέφος> new-born baby -- baby
 ἐσπαργανωμένον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of perfect participle passive of
<σπαργανόω> wrap in swaddling clothes -- wrapped in swaddling clothes
 κείμενον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of present participle middle of <κεῖμαι>
lie -- lying
 φάτνῃ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <φάτνη> manger -- a manger
2:13 - καὶ ἐξαίφνης ἐγένετο σὺν τῷ ἀγγέλῳ πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου αἰνούντων
τὸν θεὸν καὶ λεγόντων,
 ἐξαίφνης -- adverb; <ἐξαίφνης> suddenly -- suddenly
there was
 ἀγγέλῳ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <ἄγγελος> angel -- angel
 πλῆθος -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πλῆθος> multitude -- a great
number
 στρατιᾶς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <στρατία> host -- of a ... host
 οὐρανίου -- adjective; genitive singular feminine of <οὐράνιος> heavenly -- heavenly
 αἰνούντων -- verb; genitive plural feminine of <αἰνέω> praise -- praising
 θεὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <θεός> god -- God
 λεγόντων -- verb; genitive plural feminine of present participle of <λέγω> say --
saying
2:14 (memory verse) -
δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.
 δόξα -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <δόξα> glory -- glory
 ὑψίστοις -- adjective; dative plural masculine of <ὕψιστος> highest -- in the highest =
in heaven above
 θεῷ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <θεός> god -- to God
 ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- on
 τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 γῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- earth
 εἰρήνη -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <εἰρήνη> peace -- peace
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- to
 ἀνθρώποις -- noun, masculine; dative plural of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- human
beings
 εὐδοκίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <εὐδοκία> satisfaction -- of good will
Lesson Text
2:1 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐξῆλθεν δόγμα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου
ἀπογράφεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην. 2:2 - αὐτὴ ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο
ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου. 2:3 - καὶ ἐπορεύοντο πάντες ἀπογράφεσθαι,
ἕκαστος εἰς τήν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν. 2:4 - Ἀνέβη δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ
πόλεως Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ, διὰ τὸ
εἰν͂ αι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ, 2:5 - ἀπογράψασθαι σὺν Μαριὰμ τῇ
ἐμνηστευμένῃ αὐτῷ, οὔσῃ ἐγκύῳ. 2:6 - Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ εἰν͂ αι αὐτούς ἐκεῖ
ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν, 2:7 - καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν
πρωτότοκον, καὶ ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἠν͂
αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ καταλύματι. 2:8 - Καὶ ποιμένες ἠσ ͂ αν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ
ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμην αὐτῶν. 2:9 -
καὶ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς καὶ δόξα κυρίου περιέλαμψεν αὐτούς, καὶ
ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν. 2:10 - καὶ εἰπ͂ εν αὐτοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος, μὴ φοβεῖσθε· ἰδοὺ γὰρ
εὐαγγελίζομαι ὑμῖν χαρὰν μεγάλην, ἥτις ἔσται παντὶ τῷ λαῷ· 2:11 - ὅτι ἐτέχθη
ὑμῖν σήμερον σωτὴρ, ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος, ἐν πόλει Δαυίδ. 2:12 - καὶ τοῦτο ὑμῖν
σημεῖον, εὑρήσετε βρέφος ἐσπαργανωμένον καὶ κείμενον ἐν φάτνῃ 2:13 - καὶ
ἐξαίφνης ἐγένετο σὺν τῷ ἀγγέλῳ πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου αἰνούντων τὸν θεὸν
καὶ λεγόντων, 2:14 (memory verse) -
δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.
Translation
From the King James version:
2:1 And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar
Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. 2 (And this taxing was first made when
Cyrenius was governor of Syria.) 3 And all went to be taxed, every one into his own
city. 4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea,
unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and
lineage of David:) 5 to be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child.
6 And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she
should be delivered. 7 And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in
swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in
the inn.
8 And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch
over their flock by night. 9 And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the
glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. 10 And the
angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy,
which shall be to all people. 11 For unto you is born this day in the city of David a
Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. 12 And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find
the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. 13 And suddenly there was
with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying,
2:14 (memory verse) --
Glory to God in the highest,
and on earth peace, good will toward men.
Grammar
1 The alphabet and sound system.
1.1 The alphabet.
The alphabet is the same for New Testament Greek as for Classical Greek. The names are
generally well known, such as the first two from our word alphabet, the third from
gamma rays, the fourth from the delta of a river, and so on.
The same pronunciation is used for the language, in spite of the difference in time. As a
result of the conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323), Greek came to be used
throughout the world adjoining the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, extending
farther east and also in the south to Egypt and in the west to Italy. It was the common
(κοινη) language much as English is today. In such a wide expanse, there were
differences of pronunciation and usage, just as there are in English today. These may be
of interest for scholarly purposes, but they do not affect the reading and understanding
of the Biblical texts.
The letters in small and capital forms, with their names and guides to pronunciation, are
as follows:
Alpha α, Α father
Beta β, Β bother
Gamma γ, Γ gather
Delta δ, Δ delta
Epsilon ε, Ε debt
Zeta ζ, Ζ zen
Eta η, Η rate (rat)
Theta θ, Θ thin (tin) i.e. with aspiration
Iota ι, Ι sin
Kappa κ, Κ cope (scope) i.e. no aspiration
Lamba λ, Λ lap
Mu μ, Μ map
Nu ν, Ν nap
Ksi ξ, Ξ tax
Omikron ο, Ο rope
Pi π, Π poke (spoke) i.e., no aspiration
Rho ρ, Ρ rope
Sigma σς, Σ soap (note: lower-case form has 2 variants)
Tau τ, Τ top (stop) i.e. no aspiration
Upsilon υ, Υ soon (German Suehne) i.e. front rounded
Phi φ, Φ four (pour) i.e. with aspiration
Chi χ, Χ core (German ich or ach) i.e. velar fricative
Psi ψ, Ψ tops
Omega ω, Ω boat (bought)
In addition, words beginning with vowels may have an initial h sound. This is called a
breathing. If beginning with h, the breathing is called rough, represented by the diacritic ῾
immediately preceding or over the vowel (e.g., ὁ); if without an h sound, the breathing is
smooth, represented by the diacritic ᾿ immediately preceding or over the vowel (e.g., ὀ).
Moreover, vowels may have an iota subscript, that is, an [i] sound after the vowel,
written as a diacritic beneath the vowel (e.g., ῳ); while indicated in texts, this is
generally left without pronunciation.
1.2 The sound system.
The system is as follows:
Labials Dentals Palato-velars
Voiceless: π τ κ
Voiced: β δ γ
Aspirated, voiceless: φ θ χ
Fricative: ς
Nasals: μ ν γ (spelled γ before γ or κ)
Vowels: ι υ
ε ο
α
ῑ ῡ
η ω
ᾱ
Diphthongs: ει αι οι υι ευ αυ ηυ ου
Classical Greek had a musical accent. There are three such accents. Vowels marked with
oxia (e.g., ά) had high pitch; those with varia (e.g., ὰ) had a low or falling pitch; those
marked with perispomeni (e.g., ᾶ) had rising and falling pitch.
The accent had changed, however, from one of pitch to one of stress. Yet the stress fell
on the same syllables as in Classical Greek. The different type of stress is assumed to
have had an effect on the quality of vowels. We may disregard such effects, and
pronounce the words as in Classical Greek.
2 The basis word order of sentences in New Testament Greek.
In contrast with Classical Greek, in which the verb often stood at the end of the clause,
verbs are placed initially in many sentences of New Testament Greek, or after the
subject. In almost all of the sentences in this text, they stand initially. Their position may
be due to influence from Aramaic, which is the other language of probably all authors of
the New Testament as well as of Jesus. Like Hebrew, it is a verb-initial language. The first
words of our text may provide an example:
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείνοις
"And it happened in those days..."
Another syntactic influence from Aramaic is the frequent use of an initial word for 'and'
in the sentence, as in 2.8:
Καὶ ποιμένες ἠσ͂ αν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ
"And shepherds were in that area"
Languages in which the verb is initial in the clause often place a connective before it. The
Hebrew Bible does so, with an equivalent to Greek καί; this practice not only influenced
New Testament Greek, but also later translations like the King James version for English
and the translations in other languages.
3 Modifications of the basic sentence pattern.
The sentences in the New Testament are relatively short and transparent, as in this text.
There are few subordinate clauses; phrases with participles and infinitives may replace
them. One such construction is the genitive absolute, in which a participle and a noun in
the genitive correspond to a subordinate clause, as in 2:2 --
ἡγεμενεύοντος τῆς Συριάς Κυρηνίου
governing Syria Cyrenius
"when Cyrenius was governing Syria"
Another such construction is the use of an infinitive with a noun in the accusative as
subject, as in 2.4:
διὰ τὸ εἰν͂ αι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἰκ
͂ ου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ
through the be(ing) him from house and lineage David
"because he was from the house and lineage of David"
But in general, many examples of the use of participles and infinitives are comparable to
that in English.
4 Nominal inflection.
Nouns, adjective and the article are inflected for three genders, four cases, and two
numbers. The dual is no longer used. The three genders are the masculine, feminine and
neuter. The four cases are the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. The principal
uses of the cases are readily noted. The nominative is the case of the subject and of
nouns after the copula in the predicative nominative. The genitive is the case of
possession. The dative is the case of the indirect object, but is used less than in Classical
Greek; nouns with prepositions may replace it. The accusative is the case of the direct
object.
Because of the common use of the article, its forms might well be memorized.
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom sg ὁ ἡ τό
Gen sg τοῦ τῆς τοῦ
Dat sg τῷ τῇ τῷ
Acc sg τόν τήν τό
Nom pl οἱ αἱ τά

Gen pl τῶν τῶν τῶν
Dat pl τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς
Acc pl τούς τάς τά
Examples of the ο-declension, masculine and neuter, and the α-declension, feminine, are
given here.
Nom sg ὁ λόγος 'word' ἡ ἡμέρα 'day' τὸ δῶρον 'gift'
Gen sg τοῦ λόγου τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦ δώρον
Dat sg τῷ λόγῳ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῷ δώρῳ
Acc sg τόν λόγον τὴν ἡμέραν τὸ δῶρου
Nom pl οἱ λόγοι αἱ ἡμέραι τὰ δῶρα

Gen pl τῶν λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν δώρων
Dat pl τοῖς λόγοις ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῖς δώροις
Acc pl τοὺς λόγους τὰς ἡμέρας τὰ δῶρα
5 Verb inflection.
Greek verbs are inflected for three voices, active, middle and passive, for four moods,
indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative, three systems or tenses, present, aorist
and perfect, three numbers, singular, dual, plural. The augment 'ε' (epsilon) is used with
past tense forms, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect, but only in the indicative. The perfect
stem is often reduplicated. In addition there are infinitives and participles.
In view of its regularity, the verb πιστεύω 'believe' may be used to illustrate the various
forms. Here the present and the imperfect indicative active are given. Before vowels, 'ν'
(nu) is added to some forms ending in a vowel.
Present Imperfect
1 sg πιστεύω ἐπίστευον
2 sg πιστεύεις ἐπίστευες
3 sg πιστεύει ἐπίστευε(ν)
1 pl πιστεύομεν ἐπιστεύομεν
2 pl πιστεύετε ἐπιστεύετε
3 pl πιστεύουσι(ν) ἐπίστευον

Lesson 2
The first gospel clearly had a Jewish author, as may be noted from his stress on the
genealogy of Jesus given in his first chapter and from his many references to Old
Testament prophecies, such as the quotation in verse 6 of this text as well as others in
this chapter and later. By tradition the author was Matthew (a.k.a. Levi), the tax collector
whom Jesus called to be a disciple in Chapter 9, verse 9 of the book. But modern scholars
consider the identification unlikely because nowhere throughout the book does the
disciple provide evidence that he was its author. Rather it is assumed that the author
was a Jew who wrote the book for Christians outside Israel. Because there are passages
that seem to be based on Mark's account, such as the baptism of Jesus by John, it is
assumed that the Gospel according to Matthew was written after that of Mark, possibly
in the eighties.
Matthew 2:1-12, and Mark 10:14b (memory verse)
The Gospel according to Matthew has been especially valued, as indicated by its position
as the first gospel, and also because of its remarkable passages. Among these are
realistic accounts of the life of Jesus, such as his baptism by John in Chapter 3 and his
temptation by the devil in Chapter 4. These are followed by passages that have been
central to Christian worship ever since--the Sermon on the Mount, which includes the
Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer. And his exhortation in Chapter 10 to his disciples
when he sent them out as well as his instructions in Chapters 18 and 19 are readily
applicable to the life of his followers at the time and later. The selection here, which also
illustrates the author's literary capabilities, is a central part of the annual celebration of
his birth at Christmas.
2:1 - Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου τοῦ
βασιλέως, ἰδοὺ μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα λέγοντες,
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now (when)
 Ἰησοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
 γεννηθέντος -- deponent verb; genitive singular masculine of aorist passive participle
of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- was born
 Βηθλέεμ -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <Βηθλέεμ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
 Ἰουδαίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- Judea
 ἡμέραις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- (the) days
 Ἡρῴδου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Ἡρῴδης> Herod -- of Herod
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 βασιλέως -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <βασιλεύς> king -- king
 μάγοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <μάγος> wise man -- wise men
 ἀνατολῶν -- noun, feminine; genitive plural of <ἀνατολή> east -- (the) East
 παρεγένοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist middle of <παραγίγνομαι> come --
came
 Ἱεροσόλυμα -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <Ἱεροσόλυμα> Jerusalem --
Jerusalem
 λέγοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say --
saying
2:2 - ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων;

 ποῦ -- adverb; <ποῦ> where -- where
 τεχθεὶς -- verb; nominative singular masculine of passive participle of <τίκτω> give
birth -- (who was) born
 βασιλεὺς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <βασιλεύς> king -- king
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- of the
 Ἰουδαίων -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jew -- Jews
εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ.
 εἴδομεν -- verb; 1st person plural aorist of <ὁράω> see -- we have seen
 αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- his
 ἀστέρα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
 τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἀνατολῇ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἀνατολή> east -- east
 ἤλθομεν -- verb; 1st person plural aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come -- we have come
 προσκυνῆσαι -- verb; aorist infinitive of <προσκυνέω> worship -- to worship
 αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
2:3 - ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης ἐταράχθη, καὶ πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα κατ' αὐτοῦ.
 ἀκούσας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἀκούω> hear,
listen -- having heard
 ὁ -- article; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 βασιλεὺς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <βασιλεύς> king -- King
 Ἡρῴδης -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἡρῴδης> Herod -- Herod
 ἐταράχθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ταράσσω> trouble -- was
troubled
 πᾶσα -- adjective; nominative singular feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 Ἱεροσόλυμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <Ἱεροσόλυμα> Jerusalem --
Jerusalem
 κατ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- with
 αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
2:4 - καὶ συναγαγὼν πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραμματεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπυνθάνετο
παρ' αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ χριστὸς γεννᾶται.
 συναγαγὼν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <συνάγω>
bring together -- having brought together
 πάντας -- adjective; accusative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 τοὺς -- article; accusative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἀρχιερεῖς -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <ἀρχιερεύς> chief priest -- chief
priests
 γραμματεῖς -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <γραμματεύς> scribe -- scribes
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- of the
 λαοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <λαός> people -- people
 ἐπυνθάνετο -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular imperfect middle of <πυνθάνομαι>
inquire -- he inquired
 παρ' -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- of
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
 χριστὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <χριστός> Christ -- Christ
 γεννᾶται -- verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive passive of <γεννάω> beget,
bring forth -- would be born
͂ αν αὐτῷ
2:5 - οἱ δὲ εἰπ
 οἱ -- article used as pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- they
 ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
εἰπ
ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. οὕτως γὰρ γέγραπται διὰ τοῦ προφήτου,
 Βηθλέεμ -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <Βηθλέεμ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
 Ἰουδαίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- of Judea
 οὕτως -- adverb; <οὕτως> so, thus -- so
 γέγραπται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <γράφω> write -- it is
written
 διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- by
 προφήτου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <προφήτης> prophet -- prophet
2:6 - καὶ σὺ Βηθλέεμ, γῆ Ἰούδα,

οὐδαμῶς ἐλαχίστη εἰ ͂ ἐν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν Ἰούδα
 σὺ -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 Βηθλέεμ -- noun, neuter; vocative singular of <Βηθλέεμ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
 γῆ -- noun, feminine; vocative singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- (in the) land
 Ἰούδα -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ἰούδα> Juda -- of Juda
 οὐδαμῶς -- adverb; <οὐδαμῶς> by no means -- by no means
 ἐλαχίστη -- adjective; nominative singular feminine of superlative of <μικρός> small --
the smallest
 εἰ ͂ -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- you are
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- among
 τοῖς -- article; dative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἡγεμόσιν -- noun, masculine; dative plural of <ἡγεμών> leader -- leaders
 Ἰούδα -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Ἰούδα> Juda -- of Juda
ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἐξελεύσεται ἡγούμενος,

ὅστις ποιμανεῖ τὸν λαόν μου τὸν Ἰσραήλ
 σοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <σύ> you -- you
 ἐξελεύσεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular future of <ἐξέρχομαι> come out --
will come
 ἡγούμενος -- verb; nominative singular masculine of present participle of <ἡγέομαι>
lead, regard, rule -- a ruler
 ὅστις -- relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὅστις> whoever,
whatever -- who
 ποιμανεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular future of <ποιμαίνω> to be shepherd, rule over --
will rule over
 λαόν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λαός> people -- people
 μου -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- my
 Ἰσραήλ -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἰσραήλ> Israel -- Israel
2:7 - Τότε Ἡρῴδης λάθρα καλέσας τοὺς μάγους ἠκρίβωσεν παρ' αὐτῶν τὸν χρόνον
τοῦ φαινομένου ἀστέρος.
 τότε -- adverb; <τότε> then -- then
 Ἡρῴδης -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἡρῴδης> Herod -- Herod
 λάθρα -- adverb; <λάθρα> secretly -- secretly
 καλέσας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <καλέω> call,
summon -- having summoned
 μάγους -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <μάγος> wise man -- wise men
 ἠκρίβωσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀκριβόω> investigate thoroughly --
inquired thoroughly
 παρ' -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- of
 τὸν -- article; accusative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 χρόνον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <χρόνος> time -- time
 φαινομένου -- deponent verb; genitive singular masculine of present participle of
<φαίνομαι> see -- seen
 ἀστέρος -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
͂ εν
2:8 - καὶ πέμψας αὐτοὺς εἰς Βηθλέεμ εἰπ
 πέμψας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <πέμπω> send --
sending
 αὐτοὺς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
 Βηθλέεμ -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <Βηθλέεμ> Bethlehem -- Bethlehem
 ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- he said
εἰπ
πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε ἀκριβῶς περὶ τοῦ παιδίου.

 πορευθέντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle passive of
<πορεύω> go, make go -- having gone
 ἐξετάσατε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative aorist of <ἐξετάζω> inquire --
inquire
 ἀκριβῶς -- adverb; <ἀκριβῶς> sharply, diligently -- diligently
 περὶ -- preposition; <περί> around -- concerning
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 παιδίου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <παιδίον> young child -- young child
ἐπὰν δὲ εὕρητε, ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι, ὅπως κάγὼ ἐλθὼν προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ.
 ἐπὰν -- conjunction; <ἐπάν> whenever -- whenever
 εὕρητε -- verb; 2nd person plural aorist subjunctive of <εὑρίσκω> find -- find out
 ἀπαγγείλατέ -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative aorist of <ἀπαγγέλλω> report --
report
 μοι -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- to me
 ὅπως -- adverb; <ὅπως> so that -- so that
 κάγὼ -- conjunction; <καί> and + pronoun; nominative singular of <ἐγώ> I -- I too
 ἐλθὼν -- deponent verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- going
 προσκυνήσω -- verb; 1st person singular future of <προσκυνέω> worship -- may
worship
2:9 - οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπορεύθησαν.

 οἱ -- article used as pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- they
 ἀκούσαντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <ἀκούω> hear,
listen -- having heard
 βασιλέως -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <βασιλεύς> king -- king
 ἐπορεύθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <πορεύω> go, make go --
departed
καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀστήρ, ὃν εἰδ͂ ον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, προῆγεν αὐτοὺς ἕως ἐλθὼν ἐστάθη ἐπάνω
οὑ ͂ ἠν͂ τὸ παιδίον.
 ἀστήρ -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
 ὃν -- relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- which
 εἰδ͂ ον -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ὁράω> see -- they saw
 ἀνατολῇ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἀνατολή> east -- east
 προῆγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <προάγω> proceed, go before -- went
before
 ἕως -- conjunction; <ἕως> until -- until
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- moving
 ἐστάθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἵστημι> put, place, stand -- it stood
 ἐπάνω -- adverb; <ἐπάνω> above -- above
 οὑ ͂ -- relative pronoun; genitive singular neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- where
 ἠν͂ -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- was
 τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 παιδίον -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <παιδίον> young child -- young child
2:10 - ἰδόντες δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν μεγάλην σφόδρα.

 ἰδόντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <ὁράω> see --
seeing
 ἀστέρα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ἀστήρ> star -- star
 ἐχάρησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <χαίρω> rejoice -- they rejoiced (with)
 χαρὰν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <χαρά> joy -- joy
 μεγάλην -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <μέγας> great -- great
 σφόδρα -- adverb; <σφόδρα> very -- very
2:11 - καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἰδ͂ ον τὸ παιδίον μετὰ Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ.
 ἐλθόντες -- deponent verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- going
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- into
 οἰκίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <οἰκία> house -- building
 τὸ -- article; accusative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 παιδίον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <παιδίον> young child -- young child
 μετὰ -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- with
 Μαρίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Μαρία> Mary -- Mary
 μητρὸς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <μήτηρ> mother -- mother
καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν

προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ δῶρα, χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν.
 πεσόντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <πίπτω> fall --
falling down
 προσεκύνησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <προσκυνέω> worship --
worshipped
 ἀνοίξαντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <ἀνοίγνυμι>
open -- having opened
 τοὺς -- article; accusative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 θησαυροὺς -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <θησαυρός> treasure -- treasures
 προσήνεγκαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <προσφέρω> offer, present -- they
presented
 δῶρα -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <δῶρον> gift -- gifts
 χρυσὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <χρυσός> gold -- gold
 λίβανον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λίβανος> frankincense,
frankincense tree -- frankincense
 σμύρναν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <σμύρνα> myrrh -- myrrh
2:12 - καὶ χρηματισθέντες κατ' ὄναρ μὴ ἀνακάμψαι πρὸς Ἡρῴδην, δι' ἄλλης ὁδοῦ
ἀνεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν.
 χρηματισθέντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle passive of
<χρηματίζω> negotiate, warn -- having been warned
 κατ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- in
 ὄναρ -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <ὄναρ> dream -- (a) dream
 ἀνακάμψαι -- verb; aorist infinitive of <ἀνακάμπτω> return -- (to) return
 πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
 Ἡρῴδην -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἡρῴδης> Herod -- Herod
 δι' -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- by
 ἄλλης -- adjective; genitive singular feminine of <ἄλλος> other -- (an) other
 ὁδοῦ -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <ὁδός> way, road -- way
 ἀνεχώρησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ἀνακάμπτω> return -- returned
 χώραν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <χώρα> land, country -- land
Mark 10:14b (memory verse) -
Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με,

μὴ κωλύετε αὐτά·
τῶν γὰρ τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.
 ἄφετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἀφίημι> send forth, throw down,
permit, forgive -- suffer
 τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 παιδία -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <παιδίον> young child -- little children
 ἔρχεσθαι -- deponent verb; infinitive of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- (to) come
 πρός -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
 με -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- me
 κωλύετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <κωλύω> hinder, prevent -- (do) . .
.hinder
 αὐτά -- pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 τοιούτων -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <τοιοῦτος> such -- of such
 ἐστὶν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
 ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 βασιλεία -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdom
 θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- god
Lesson Text
2:1 - Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου τοῦ
βασιλέως, ἰδοὺ μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα λέγοντες, 2:2 -
ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ
ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ. 2:3 - ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης
ἐταράχθη, καὶ πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα κατ' αὐτοῦ. 2:4 - καὶ συναγαγὼν πάντας τοὺς
ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραμματεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπυνθάνετο παρ' αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ χριστὸς
͂ αν αὐτῷ ἐν Βηθλέεμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. οὕτως γὰρ γέγραπται διὰ
γεννᾶται. 2:5 - οἱ δὲ εἰπ
τοῦ προφήτου, 2:6 - καὶ σὺ Βηθλέεμ, γῆ Ἰούδα,
οὐδαμῶς ἐλαχίστη εἰ ͂ ἐν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν Ἰούδα ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἐξελεύσεται
ἡγούμενος,
ὅστις ποιμανεῖ τὸν λαόν μου τὸν Ἰσραήλ 2:7 - Τότε Ἡρῴδης λάθρα καλέσας
τοὺς μάγους ἠκρίβωσεν παρ' αὐτῶν τὸν χρόνον τοῦ φαινομένου ἀστέρος. 2:8 - καὶ
πέμψας αὐτοὺς εἰς Βηθλέεμ εἰπ ͂ εν πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε ἀκριβῶς περὶ τοῦ
παιδίου. ἐπὰν δὲ εὕρητε, ἀπαγγείλατέ μοι, ὅπως κάγὼ ἐλθὼν προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ.
2:9 - οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπορεύθησαν. καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀστήρ, ὃν εἰδ͂ ον ἐν τῇ
ἀνατολῇ, προῆγεν αὐτοὺς ἕως ἐλθὼν ἐστάθη ἐπάνω οὑ ͂ ἠν͂ τὸ παιδίον. 2:10 - ἰδόντες
δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν μεγάλην σφόδρα. 2:11 - καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν
εἰδ͂ ον τὸ παιδίον μετὰ Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ. καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ,
καὶ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ δῶρα, χρυσὸν καὶ
λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν. 2:12 - καὶ χρηματισθέντες κατ' ὄναρ μὴ ἀνακάμψαι πρὸς
Ἡρῴδην, δι' ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀνεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν. Mark 10:14b (memory
verse) -
Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με,

μὴ κωλύετε αὐτά·
τῶν γὰρ τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.
Translation
2:1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king,
behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, 2 Saying, Where is he that
is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to
worship him.
3 When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem
with him. 4 And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people
together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. 5 And they said unto
him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet,
6 And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda,
art not the least among the princes of Juda:

for out of thee shall come a Governor,
that shall rule my people Israel.
7 Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently
what time the star appeared. 8 And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and
search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word
again, that I may come and worship him also.
9 When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in
the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.
10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. 11 And when they
were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell
down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they
presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. 12 And being warned of
God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own
country another way.
Mark 10:14b (memory verse) --
Suffer the little children to come unto me,
and forbid them not:
for of such is the kingdom of God.
Grammar
6 Conjunctions and Particles.
As these texts exemplify, Greek makes great use of conjunctions and particles. These
may have basic meanings, but many of them simply suggest relationships between
syntactic units, so that they vary in use and may even not need to be translated.
The most common conjunction is καί, with a basic meaning of 'and' but also 'even' and at
times 'but'. Another common conjunction is γάρ, with a basic meaning of 'for' but also
'now', or it may be added simply to strengthen questions.
Particles typically stand right after the first content word in sentences. Among the
particles, δέ is very common, as in our texts; it has a basic adversative meaning and may
often be translated 'but' or 'on the other hand', but is often redundant. In a different
meaning it is attached to names of places that are in the accusative, and then means 'to'.
In addition it may be added to pronouns to strengthen their meaning. The particle τε is
also very common, and has the meaning 'and'; it is often used after both nouns that are
conjoined. The particle μέν often stands in clauses that are followed by other clauses
including δέ, where it means something like 'on the one hand'; it may also be combined
with other particles, as in μὲν ἄρα, where it means 'and'. The particle δή indicates
emphasis, as on the word preceding it. In short, particles often supply meaning much as
intonation does in English. The meaning of the content words in sentences may be a
guide to interpretation of the particles included in them.
7 Participles.
Participles are often used to function as verbs of modifying clauses. These modifying
clauses may correspond to relative clauses, as does τεχθαὶς in 2:2. The relationship to a
principal clauses may require a further interpretation, as does that of the participle
ἀκούσας in 2:3 or that of συναγαγὼν in 2:4. On the other hand, they may be treated as
participles in English, for example πέμψας in 2:8. They may also be nominal; an example
is ἡγούμενος in 2:6. The interpretations will generally be clear from the contexts in
which they are found.
8 Nouns in consonantal declension.
Nouns in the consonantal declension often have the final consonant elided before the
nominative ending, so that their stem form must be determined from the genitive or
other oblique cases. Examples are given here of nouns with stems ending in -δ- and -ρ-.
Masculine Feminine
Nom sg ὁ παῖς 'child' ἡ θυγάτηρ 'daughter'
Gen sg τοῦ παιδός τῆς θυγατέρος
Dat sg τῷ παιδί τῇ θυγατέρι
Acc sg τὸν παῖδα τῆν θυγατέρα
Nom pl οἱ παῖδες αἱ θυγατέρες

Gen pl τῶν παίδων τῶν θυγατέρων
Dat pl τοῖς παῖσι ταῖς θυγατέρσι
Acc pl τοὺς παῖδας τὰς θυγατέρας
9 Personal pronouns.
The first and second personal pronouns have enclitic forms in the oblique cases of the
singular, which are given here after the regular forms; they have no accent. The third
person forms, for 'he, she, it', are supplied by the intensive pronoun meaning 'self'; the
genitive singular forms would have the meanings 'of him, of her, of it', the dative singular
forms would have the meanings 'to him, to her, to it', and so on.
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom sg ἐγώ σύ αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
Gen sg ἐμοῦ, μου σοῦ, σου αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
Dat sg ἐμοί, μοι σοί, σοι αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
Acc sg ἐμέ, με σέ, σε αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Nom pl ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς αὐτοῖ αὐταῖ αὐτά

Gen pl ἡμῶν ὑμῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
Dat pl ἡμῖν ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Acc pl ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
10 The Present System of verbs.
The present system includes five categories of forms: the present indicative, the
imperfect, the subjunctive, the optative, and the imperative. In addition there is an
infinitive and also a participle. The first two categories have been given in Lesson 1; the
others are given here using the verb [infinitive] πιστεύειν.
Subjunctive Optative Imperative
1 sg πιστεύω πιστεύοιμι
2 sg πιστεύῃς πιστεύοις πίστευε
3 sg πιστεύῃ πιστεύοι πιστευέτω
1 pl πιστεύωμεν πιστεύοιμεν
2 pl πιστεύητε πιστεύοιτε πιστεύετε
3 pl πιστεύωσι(ν) πιστεύοιεν πιστευόντων
The participial forms, nominative and genitive singular, are as follows.
Nom sg πιστεύων πιστεύουσα πιστεῦον
Gen sg πιστεύοντος πιστευούσης πιστεύοντος

Lesson 3
Like the other gospels, the fourth is anonymous; but it has been ascribed to St. John
because of references to him, such as those in chapter 21, verses 21 to 23, followed by
the statement in verse 24 that "this is the disciple that ... wrote these things." The fourth
gospel is unlike the other three even though, like them, it has the form of a biography.
Omitting any information on the birth and early years of Jesus, it begins with a section
equating him with the Word and the only begotten of the Father. It continues with his
baptism by John the Baptist, following that with eleven chapters on his miracles and his
discussions. Chapters thirteen to nineteen then report the events of twenty-four hours,
followed by chapter twenty on his resurrection, which with a final chapter also relates
his subsequent meetings with his disciples.
John 3:1-13, and Romans 1:17b (memory verse)
This selection from Chapter 3 is one of the most remarkable among the four gospels. It
has given rise to the view that Christians must be born again. That belief rests on the
interpretation of the Greek word ἄνωθεν. Jesus used it in his response to the statesman,
Nicodemus, who may well have interpreted it in accordance with the language that was
general in his position for dealing with public affairs, and with his logical mind, as
reflected in his question in verse four.
The word is a compound consisting of the first element the adverb ἄνω, which means
'up, on high, in heaven'. The second element is the suffix -θεν, which means 'from', as in
words like οἴκοθεν 'from home'. In Classical Greek it has only its literal meaning 'from
above'; but in the New Testament it has the additional meaning 'again'. The statesman
clearly interprets it in this sense. But Jesus in his usual quiet way of teaching goes on to
say without contradicting him directly 'unless one is born of water and the spirit', clearly
indicating that he intends the literal sense. He then continues in verse eight with one of
the most remarkable passages in literature as presented in the King James translation;
the verse supports the literal interpretation of ἄνωθεν.
The passage is also of interest in indicating that the conversation between Jesus and
Nicodemus was probably conducted in Greek. Dr. Esther Raizen informs me that there is
no ambiguity of interpretation of the corresponding terms in Hebrew, and presumably
also not in Aramaic. Two Hebrew translations of the passage use a word meaning 'again',
while another uses a word meaning 'from above'. Jesus' statements in verse five and
later would be difficult to account for unless his use of ἄνωθεν indicated the necessity of
being born from above.
3:1 - Ἠν͂ δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων, Νικόδημος ὄνομα αὐτῷ, ἄρχων τῶν
Ἰουδαίων.
 ἠν͂ -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- (there) was
 δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- now
 ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- (a)
man
 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- of
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 Φαρισαίων -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <Φαρισαῖος> Pharisee -- Pharisees
 Νικόδημος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Νικόδημος> Nicodemus --
Nicodemus
 ὄνομα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <ὄνομα> name -- name
 αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- to him, his
 ἄρχων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄρχων> ruler -- (a) ruler
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- of the
 Ἰουδαίων -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jew -- Jews
3:2 - οὑτ͂ ος ἠλ

͂ θεν πρὸς αὐτὸν νυκτὸς καὶ εἰπ
͂ εν αὐτῷ,
 οὑτ͂ ος -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- he

 ͂ θεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
ἠλ
 νυκτὸς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <νύξ> night -- by night
εἰπ
ῥαββὶ, οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας διδάσκαλος·
 ῥαββὶ -- noun, masculine; vocative singular of <ῥαββί> rabbi -- Rabbi
 οἴδαμεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- we know
 θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- God
 ἐλήλυθας -- deponent verb; nominative singular masculine of perfect participle of
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- (who has) come
 διδάσκαλος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <διδάσκαλος> teacher --
teacher
οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται ταῦτα τὰ σημεῖα ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ ποιεῖς, ἐὰν μὴ ᾐ ͂ ὁ θεὸς μετ' αὐτοῦ.
 οὐδεὶς -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- no one
 δύναται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <δύναμαι> be able --
is able
 ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- these
 τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 σημεῖα -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <σημεῖον> sign, miracle -- miracles
 ποιεῖν -- verb; infinitive of <ποιέω> make, do -- do
 ἃ -- relative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- that
 ποιεῖς -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <ποιέω> make, do -- do
 ἐὰν -- conjunction; <ἐάν> if -- if
 ᾐ ͂ -- verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive of <εἰμί> I am -- were
 θεὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <θεός> god -- God
 μετ' -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- with
͂ εν αὐτῷ.
3:3 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἰπ
 ἀπεκρίθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -
- answered
 Ἰησοῦς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
εἰπ
 αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (to) him
ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ
θεοῦ.
 ἀμὴν -- adverb; <ἀμήν> verily, truly -- verily
 λέγω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <λέγω> say -- I say
 σοι -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- to you
 μή -- particle; <μή> not -- not
 τις -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <τις> someone, something
-- one
 γεννηθῇ -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive passive of
<γίγνομαι> happen, become -- is...born
 ἄνωθεν -- adverb; <ἄνωθεν> from above, anew -- from above (again)
 οὐ -- particle; <οὐ> not -- not
can
 ἰδεῖν -- verb; aorist infinitive of <ὁράω> see -- see
 βασιλείαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdom
3:4 - λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Νικόδημος,

 λέγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <λέγω> say -- says
Nicodemus
πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι γέρων ὠν͂ ;

 πῶς -- interrogative particle; <πῶς> how -- how
can
 ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- (a)
man
 γεννηθῆναι -- deponent verb; infinitive aorist passive of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -
- be born
 γέρων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <γέρων> old man -- (an) old man
 ὠν͂ -- verb; nominative singular masculine of present participle of <εἰμί> I am -- being
μὴ δύναται εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρός αὐτοῦ δεύτερον εἰσελθεῖν καὶ γεννηθῆναι;
 μὴ -- particle; <μή> not -- surely...not
(he) can
 κοιλίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <κοιλία> womb -- womb
 μητρός -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <μήτηρ> mother -- mother
 αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (of) his
 δεύτερον -- adverb; <δεύτερον> second -- a second time
 εἰσελθεῖν -- deponent verb; infinitive aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- enter
- be born
3:5 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς.

- answered
ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται
εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
 μή -- particle; <μή> not -- not
 τις -- indefinite pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <τις> someone, something
-- one
 γεννηθῇ -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive passive of
<γίγνομαι> happen, become -- is born
 ἐξ -- preposition; <ἐξ> from, out of -- of
 ὕδατος -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ὕδωρ> water -- water
 πνεύματος -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- spirit
can
 εἰσελθεῖν -- deponent verb; infinitive aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- enter
 βασιλείαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdom
 θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- (of) God
3:6 - τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τοῦ
πνεύματος πνεῦμα ἐστιν.
 τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- that
 γεγεννημένον -- deponent verb; nominative singular neuter of perfect participle
passive of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- born
 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- from
 σαρκὸς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <σάρξ> flesh -- flesh
 σάρξ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <σάρξ> flesh -- flesh
 τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- that
 γεγεννημένον -- deponent verb; nominative singular neuter of perfect participle
passive of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- born
 πνεῦμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- spirit
͂ όν σοι· δεῖ ὑμᾶς γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν.

3:7 - μὴ θαυμάσῃς ὅτι εἰπ
 θαυμάσῃς -- verb; 2nd person singular aorist subjunctive of <θαυμάζω> wonder -- do
... wonder
 εἰπ͂ όν -- verb; 1st person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
 δεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <δεῖ> it is necessary -- it is necessary (that)
 ὑμᾶς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
- be born
 ἄνωθεν -- adverb; <ἄνωθεν> from above, anew -- from above; again
3:8 - τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ, καὶ τὴν φωνήν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις, ἀλλ' οὐκ οἰδ͂ ας
πόθεν ἔρχεται καὶ ποῦ ὑπάγει·
 πνεῦμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- (spirit) wind
 ὅπου -- adverb; <ὅπου> where -- where
 θέλει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θέλω> mean, purport -- it wishes
 πνεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <πνέω> blow -- blows
 φωνήν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <φωνή> voice, sound -- sound
 αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- of it
 ἀκούεις -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- you hear
 ἀλλ' -- conjunction; <ἀλλά> but -- but
 οἰδ͂ ας -- verb; 2nd person singular perfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- you know
 πόθεν -- adverb; <πόθεν> from where -- from where
 ἔρχεται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -
- it comes
 ὑπάγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ὑπάγω> lead on, retire -- it goes
οὕτως ἐστὶν πᾶς ὁ γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος.

 ἐστὶν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
 πᾶς -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- every one
 γεγεννημένος -- deponent verb; perfect participle passive of <γίγνομαι> happen,
become -- born
 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- of
͂ εν αὐτῷ· πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι;

3:9 - ἀπεκρίθη Νικόδημος καὶ εἰπ
- answered
Nicodemus
εἰπ
can
 ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- these
(things)
 γενέσθαι -- deponent verb; infinitive of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- be
͂ εν αὐτῷ·
3:10 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἰπ
- answered
εἰπ
σὺ εἰ ͂ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις;

 εἰ ͂ -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
 διδάσκαλος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <διδάσκαλος> teacher -- (a)
teacher
 Ἰσραὴλ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Ἰσραήλ> Israel -- of Israel
 ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- these
things
 γινώσκεις -- verb; 2nd person singular present of <γινώσκω> know, learn -- do
...know
3:11 - ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι ὃ οἰδ͂ αμεν λαλοῦμεν καὶ ὃ ἑωράκαμεν μαρτυροῦμεν,
καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἡμῶν οὐ λαμβάνετε.
 ὃ -- relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- what
 οἰδ͂ αμεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- we know
 λαλοῦμεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <λαλέω> speak -- we speak of
 ὃ -- relative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- what
 ἑωράκαμεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <ὁράω> see -- we have seen
 μαρτυροῦμεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <μαρτυρέω> bear witness -- we
bear witness (of)
 μαρτυρίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <μαρτυρία> testimony --
testimony
 ἡμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- our
 λαμβάνετε -- verb; 2nd person plural present of <λαμβάνω> receive, capture --
receive
͂ ον ὑμῖν καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς ἐάν εἰπ

3:12 - εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἰπ ͂ ω ὑμῖν τὰ ἐπουράνια
πιστεύσετε;
 εἰ -- conjunction; <εἰ> if -- if
 ἐπίγεια -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <ἐπίγειος> earthly
-- earthly (things)
 ͂ ον -- verb; 1st person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- I told
εἰπ
 ὑμῖν -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 πιστεύετε -- verb; 2nd person plural present of <πιστεύω> believe -- (you do)
...believe
 ἐάν -- conjunction; <ἐάν> if -- if
 εἰπ͂ ω -- verb; 1st person singular aorist subjunctive of <λέγω> say -- I will tell
 ἐπουράνια -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <ἐπουράνιος>
heavenly -- heavenly
 πιστεύσετε -- verb; 2nd person plural future of <πιστεύω> believe -- will ... believe
3:13 - καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εἰ μὴ ὅ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς, ὁ υἱὸς
τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.
 οὐδεὶς -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- no one
 ἀναβέβηκεν -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect of <ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- has
gone up
 οὐρανὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
 εἰ -- conjunction; <εἰ> if -- except for
 μὴ -- particle; <μή> not -- ...
 ὅ -- article used as pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- the (one)
 οὐρανοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
 καταβάς -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <καταβαίνω>
descend -- coming down
 υἱὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <υἱός> son -- son
 ἀνθρώπου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- of
man
Romans 1:17b (memory verse) -
Ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται.

 δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- ...
 δίκαιος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <δίκαιος> just, righteous -- just
 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- by
 πίστεως -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πίστις> faith -- faith
 ζήσεται -- verb; 3rd person singular future middle of <ζάω> live -- shall live
Lesson Text
3:1 - Ἠν͂ δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων, Νικόδημος ὄνομα αὐτῷ, ἄρχων τῶν
Ἰουδαίων. 3:2 - οὑτ͂ ος ἠλ ͂ θεν πρὸς αὐτὸν νυκτὸς καὶ εἰπ
͂ εν αὐτῷ, ῥαββὶ, οἴδαμεν ὅτι
ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας διδάσκαλος· οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται ταῦτα τὰ σημεῖα ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ
ποιεῖς, ἐὰν μὴ ᾐ ͂ ὁ θεὸς μετ' αὐτοῦ. 3:3 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἰπ
͂ εν αὐτῷ. ἀμὴν ἀμὴν
λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ. 3:4 -
λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Νικόδημος, πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι γέρων ὠν͂ ; μὴ
δύναται εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρός αὐτοῦ δεύτερον εἰσελθεῖν καὶ γεννηθῆναι; 3:5 -
ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς. ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ
πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ 3:6 - τὸ γεγεννημένον
ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος πνεῦμα ἐστιν. 3:7
- μὴ θαυμάσῃς ὅτι εἰπ ͂ όν σοι· δεῖ ὑμᾶς γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν. 3:8 - τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου
θέλει πνεῖ, καὶ τὴν φωνήν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις, ἀλλ' οὐκ οἰδ͂ ας πόθεν ἔρχεται καὶ ποῦ
ὑπάγει· οὕτως ἐστὶν πᾶς ὁ γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος. 3:9 - ἀπεκρίθη
Νικόδημος καὶ εἰπ ͂ εν αὐτῷ· πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι; 3:10 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς
͂ εν αὐτῷ· σὺ εἰ ͂ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις; 3:11 - ἀμὴν
καὶ εἰπ
ἀμὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι ὃ οἰδ͂ αμεν λαλοῦμεν καὶ ὃ ἑωράκαμεν μαρτυροῦμεν, καὶ τὴν
μαρτυρίαν ἡμῶν οὐ λαμβάνετε. 3:12 - εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἰπ ͂ ον ὑμῖν καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε,
πῶς ἐάν εἰπ͂ ω ὑμῖν τὰ ἐπουράνια πιστεύσετε; 3:13 - καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν εἰς τὸν
οὐρανὸν εἰ μὴ ὅ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Romans 1:17b
(memory verse) -
Ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται.
Translation
3:1 There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews:
2 The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art
a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except
God be with him.
3 Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be
born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.

4 Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter
the second time into his mother's womb, and be born?

5 Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and
of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. 6 That which is born of the
flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. 7 Marvel not that I said unto
thee, Ye must be born again. 8 The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest
the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is
every one that is born of the Spirit.
9 Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be?
10 Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not
these things? 11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify
that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. 12 If I have told you earthly things,
and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? 13 And no
man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the
Son of man which is in heaven.
Romans 1:17b (memory verse) --
The just shall live by faith.
Grammar
11 Nouns: ι-stems.
Nouns with stems in -ι have endings differing from those of the -ο- and -ᾱ- declensions,
except in the accusative singular and genitive plural. Their endings also vary in the epic
texts, but the basic inflection is given here with the noun πόλις 'city'.
Nom sg ἡ πόλις Nom pl αἱ πόλεις
Gen sg τῆς πόλεος Gen pl τῶν πολίων
Dat sg τῇ πόλει Dat pl ταῖς πόλισι
Acc sg τῆν πόλιν Acc pl τὰς πόλεις
12 Adjectives of the -ο- and -ᾱ- Declensions.
Many of the most common adjectives fall in these declensions, e.g. κακός 'bad', νέος
'new', φίλος 'dear'. Their endings are those of the nouns in the declensions. It must be
noted, however, that feminine singular forms have -η rather than -α unless their stems
ending in -ε, -ι, -ρ, as in δικαία 'just'. Some, especially compound adjectives, have only
two endings, e.g. βάρβαρος, -ον 'foreign', παράνομος, -ον 'unlawful.
Nom sg κακός κακή κακόν
Gen sg κακοῦ κακῆς κακοῦ
Dat sg κακῷ κακῇ κακῷ
Acc sg κακόν κακήν κακόν
Nom pl κακοί κακαί κακά

Gen pl κακῶν κακῶν κακῶν
Dat pl κακοῖς κακαῖς κακοῖς
Acc pl κακούς κακάς κακά
13 The Intensive Pronoun αὐτός and ἄλλος 'other'.
The intensive pronoun, meaning 'self, same', is inflected like adjectives except that the
neuter nominative/accusative singular lacks final -ν, e.g. αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό. The forms
of ἄλλος are also inflected in the same way. The forms of the third person reflexive
pronouns 'his, her, their' are based on these:
Gen sg ἑαυτοῦ 'his' ἑαυτῆς 'her' Gen pl ἑαυτῶν 'their'
Dat sg ἑαυτῷ ἑαυτῇ Dat pl ἑαυτοῖς
Acc sg ἑαυτόν ἑαυτήν Acc pl ἑαυτούς
14 The Relative Pronouns.
The inflections of the simple relative pronoun are as follows. These are also maintained
in the emphatic and general relative forms. The emphatic relative pronoun is ὅσπερ,
ἥπερ, ὅπερ '(precisely) he who..., (precisely) she who...'. The general relative pronoun is
σ̔́στις, ἥτι, ὄτι 'whoever, whatever'.
Nom sg ὅς ἥ ὅ
Gen sg οὑ ͂ ἡς ͂ οὑ ͂
Dat sg ᾡ ͂ ᾑ ͂ ᾡ ͂
Acc sg ὅν ἥν ὅ
Nom pl οἵ αἵ ἅ

Gen pl ὡν͂ ὡν͂ ὡν͂
Dat pl οἵς αἱς͂ οἵς
Acc pl οὕς ἅς ἅ
15 The Aorist System.
The aorist system is comparable to the present system, except that it lacks a form
corresponding to the present indicative. Its basic meaning was punctual, but its basic set
of forms generally may be translated with past tense forms. The subjunctive, optative
and imperative are comparable to those of the present system.
Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative
1 sg ἐπίστευσα πιστεύσω πιστεύσαι
2 sg ἐπίστευσας πιστεύσῃς πιστεύσειας πίστευσον
3 sg ἐπίστευσε(ν) πιστεύσῃ πιστεύσειε(ν) πιστευσάτω
1 pl ἐπιστεύσαμεν πιστεύσωμεν πιστεύσαιμεν

2 pl ἐπιστεύσατε πιστεύσητε πιστεύσαιτε πιστεύσατε
3 pl ἐπίστευσαν πιστεύσωσι(ν) πιστεύσειαν πιστευσάντων
Infinitive πιστεῦσαι
Participle πιστεύσας πιστεύσασα πιστεῦσαν 'one who
Gen sg πιστεύσαντος πιστεύσης πιστεύσαντος believed'

Lesson 4
After St. Luke describes the baptism of Jesus by John, followed by an account of Jesus's
genealogy beginning with Adam, he reports in chapter 4:1-13 how Jesus was "led by the
spirit into the wilderness," there to be tempted by the devil. The temptation is one of the
central episodes in the life of Jesus. After overcoming the devil, Jesus goes to Galilee in
the "power of the Spirit." It is also reported in two of the other gospels, briefly by St.
Mark 1:12-13 and fully also by St. Matthew 4:1-11. While the basic accounts are similar,
Mark refers to the tempter as Satan, the term Jesus uses in St. Matthew's account when
he addresses the devil, but not by St. Luke. On the other hand, the order of the
temptations differs. The first is the same, but in the account by St. Matthew the second
has the devil taking Jesus to "a pinnacle of the temple" in the holy city, identified
specifically by St. Luke as Jerusalem in his report of the third temptation. It is also
interesting to compare other items such as the Old Testament passages that Jesus cites.
Luke 4:1-13, and Romans 8:31b (memory verse)
The story of the temptation has been central in treatments of the life of Jesus. It provides
the basis for John Milton's Paradise Regained, which follows St. Luke in the order of
temptations. The first lines of the poem may illustrate the importance that Milton and
many others have given the episode:
I who e're while the Happy Garden sung,
By one man's disobedience lost, now sing
Recover'd Paradise to all mankind,
By one man's firm obedience fully tri'd
Through all temptation, and the Tempter foil'd
In all his wiles, defeated and repuls't,
And Eden rais'd in the waste Wilderness.
4:1 - Ἰησοῦς δὲ πλήρης πνεύματος ἁγίου ὑπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, καὶ ἤγετο
ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἡμέρας τεσσεράκοντα πειραζόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου.
 πλήρης -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πλήρης> full of -- full of
 πνεύματος -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- Ghost
 ἁγίου -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <ἅγιος> holy -- of the Holy
 ὑπέστρεψεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ὑποστρέφω> turn away -- turned
away
 Ἰορδάνου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Ἰόρδανος> Jordan -- Jordan
 ἤγετο -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect passive of <ἄγω> lead -- was led
 πνεύματι -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- spirit
 ἐρήμῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἔρημος> desert -- desert
 ἡμέρας -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- days
 τεσσεράκοντα -- number; <τεσσεράκοντα> forty -- forty
 πειραζόμενος -- verb; nominative singular masculine middle of <πειράζω> tempt --
tempted
 ὑπὸ -- preposition; <ὑπό> under, by -- by
 διαβόλου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <διάβολος> devil -- devil
4:2 - Καὶ οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδὲν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις, καὶ συντελεσθεισῶν αὐτῶν
ἐπείνασεν.
 ἔφαγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἔδω> eat -- he ate
 οὐδὲν -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- nothing
 ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἡμέραις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- days
 ἐκείναις -- demonstrative pronoun; dative plural feminine of <ἐκεῖνος> that -- those
 συντελεσθεισῶν -- verb; genitive plural feminine of aorist passive participle of
<συντελέω> complete -- (when ... were) completed
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- these
 ἐπείνασεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <πεινάω> to be hungry -- he was
hungry
͂ εν δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, εἰ υἱὸς εἰ ͂ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ τῷ λίθῷ τούτῳ ἵνα γένηται
4:3 - εἰπ
ἄρτος.
 εἰπ ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
 διάβολος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <διάβολος> devil -- devil
 θεοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <θεός> god -- of God
 εἰπὲ -- verb; 2nd person singular imperative aorist of <λέγω> say -- tell
 τῷ -- article; dative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 λίθῷ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <λίθος> stone -- stone
 τούτῳ -- demonstrative pronoun; dative singular masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- this
 ἵνα -- conjunction; <ἵνα> so that -- that
 γένηται -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive of <γίγνομαι>
happen, become -- it become
 ἄρτος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄρτος> bread -- bread
4:4 - καὶ ἀπεκρίθη πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς, γέγραπται ὅτι οὐκ ἐπ' ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ
ἄνθρωπος.
- answered
 πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- ...
written
 ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- ...
 ἐπ' -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- by
 ἄρτῳ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <ἄρτος> bread -- bread
 μόνῳ -- adjective; dative singular masculine of <μόνος> alone -- alone
 ζήσεται -- verb; 3rd person singular future middle of <ζάω> live -- will ... live
 ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being --
man
4:5 - καὶ ἀναγαγῶν αὐτὸν ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς βασιλείας τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐν
στιγμῇ χρόνου.
 ἀναγαγῶν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἀνάγω> lead
up -- leading ... up
 ἔδειξεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <δείκνυμι> show -- he showed
 πάσας -- adjective; accusative plural feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 τὰς -- article; accusative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 βασιλείας -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdoms
 τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- of the
 οἰκουμένης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <οἰκουμένη> the inhabited world,
the Roman world -- world
 στιγμῇ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <στιγμή> spot, point -- a point
 χρόνου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <χρόνος> time -- of time
͂ εν αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, σοὶ δώσω τὴν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην ἅπασαν καὶ τὴν
4:6 - καὶ εἰπ
δόξαν αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ παραδέδοται καὶ ᾡ ͂ ἐὰν θέλω δίδωμι αὐτὴν.
 εἰπ ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
 σοὶ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 δώσω -- verb; 1st person singular future of <δίδωμι> give -- I will give
 ἐξουσίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ἐξουσία> power -- power
 ταύτην -- demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular feminine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- this
 ἅπασαν -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <ἅπας> all -- all
 δόξαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <δόξα> glory -- glory
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- of them
 ὅτι -- conjunction; <ὅτι> because, that -- because
 ἐμοὶ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- to me
 παραδέδοται -- verb; 3rd person singular present passive of <παραδίδωμι> give to -- it
was given to
 ᾡ ͂ -- relative pronoun; dative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- to whom
 θέλω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <θέλω> mean, purport -- I wish
 δίδωμι -- verb; 1st person singular present of <δίδωμι> give -- I give
 αὐτὴν -- pronoun; accusative singular feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- it
4:7 - σὺ οὐν͂ ἐὰν προσκυνήσῃς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ, ἔσται σοῦ πᾶσα.
 οὐν͂ -- particle; <οὐν͂ > indeed -- actually
 προσκυνήσῃς -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive of <προσκυνέω> worship
-- bow down
 ἐνώπιον -- preposition; <ἐνώπιον> before -- before
 ἐμοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- me
 ἔσται -- verb; 3rd person singular future of <εἰμί> I am -- will be
 σοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <σύ> you -- yours
 πᾶσα -- adjective; nominative singular feminine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
͂ εν αὐτῷ, γέγραπται προσκυνήσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν

4:8 - Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἰπ
σοῦ καὶ αὐτῷ μονῷ λατρεύσεις.
 ἀποκριθεὶς -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist passive participle of
<ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- answering
εἰπ
written
 προσκυνήσεις -- verb; 2nd person singular future of <προσκυνέω> worship -- you
shall worship
 κύριον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
 σοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <σύ> you -- your
 μονῷ -- adjective; dative singular masculine of <μόνος> alone -- alone
 λατρεύσεις -- verb; 2nd person singular future of <λατρεύω> serve -- shall you serve
4:9 - Ἤγαγεν δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ καὶ ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ.
 ἤγαγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἄγω> lead -- he led
 Ἱερουσαλὴμ -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἱερουσαλήμ> Jerusalem --
Jerusalem
 ἔστησεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἵστημι> put, place, stand -- placed
 πτερύγιον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <πτερύγιον> pinnacle -- pinnacle
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- of the
 ἱεροῦ -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ἱερόν> temple -- temple
͂ εν αὐτῷ, εἰ υἱὸς εἰ ͂ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε σεαυτὸν ἐντεῦθεν κάτω.
καὶ εἰπ
 εἰπ ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- he said
 υἱὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <υἱός> son -- (the) son
 βάλε -- verb; 2nd person singular aorist imperative of <βάλλω> throw -- throw
 σεαυτὸν -- reflexive pronoun; 2nd person singular accusative of <σἑαυτοῦ> yourself --
yourself
 ἐντεῦθεν -- adverb; <ἐντεῦθεν> from there -- from here
 κάτω -- adverb; <κάτω> down, downward -- down
4:10 - γέγραπται
γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ

τοῦ διαφυλάξαι σε,
written
 τοῖς -- article; dative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἀγγέλοις -- noun, masculine; dative plural of <ἄγγελος> angel -- angels
 ἐντελεῖται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <ἐντέλλω> command -- he
has commanded
 περὶ -- preposition; <περί> around -- around
 σοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 διαφυλάξαι -- verb; infinitive future middle of <διαφυλάσσω> guard carefully -- to
guard
 σε -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
4:11 - καὶ
ὅτι ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίν σε,

μήποτε προσκόψῃς πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα σοῦ.
 χειρῶν -- noun, feminine; genitive plural of <χείρ> hand -- (their) arms
 ἀροῦσίν -- verb; 3rd person plural present middle of <αἴρω> take up, bear -- take ... up
 σε -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 μήποτε -- conjunction; <μήποτε> lest -- so that ...not
 προσκόψῃς -- verb; 2nd person singular future subjunctive of <προσκόπτω>
strike...against -- you shall ...strike
 πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- against
 λίθον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λίθος> stone -- (a) stone
 πόδα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ποῦς> foot -- foot
͂ εν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι εἰρ

4:12 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἰπ ͂ ηται, οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον τὸν
θεὸν σοῦ.
 ἀποκριθεὶς -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἀποκρίνω>
separate, answer -- answering
 εἰπ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <λέγω> say -- said
 εἰρ ͂ ηται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <εἰρέω> say -- it is said
 ἐκπειράσεις -- verb; 2nd person singular future middle of <ἐκπειράομαι> tempt --
you shall ... tempt
 κύριον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κύριος> lord -- (the) Lord
4:13 - Καὶ συντελέσας πάντα πειρασμὸν ὁ διάβολος ἀπέστη ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἄχρι καιροῦ.
 συντελέσας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <συντελέω>
complete -- having completed
 πάντα -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- (the) entire
 πειρασμὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <πειρασμός> temptation --
temptation
 ἀπέστη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀπίστημι> leave, depart -- departed
 ἀπ' -- preposition; <ἀπό> from -- from
 ἄχρι -- preposition; <ἄχρι> until -- for
 καιροῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <καιρός> time -- (a) time
Romans 8:31b (memory verse) -
Εἰ ὁ θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ' ἡμῶν;

 θεὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <θεός> god -- God
 ὑπὲρ -- preposition; <ὑπὲρ> over, for -- (is) for
 ἡμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- us
 τίς -- interrogative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <τίς> who, what -- who
 καθ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- (be) against
 ἡμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- us
Lesson Text
4:1 - Ἰησοῦς δὲ πλήρης πνεύματος ἁγίου ὑπέστρεψεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, καὶ ἤγετο
ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἡμέρας τεσσεράκοντα πειραζόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου.
4:2 - Καὶ οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδὲν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις, καὶ συντελεσθεισῶν αὐτῶν
ἐπείνασεν. 4:3 - εἰπ ͂ εν δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, εἰ υἱὸς εἰ ͂ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ τῷ λίθῷ τούτῳ
ἵνα γένηται ἄρτος. 4:4 - καὶ ἀπεκρίθη πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς, γέγραπται ὅτι οὐκ ἐπ'
ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος. 4:5 - καὶ ἀναγαγῶν αὐτὸν ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς
βασιλείας τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐν στιγμῇ χρόνου. 4:6 - καὶ εἰπ ͂ εν αὐτῷ ὁ διάβολος, σοὶ
δώσω τὴν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην ἅπασαν καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ παραδέδοται καὶ
ᾡ ͂ ἐὰν θέλω δίδωμι αὐτὴν. 4:7 - σὺ οὐν͂ ἐὰν προσκυνήσῃς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ, ἔσται σοῦ
πᾶσα. 4:8 - Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἰπ ͂ εν αὐτῷ, γέγραπται προσκυνήσεις κύριον
τὸν θεὸν σοῦ καὶ αὐτῷ μονῷ λατρεύσεις. 4:9 - Ἤγαγεν δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ καὶ
ἔστησεν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ. καὶ εἰπ ͂ εν αὐτῷ, εἰ υἱὸς εἰ ͂ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε
σεαυτὸν ἐντεῦθεν κάτω. 4:10 - γέγραπται
γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ

τοῦ διαφυλάξαι σε, 4:11 - καὶ
ὅτι ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίν σε,

μήποτε προσκόψῃς πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα σοῦ. 4:12 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἰπ ͂ εν αὐτῷ
͂ ηται, οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν σοῦ. 4:13 - Καὶ συντελέσας
ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι εἰρ
πάντα πειρασμὸν ὁ διάβολος ἀπέστη ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἄχρι καιροῦ. Romans 8:31b (memory
verse) -
Εἰ ὁ θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ' ἡμῶν;

Translation
4:1 And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan, and was led by the
Spirit into the wilderness, 2 Being forty days tempted of the devil. And in those days
he did eat nothing: and when they were ended, he afterward hungered.
3 And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command this stone that it
be made bread.
4 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread
alone, but by every word of God.

5 And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto him all the
kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. 6 And the devil said unto him, All this
power will I give thee, and the glory of them: for that is delivered unto me; and to
whomsoever I will I give it. 7 If thou therefore wilt worship me, all shall be thine.
8 And Jesus answered and said unto him, it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord
thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.

9 And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and said
unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down from hence: 10 For it is written,
He shall give his angels charge over thee,
to keep thee:
11 And
in their hands they shall bear thee up,

lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.
12 And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy
God.
13 And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a
season.
Romans 8:31b (memory verse) --
If God is for us, who can be against us?
Grammar
16 Nouns ending in -ηρ.
The basic relationship terms, among other nouns, end in -ηρ, and have no -ε- in the
genitive and dative singular, and the dative plural. The following are examples.
father daughter man
Nom. sg. ὁ πατήρ ἡ θυγάτηρ ὁ ἀνήρ
Gen. sg. τοῦ πατρός τῆς θυγατρός τοῦ ἀνδρός
Dat. sg. τῷ πατρί τῇ θυγατρί τῷ ανδρί
Acc. sg. τὸν πατέρα τῆν θυγατέρα τὸν ἄνδρα
Nom. pl. οἱ πατέρες αἱ θυγατέρες οἱ ἄνδρες

Gen. pl. τῶν πατέρων τῶν θυγατέρων τῶν ἀνδρῶν
Dat. pl. τοῖς πατράσι ταῖς θυγατράσι τοῖς ἀνδράσι
Acc. pl. τοὺς πατέρας τὰς θυγατέρας τοὺς ἄνδρας
17 Irregular nouns.
Some of the more frequent nouns are irregular in inflection; three of them are given
here.
woman ship fire
Nom. sg. ἡ γυνή ἡ ναῦς τὸ πῦρ
Gen. sg. τῆς γυναικός τῆς νεώς τοῦ πυρός
Dat. sg. τῇ γυναικί τῇ νηί τῷ πυρί
Acc. sg. τῆν γυναῖκα τῆν ναῦν τὸ πῦρ
Nom. pl. αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ νῆες τὰ πυρά

Gen. pl. τῶν γυναικῶν τῶν νεῶν τῶν πυρῶν
Dat. pl. ταῖς γυναιξί(ν) ταῖς ναυσί(ν) τοῖς πυροῖς
Acc. pl. τὰς γυναῖκας τὰς ναῦς τὰ πυρά
18 Demonstrative pronouns.
There are three demonstrative pronouns. ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε points to the present or future,
and corresponds to 'this,' 'this one here.' οὕτος, αὔτη, τοῦτο points to the former, and
corresponds to 'that.' ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο points to things remote or absent, and
corresponds to 'that there.' ὅδε is based on the definite article. The forms of ἐκεῖνος are
like those of αὐτός. The forms of οὑτ͂ ος are given here.
Nom. sg. οὑτ͂ ος αὕτη τοῦτο
Gen. sg. τούτου ταύτης τούτου
Dat. sg. τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
Acc. sg. τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Nom. pl. οὑτ͂ οι αὑτ͂ αι ταῦτα

Gen. pl. τούτων τούτων τούτων
Dat. pl. τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
Acc. pl. τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
19 The uses of infinitives.
The syntax of New Testament Greek is relatively simple. Most sentences and clauses are
completed by a finite verb governing an object, often accompanied by adverbial
elements. When infinitives are used they generally complement the meaning of the
principal verb as in John 3, with its repeated uses of δύναται followed by ποιεῖν '(no
one) can do' and other infinitives. They often are used to indicate purpose, as in Luke 2:1
and following in the passages including ἀπογράφεσθαι '(that all the world) be
registered', and similarly in Matthew 2:2 ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ 'we have come to
worship him'. In this use they may be introduced by an article, as in verse 10 of this
passage: τοῦ διαφυλάξαι σε 'to protect you'.
Infinitives may also be treated like nouns, where English makes use of participles, as in
Luke 2:4 διὰ τὸ εἰν͂ αι αὐτὸν..., literally 'through the (fact of) him be(ing)' > 'because he
is'. The infinitive in verse 6 is similar though treated as a genitive after a noun: ἡμέραι
τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν, literally 'days of her giv(ing) birth'. But as these few examples
illustrate, infinitives are relatively infrequent in New Testament Greek and readily
interpreted.
20 The Present system of the Middle and the Passive.
The Greek verb has a full set of Middle and Passive forms corresponding to those of the
Active. In the Present System, the forms of the two Voices are the same.
When used as Middle, the forms indicate an action or situation reflecting on the subject;
thus the first singular indicative πιστεύομαι means 'I believe'. When used as Passive, the
meaning corresponds to that of passives in English, so that the Passive πιστεύομαι
means 'I am (being) believed.' The forms must be interpreted from the context.
The forms of the Present System (first, second, and third person, singular and plural) are
as follows:
Indicative Imperfect Subjunctive Optative Imperative
1s πιστεύομαι ἐπιστευόμην πιστεύωμαι πιστευοίμην
2s πιστεύῃ ἐπιστεύου πιστεύῃ πιστεύοιο πιστεύου
3s πιστεύεται ἐπιστεύετο πιστεύηται πιστευοίτο πιστευέσθω
1p πιστευόμεθα ἐπιστευόμεθα πιστευώμεθα πιστευοίμεθα
2p πιστεύεσθε ἐπιστεύεσθε πιστεύησθε πιστεύοισθε πιστεύεσθε
3p πιστεύονται ἐπιστεύοντο πιστεύωνται πιστεύοιντο πιστευέσθων
Infinitive: πιστεύεσθαι
Participle: πιστευόμενος, πιστευομένη, πιστευόμενον

Lesson 5
As noted in the introduction to Lesson 2, the gospel according to Matthew includes many
of the central teachings of Jesus. Among these the Beatitudes may be most commonly
cited. They represent the essence of his teaching and of the principles of Christianity.
Matthew 5:1-12, and 1 Peter 5:7 (memory verse)
The Beatitudes illustrate the method of Jesus' teaching. Simply phrased in the manner of
the Psalms, they are addressed to members of his audience with various problems. They
represent the beginning of the celebrated Sermon on the Mount.
5:1 - Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος· καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ
οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ.
 ἰδὼν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle aorist of <ὁράω> see -- seeing
 ὄχλους -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <ὄχλος> crowd -- crowds
 ἀνέβη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- he went up
 ὄρος -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <ὄρος> mountain -- mountain
 καθίσαντος -- verb; genitive singular masculine of aorist participle of <καθίζω> (force
to) sit down -- sitting down
 αὐτοῦ -- pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- he
 προσῆλθαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <προσέρχομαι> come to -- came to
 οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 μαθηταὶ -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciples
5:2 - καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς λέγων,
 ἀνοίξας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἀνοίγνυμι>
open -- having opened
 στόμα -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <στόμα> mouth -- mouth
 ἐδίδασκεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <διδάσκω> teach -- he taught
 λέγων -- verb; nominative singular masculine of present participle of <λέγω> say --
saying
5:3 - μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι,

ὅτι αὐτῶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.
 μακάριοι -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <μακάριος> blessed -- blessed
 οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- (are) the
 πτωχοὶ -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πτωχός> poor -- poor
 τῷ -- article; dative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 πνεύματι -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- in spirit
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- theirs
 ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- (is) the
 οὐρανῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heavens
5:4 - μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται.
 πενθοῦντες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <πενθέω> mourn -- mourners
 αὐτοὶ -- pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- they
 παρακληθήσονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <παρακαλέω>
encourage, comfort -- will be comforted
5:5 - μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν τὴν γῆν.
 πραεῖς -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <πραύς> gentle, meek -- gentle
 κληρονομήσουσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural future of <κληρονομέω> inherit -- they
will inherit
 γῆν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- earth
5:6 - μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσανται.
 πεινῶντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <πεινάω> to be hungry
-- (are) hungering
 διψῶντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <διψάω> thirst
after -- thirsting after
 δικαιοσύνην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <δικαιοσύνη> justice,
righteousness -- righteousness
 χορτασθήσανται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <χορτάζω> feed; eat
their fill -- shall eat their fill
5:7 - μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐλεηθήσονται.
 ἐλεήμονες -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <ἐλεήμων> merciful --
merciful
 ἐλεηθήσονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <ἐλεέω> have pity; be pitied
-- shall be pitied
5:8 - μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται
 καθαροὶ -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <καθαρός> clean, pure -- pure
 καρδίᾳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <καρδία> heart -- in heart
 ὄψονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future of <ὁράω> see -- they shall see
5:9 - μακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί,

ὅτι αὐτοὶ υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται.
 εἰρηνοποιοί -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <εἰρηνοποιός> peacemaker --
peacemakers
 υἱοὶ -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <υἱός> son -- sons
 κληθήσονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <καλέω> call, summon -- will
be called
5:10 - μακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης,

ὅτι αὐτῶν ἔστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.
 δεδιωγμένοι -- verb; nominative plural participle of participle perfect passive of
<διώκω> follow, prosecute -- persecuted
 ἕνεκεν -- preposition; <ἕνεκεν> because of -- because of
 δικαιοσύνης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <δικαιοσύνη> justice, righteousness
-- righteousness
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- theirs
 ἔστιν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
 ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- (is) the
 οὐρανῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heavens
5:11 - μακάριοι ἐστέ ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν ὑμᾶς καὶ διώξωσιν καὶ εἴπωσιν πᾶν πονηρὸν
καθ' ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ.
 ἐστέ -- verb; 2nd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- you are
 ὅταν -- conjunction; <ὅταν> when, every time -- every time
 ὀνειδίσωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <ὀνειδίζω> reproach --
they will reproach
 ὑμᾶς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 διώξωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <διώκω> follow, prosecute --
persecute
 εἴπωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <λέγω> say -- say
 πᾶν -- adjective; accusative singular neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- everything
 πονηρὸν -- adjective; accusative singular neuter of <πονηρός> evil, wicked -- evil
 καθ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- against
 ὑμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 ψευδόμενοι -- deponent verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of
<ψεύδομαι> lie, deceive -- lyingly
 ἕνεκεν -- preposition; <ἕνεκεν> because of -- because of
5:12 - χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὅτι ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.
 χαίρετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <χαίρω> rejoice -- be glad
 ἀγαλλιᾶσθε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative middle of <ἀγαλλιάω> rejoice
exceedingly -- rejoice
 μισθὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μισθός> reward -- reward
 ὑμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <σύ> you -- your
 πολὺς -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πολύς> many -- (will be) great
 οὐρανοῖς -- noun, masculine; dative plural of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heavens
οὕτως γὰρ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς πρὸ ὑμῶν.

 ἐδίωξαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <διώκω> follow, prosecute -- they
persecuted
 προφήτας -- noun, masculine; accusative plural of <προφήτης> prophet -- prophets
 τοὺς -- article; accusative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- those
 πρὸ -- preposition; <πρό> before -- before
1 Peter 5:7 (memory verse) -
Πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ' αὐτόν,

ὅτι αὐτῷ μέλει περὶ ὑμῶν.
 μέριμναν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <μέριμνα> care, anxious thought --
cares
 ὑμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <σύ> you -- your
 ἐπιρίψαντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle of <ἐπιρρίπτω>
cast at -- casting
 ἐπ' -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- upon
 αὐτόν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- him
 αὐτῷ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- in him
 μέλει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <μέλω> to care, to be an object of care --
there is care
Lesson Text
5:1 - Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος· καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ
οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ. 5:2 - καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς λέγων, 5:3 -
μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι,
ὅτι αὐτῶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 5:4 - μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται. 5:5 - μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν τὴν γῆν. 5:6 - μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες
τὴν δικαιοσύνην,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ χορτασθήσανται. 5:7 - μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐλεηθήσονται. 5:8 - μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται 5:9 - μακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί,
ὅτι αὐτοὶ υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται. 5:10 - μακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν
δικαιοσύνης,
ὅτι αὐτῶν ἔστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 5:11 - μακάριοι ἐστέ ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν
ὑμᾶς καὶ διώξωσιν καὶ εἴπωσιν πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ' ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ.
5:12 - χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὅτι ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς. οὕτως
γὰρ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς πρὸ ὑμῶν. 1 Peter 5:7 (memory verse) -
Πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ' αὐτόν,

ὅτι αὐτῷ μέλει περὶ ὑμῶν.
Translation
1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his
disciples came unto him: 2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
3 Blessed are the poor in spirit:
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

4 Blessed are they that mourn:
for they shall be comforted.

5 Blessed are the meek:
for they shall inherit the earth.

6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness:
for they shall be filled.

7 Blessed are the merciful:
for they shall obtain mercy.

8 Blessed are the pure in heart:
for they shall see God.

9 Blessed are the peacemakers:
for they shall be called the children of God.

10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake:
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all
manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. 12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for
great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were
before you.
1 Peter 5:7 (memory verse) --
Casting all your care upon him; for he careth for you.
Grammar
21 Consonant stems ending in dentals.
In these stems the consonant is dropped in the nominative singular, as well as in the
accusative singular of neuters, and in the dative plural.
foot body
Nom. sg. ὁ πούς τὸ σῶμα
Gen. sg. τοῦ ποδός τοῦ σώματος
Dat. sg. τῷ ποδί τῷ σώματι
Acc. sg. τὸν ποδά τὸ σῶμα
Nom. pl. οἱ ποδές τὰ σώματα

Gen. pl. τῶν ποδῶν τῶν σωμάτων
Dat. pl. τοῖς ποσί τοῖς σώμασι
Acc. pl. τοὺς ποδάς τὰ σώματα
22 Comparison of adjectives.
In most adjectives comparison is expressed by -τερος in the comparative degree, by -
τατος in the superlative degree. The forms then are inflected in accordance with the ο-
and α-declensions. Examples in this text are ἐμφερεστάτη and ὁμοιότατα. Some of the
common adjectives on the other hand are irregular, for example, κακός 'bad'; κακίων,
κάκιστος. Their forms will be listed in dictionaries.
23 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns.
These are declined as follows:
Interrogative Indefinite
Masc/Fem Neut |Masc/Fem Neut
'who' 'what' |'someone' 'something'
Nom. sg. τίς τί |τις τι
Gen. sg. τίνος τίνος |τινός τινός
Dat. sg. τίνι τίνι |τινί τινί
Acc. sg. τίνα τί |τινα τι
Nom. pl. τίνες τίνα |τινες τινα

Gen. pl. τίνων τίνων |τινῶν τινῶν
Dat. pl. τίσι(ν) τίσι(ν)|τισί(ν) τισί(ν)
Acc. pl. τίνας τίνα |τινας τινα
Indefinite
Masc Fem Neut
'who(ever)' 'who(ever)' 'what(ever)'
Nom. sg. ὄστις ἥτις ὅτι
Gen. sg. ὅτου ἡσ͂ τινος ὅτου
Dat. sg. ᾡτ͂ ινι ͂
ᾑτινι ᾡτ͂ ινι
Acc. sg. ὅντινα ἥντινα ὅτι
Nom. pl. οἵτινες αἵτινες ἅτινα

Gen. pl. ὥντινων ὥντινων ὥντινων
Dat. pl. οἵστισι αἱσ͂ τισι ͂ τισι
οἱσ
Acc. pl. οὕστινας ἅστινας ἅτινα
24 The middle and passive voices.
In the present system the forms of the middle (expressing action for one's own sake)
and the passive (expressing action directed at the subject) are the same. The forms for
the indicative and the imperfect are as follows.
Present Imperfect
1 sg πιστεύομαι ἐπιστευόμην
2 sg πιστεύῃ ἐπιστεύου
3 sg πιστεύεται ἐπιστεύετο
1 pl πιστεύομεθα ἐπιστευόμεθα
2 pl πιστεύεσθε ἐπιστεύεσθε
3 pl πιστεύονται ἐπιστεύονται
25 The subjunctive, optative, and imperative middle and passive forms, the infinitive and participle.
While these forms are not frequent, they are given here so that, if found, they may be
recognized. The participial forms, on the other hand, are relatively frequent.
1s πιστεύωμαι πιστευοίμην
2s πιστεύῃ πιστεύοιο πιστεύου
3s πιστεύηται πιστεύοιτο πιστεύεσθω
1p πιστευώμεθα πιστευοίμεθα
2p πιστεύησθε πιστεύοισθε πιστεύεσθε
3p πιστεύωνται πιστεύοιντο πιστευέσθων
Infinitive: πιστεύεσθαι
Participle: πιστευόμενος, πιστευομένη, πιστευόμενον

Lesson 6
The Gospel according to Mark is generally assumed to be the first written down, possibly
as early as 66-70 A.D. As with the other gospels we cannot be sure of the author. Among
evidence that he was Mark, one of the early church fathers, Papias, Bishop of Hieropolis,
wrote that Mark as interpreter of Peter recorded many of the words and activities of
Jesus. Identification of Mark as the author is also supported by the remarkable report in
the gospel of "a certain young man" who fled naked from the crowd that came to capture
Jesus (Mark 14:5-52). In keeping with the statement of Papias, Mark may have been
converted by Peter, who calls him his son (1 Peter 5:13). He is assumed to be the natural
son of Mary, called John with the surname Mark (Acts 12:12). Mark accompanied Paul
and Barnabas on their first missionary journey (Acts 13:5,13), and Paul also later. When
imprisoned in Rome, Paul asked Timothy to bring Mark along from Asia Minor (2
Timothy 4:11). Mark may well have been with Peter in Rome, and there composed his
gospel for Christians whose best language was Greek.
Mark 4:1-12, and 8:36 (memory verse)
The parable of the sower and the seed in chapter 4, in which Jesus compares his teaching
and its results to the work of a farmer, is one of the most favored among his teachings. It
is found also in Matthew 13:3-8, there as well with subsequent interpretation to his
disciples. You may find it interesting to compare the two versions, noting among other
things the somewhat differing descriptions of the situation for the telling of the parable.
Straightforward, it needs little commentary.
4:1 - Καὶ πάλιν ἤρξατο διδάσκειν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ συνάγεται πρός αὐτὸν
ὄχλος πλεῖστος, ὥστε αὐτὸν εἰς πλοῖον ἐμβάντα καθῆσθαι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ πᾶς
͂ αν.
ὁ ὄχλος πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἠσ
 πάλιν -- adverb; <πάλιν> again -- again
 ἤρξατο -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist middle of <ἄρχω> begin -- he began
 διδάσκειν -- verb; infinitive of <διδάσκω> teach -- to teach
 παρὰ -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- beside
 θάλασσαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <θάλασσα> sea -- sea
 συνάγεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <συνάγω> bring together --
comes together
 πρός -- preposition; <πρός> to -- to
 ὄχλος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ὄχλος> crowd -- crowd
 πλεῖστος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of superlative of <πολύς> many -
- (a) very large
 ὥστε -- conjunction; <ὥστε> like, so that -- so that
 αὐτὸν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- he
 πλοῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <πλοῖον> ship -- (a) ship
 ἐμβάντα -- verb; accusative singular masculine of aorist participle of <ἐμβαίνω> enter
-- having entered
 καθῆσθαι -- verb; infinitive middle of <καθίζω> (force to) sit down -- sat down
 θαλάσσῃ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <θάλασσα> sea -- sea
 πᾶς -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- whole
 ὄχλος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ὄχλος> crowd -- crowd
 πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- facing
 θάλασσαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <θάλασσα> sea -- sea
 γῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- land
 ἠσ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- were
4:2 - καὶ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς πολλὰ, καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ
αὐτοῦ.
 ἐδίδασκεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <διδάσκω> teach -- he taught
 παραβολαῖς -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <παραβολή> parable -- parables
 πολλὰ -- adjective; accusative plural neuter of <πολύς> many -- many (things)
 ἔλεγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <λέγω> say -- he spoke
 διδαχῇ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διδαχή> teaching -- teaching
4:3 - ἀκούετε, ἰδοὺ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρων σπεῖραι.

 ἀκούετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- Listen!
went out
 σπείρων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <σπείρων> sower -- (a) sower
 σπεῖραι -- verb; infinitive aorist of <σπείρω> sow -- to sow
4:4 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ σπείρειν ὅ μὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν, καὶ ἥλθεν τὰ πετεινὰ
καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτό.
it happened
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- in (the course of)
 σπείρειν -- verb; infinitive of <σπείρω> sow -- sowing
 ὅ -- article used as pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- some (of the
seed)
 μὲν -- particle; <μέν> on the one hand -- indeed
 ἔπεσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <πίπτω> fall -- fell
 παρὰ -- preposition; <παρά> from, of -- beside
 ὁδόν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ὁδός> way, road -- road
 ἥλθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
 τὰ -- article; nominative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 πετεινὰ -- noun, neuter; nominative plural of <πετεινόν> bird -- birds
 κατέφαγεν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <κατέδω> eat up, devour -- devoured
 αὐτό -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- it
͂ εν γῆν πολλὴν, καὶ εὐθὺς

4:5 - Καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ πετρῶδες ὅπου οὐκ εἰχ
ἐξανέτειλεν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν βάθος γῆς.
 ἄλλο -- adjective; nominative singular neuter of <ἄλλος> other -- others
 πετρῶδες -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <πετρῶδες> stony soil -- stony soil
 ὅπου -- adverb; <ὅπου> where -- where
 εἰχ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <ἔχω> have -- (it did) ...have
 γῆν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- earth
 πολλὴν -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <πολύς> many -- much
 εὐθὺς -- adverb; <εὐθύς> immediately -- immediately
 ἐξανέτειλεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἐχανατέλλω> spring up -- (it)
sprang up
 διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- through
 ἔχειν -- verb; infinitive of <ἔχω> have -- having
 βάθος -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <βάθος> depth -- depth
 γῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- of soil
͂ ιος ἐκαυματίσθη καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν ἐξηράνθη.

4:6 - καὶ ὅτε ἀνέτειλεν ὁ ἡλ
 ὅτε -- conjunction; <ὅτε> when -- when
 ἀνέτειλεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἀνατέλλω> rise -- rose
 ἡλ͂ ιος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἡλ ͂ ιος> sun -- sun
 ἐκαυματίσθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <καυματίζω> burn up -- it
was burned up
 διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- through
 ἔχειν -- verb; infinitive of <ἔχω> have -- having
 ῥίζαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ῥίζα> root -- roots
 ἐξηράνθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ξηραίνω> dry up -- dried up
4:7 - καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας, καὶ ἀνέβησαν αἱ ἄκανθαι καὶ συνέπνιξαν
αὐτό, καὶ καρπὸν οὐκ ἔδωκεν.
 ἄλλο -- adjective; nominative singular neuter of <ἄλλος> other -- others
 ἀκάνθας -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <ἄκανθα> thorn -- thorns
 ἀνέβησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- grew up
 αἱ -- article; nominative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- the
 ἄκανθαι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <ἄκανθα> thorn -- thorns
 συνέπνιξαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <συμπνίγω> choke -- choked
 αὐτό -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- it
 καρπὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <καρπός> fruit -- fruit
 ἔδωκεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <δίδωμι> give -- give
4:8 - καὶ ἄλλα ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν καλήν, καὶ ἐδίδου καρπὸν ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ
αὐξανόμενα, καὶ ἔφερεν εἰς τριάκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑκατόν.
 ἄλλα -- adjective; nominative plural neuter of <ἄλλος> other -- others
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- on
 γῆν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- land
 καλήν -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <καλός> good, beautiful --
excellent
 ἐδίδου -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <δίδωμι> give -- it gave
 καρπὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <καρπός> fruit -- fruit
 ἀναβαίνοντα -- verb; accusative singular masculine of present participle of
<ἀναβαίνω> mount, go up -- that having ripened
 αὐξανόμενα -- verb; accusative singular masculine of present participle middle of
<αὐξάνω> increase -- having increased
 ἔφερεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φέρω> bear, bring, carry --
produced
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- (some) as much as
 τριάκοντα -- number; <τριάκοντα> thirty -- thirty(fold)
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- as much as
 ἑξήκοντα -- number; <ἑξήκοντα> sixty -- sixty(fold)
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- as much as
 ἑκατόν -- number; <ἑκατόν> hundred -- a hundred
4:9 - καὶ ἔλεγεν, ὃς ἔχει ὠτ͂ α ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω.

 ἔλεγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <λέγω> say -- he said
 ὃς -- relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whoever
 ἔχει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- has
 ὠτ͂ α -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <οὐς͂ , ὠς͂ > ear -- ears
 ἀκούειν -- verb; infinitive of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- to hear
 ἀκουέτω -- verb; 3rd person singular imperative of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- he should
hear
4:10 - Καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο κατὰ μόνας ἠρώτων αὐτὸν οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν σὺν τοῖς δώδεκα τὰς
παραβολάς.
it happened
 κατὰ -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- ...
 μόνας -- adjective; accusative plural masculine of <μόνος> alone -- (that they were)
alone
 ἠρώτων -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἐρωτάω> ask -- asked
 οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the(ones)
 περὶ -- preposition; <περί> around -- about
 δώδεκα -- number; <δώδεκα> twelve -- twelve
 τὰς -- article; accusative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- (about) the
 παραβολάς -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <παραβολή> parable -- parables
4:11 - καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, ὑμῖν τὸ μυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ.
 ἔλεγεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <λέγω> say -- he said
 μυστήριον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μυστήριον> mystery -- mystery
 δέδοται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <δίδωμι> give -- it is given
 τῆς -- article; genitive singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- of the
 βασιλείας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <βασιλεία> kingdom -- kingdom
ἐκείνοις δὲ τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται,

 ἐκείνοις -- demonstrative pronoun; dative plural masculine of <ἐκεῖνος> that -- to
those
 δὲ -- particle; <δέ> and, on the other hand -- but
 τοῖς -- article; dative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the (ones)
 ἔξω -- adverb; <ἔξω> outside -- outside
 παραβολαῖς -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <παραβολή> parable -- parables
 τὰ -- article; nominative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 πάντα -- adjective; nominative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all things
 γίνεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <γίνομαι> come into being, be
produced -- will come
4:12 - ἵνα
βλέποντες βλέπωσιν καὶ μὴ ἴδωσιν,

καὶ ἀκούοντες ἀκούωσιν καὶ μὴ συνιῶσιν,
μήποτε ἐπιστρέψωσιν
καὶ ἀφεθῇ αὐτοῖς.
 ἵνα -- conjunction; <ἵνα> so that -- so that
 βλέποντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of <βλέπω> see --
seeing
 βλέπωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present subjunctive of <βλέπω> see -- they may
see
 ἴδωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <ὁράω> see -- perceive
 ἀκούοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <ἀκούω> hear, listen --
hearing
 ἀκούωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present subjunctive of <ἀκούω> hear, listen --
they may hear
 συνιῶσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <συνοράω> comprehend --
comprehend
 μήποτε -- conjunction; <μήποτε> lest -- lest
 ἐπιστρέψωσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural future subjunctive of <ἐπιστρέψω> repent --
they repent
 ἀφεθῇ -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive passive of <ἀφίημι> send forth,
throw down, permit, forgive -- it is forgiven
 αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
8:36 (memory verse) -

τί γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἄνθρωπον κερδῆσαι τὸν κόσμον ὅλον καὶ ζημιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν
αὐτοῦ;
 τί -- interrogative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
 ὠφελεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ὠφελέω> to help, be of use -- does it
profit
 ἄνθρωπον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- a
human being
 κερδῆσαι -- verb; infinitive aorist of <κερδαίνω> gain -- to gain
 κόσμον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κόσμος> beauty, order, world --
world
 ὅλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ὅλος> whole -- whole
 ζημιωθῆναι -- verb; infinitive aorist passive of <ζημιόω> cause loss -- lose
 ψυχὴν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ψυχή> soul -- soul
Lesson Text
4:1 - Καὶ πάλιν ἤρξατο διδάσκειν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ συνάγεται πρός αὐτὸν
ὄχλος πλεῖστος, ὥστε αὐτὸν εἰς πλοῖον ἐμβάντα καθῆσθαι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ πᾶς
ὁ ὄχλος πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἠσ ͂ αν. 4:2 - καὶ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν
παραβολαῖς πολλὰ, καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ. 4:3 - ἀκούετε, ἰδοὺ
ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρων σπεῖραι. 4:4 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ σπείρειν ὅ μὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν
ὁδόν, καὶ ἥλθεν τὰ πετεινὰ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτό. 4:5 - Καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ
πετρῶδες ὅπου οὐκ εἰχ ͂ εν γῆν πολλὴν, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐξανέτειλεν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν βάθος
͂ ιος ἐκαυματίσθη καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ῥίζαν
γῆς. 4:6 - καὶ ὅτε ἀνέτειλεν ὁ ἡλ
ἐξηράνθη. 4:7 - καὶ ἄλλο ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας, καὶ ἀνέβησαν αἱ ἄκανθαι καὶ
συνέπνιξαν αὐτό, καὶ καρπὸν οὐκ ἔδωκεν. 4:8 - καὶ ἄλλα ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν
καλήν, καὶ ἐδίδου καρπὸν ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ αὐξανόμενα, καὶ ἔφερεν εἰς τριάκοντα
καὶ ἐν ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἐν ἑκατόν. 4:9 - καὶ ἔλεγεν, ὃς ἔχει ὠτ͂ α ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω. 4:10 -
Καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο κατὰ μόνας ἠρώτων αὐτὸν οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν σὺν τοῖς δώδεκα τὰς
παραβολάς. 4:11 - καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, ὑμῖν τὸ μυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ
θεοῦ. ἐκείνοις δὲ τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται, 4:12 - ἵνα
βλέποντες βλέπωσιν καὶ μὴ ἴδωσιν,

καὶ ἀκούοντες ἀκούωσιν καὶ μὴ συνιῶσιν,
μήποτε ἐπιστρέψωσιν
καὶ ἀφεθῇ αὐτοῖς. 8:36 (memory verse) -
τί γὰρ ὠφελεῖ ἄνθρωπον κερδῆσαι τὸν κόσμον ὅλον καὶ ζημιωθῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν
αὐτοῦ;
Translation
4:1 And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was gathered unto him a
great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole
multitude was by the sea on the land. 2 And he taught them many things by parables,
and said unto them in his doctrine,
3 Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: 4 And it came to pass, as he
sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up.
5 And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and immediately it
sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: 6 But when the sun was up, it was
scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. 7 And some fell among
thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. 8 And other fell
on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth,
some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred.
9 And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
10 And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the
parable. 11 And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the
kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables:
12 That
seeing they may see, and not perceive;

and hearing they may hear, and not understand;
lest at any time they should be converted,
and their sins should be forgiven them.
8:36 (memory verse) --
For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?
Grammar
26 Survey of noun declensions.
The ο- and α- declensions have been given in section 4, and subsequent sections of the
grammar, 11 and 16, have provided examples of consonantal declension and that of
some irregular nouns. Here additional sub-classes of the consonantal declension are
listed.
Grammars provide the sub-classes according to the consonants of the stem. There may
be modifications from sub-group to sub-group, but if the inflection of the word for salt is
memorized, such forms may be identified. Examples are given here also for stems ending
in velars, dentals, and other elements; as the selection indicates, nouns in the
consonantal declension vary in gender: ἡ αἴξ 'goat', τὸ σῶμα 'body', ὁ ἁλ́ς 'salt', ὁ
Ἕλλην 'Greek', ὁ σῦς 'pig'.
velars dentals
Nom. sg. ἡ αἴξ τὸ σῶμα
Gen. sg. τῆς αἰγός τοῦ σώματος
Dat. sg. τῇ αἰγί τῷ σώματι
͂
Acc. sg. τῆν αἰγα τὸ σῶμα
͂ ες τὰ σώματα
Nom. pl. αἱ αἰγ
Gen. pl. τῶν αἰγῶν τῶν σωμάτων
Dat. pl. τοῖς αἰξί τοῖς σώμασι
͂ ας τὰ σώματα
Acc. pl. τὰς αἰγ
-λ, -ρ -ν -υ
Nom. sg. ὁ ἅλς ὁ Ἕλλην ὁ σῦς
Gen. sg. τοῦ ἁλός τοῦ Ἕλληνος τοῦ συός
Dat. sg. τῷ ἁλί τῷ Ἕλλενι τῷ συί
Acc. sg. τὸν ἅλα τὸν Ἕλληνα τὸν σῦν
Nom. pl. οἱ ἅλες οἱ Ἕλληνες οἱ σύες

Gen. pl. τῶν ἁλῶν τῶν Ἕλλήνων τῶν συῶν
Dat. pl. τοῖς ἁλσί τοῖς Ἕλλήσι τοῖς συσί
Acc. pl. τοὺς ἅλας τοὺς Ἕλληνας τοὺς σῦς
27 Suffixes applied to stems to indicate location.
The following suffixes are used to produce adverbs on noun stems with specific
meanings:
 -θεν 'whence', as in -ανώθεν 'from on high', οἴκοθεν 'from home', χαμᾶθεν 'from the
ground'
 -ι, -θι 'where', as in οἴκοι 'at home', χαμαί 'on the ground'; but -σι(ν) if the noun in
question is a plural, as in Ἀθήνησι 'at Athens'
 -δε, -σε, ζε 'whither', as in Ἀθήναζε 'to Athens', χαμᾶζε 'to the ground'
28 Use of the augment.
The augment is used on past tenses in the indicative, that is, the imperfect, aorist, and
pluperfect. Verbs beginning with a consonant prefix ἐ-, as in the imperfect ἐπίστευον 'I
believed', the aorist ἐπίστευσα 'I have believed', the pluperfect ἐπεπιστεύκειν 'I had
believed'. Verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong combine the augment with that
vowel or diphthong, usually resulting in its lengthening, as in the imperfect ἠγ͂ ον 'I led'
from ἄγω, ηὔξανον 'I increased' from αὐξάνω.
Compound verbs place the augment on the verb, after the initial prefix, for example ἐν-
έβαλλον from ἐμβάλλω 'throw into', ἐπ-έβαλλον from ἐπι-βάλλω 'throw on'. In the
early texts, the augment may be omitted, as in the aorist form ποίησαν 'they made' from
ποιέω.
29 Deponents.
As in Latin, a number of verbs have their forms in the middle while corresponding to
active verbs in English. Many of them indicate state, and do not take objects. They can be
recognized from dictionary entries. Examples are:
 γίγνομαι 'become'
 δέχομαι 'receive'
 ἐργάζομαι 'work'
 ἀπο-κρίνομαι 'reply'
 λογίζομαι 'reason'
 μιμέομαι 'imitate'
These have a active meaning in the aorist middle form, but passive meaning in the
passive form of the aorist.
Others have the passive form of the aorist. Many of them denote motion, feeling or
mental action. Examples are:
 ἔραμαι 'love'
 ἥδομαι 'rejoice'
 έν-θυμέομαι 'consider'
 δια-νοέομαι 'intend'
30 The middle forms of the aorist.
In the aorist the passive has different forms from those of the middle. Here the middle
forms will be given.
1 sg ἐπιστευσάμην πιστεύσωμαι πιστευσαίμην
2 sg ἐπιστεύσω πιστεύσῃ πιστεύσαιο πίστευσαι
3 sg ἐπιστεύσατο πιστεύσηται πιστεύσαιτο πιστευσάσθω
1 pl ἐπιστευσάμεθα πιστευσώμεθα πιστευσαίμεθα

2 pl ἐπιστεύσασθε πιστεύσησθε πιστεύσαισθε πιστεύσασθε
3 pl ἐπιστεύσαντο πιστεύσωνται πιστεύσαιντο πιστευσάσθων

Lesson 7
The inclusion of the report on the transfiguration in three of the gospels indicates its
importance. It is interesting to compare the accounts in Matthew 17:1-13 and Luke 9:28-
36 with that of Mark. Neither of the others is as detailed as Mark, lending support to the
idea that both were written later than his, and made modifications. Only Mark describes
the extreme whiteness of Jesus's clothing. And the conclusion in Luke seems rather
abrupt. On the other hand, if Mark as author is indeed providing his account on the basis
of information from Peter, he may have omitted the somewhat unflattering statement on
Peter's behavior that is included in both of the other gospels. The central elements of the
event are however identical.
Mark 9:2-13, and John 5:39 (memory verse)
9:2 - Καὶ μετὰ ἡμέρας ἓξ παραλαμβάνει ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὸν Πέτρον καὶ τὸν Ἰάκωβον καὶ
Ἰωάννην, καὶ ἀναφέρει αὐτοὺς εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατ' ἰδίαν μόνους.
 μετὰ -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- after
 ἡμέρας -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <ἡμέρα> day -- days
 ἓξ -- number; <ἕξ> six -- six
 παραλαμβάνει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <παραλαμβάνω> take -- takes
 Πέτρον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
 Ἰάκωβον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἰάκωβος> James -- James
 Ἰωάννην -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἰωάννης> John -- John
 ἀναφέρει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ἀναφέρω> lead -- leads
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- up
 ὄρος -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <ὄρος> mountain -- mountain
 ὑψηλὸν -- adjective; accusative singular neuter of <ὑψηλός> high -- (a) high
 κατ' -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- ...
 ἰδίαν -- adverb locution; <ἰδίαν> alone -- by themselves
 μόνους -- adjective; accusative plural masculine of <μόνος> alone -- alone
9:3 - καὶ μετεμορφώθη ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο στίλβοντα
͂ γναφεὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐ δύναται οὕτως λευκᾶναι.
λευκὰ λίαν, οἱα
 μετεμορφώθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <μεταμορφόω> transform
-- he was transfigured
 ἔμπροσθεν -- preposition; <ἔμπροσθεν> before, in front -- before
 ἱμάτια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ἱμάτιον> clothing -- clothing
became
 στίλβοντα -- verb; nominative plural neuter of present middle participle of <στίλβω>
to shine, be radiant -- radiant
 λευκὰ -- adjective; nominative plural neuter of <λευκός> white -- white
 λίαν -- adverb; <λίαν> very -- very
 οἱᾶ -- adjective; nominative plural neuter of <οἱο͂ ς> like, such that -- such that
 γναφεὺς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <γναφεύς> fuller -- fuller
 γῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <γῆ> earth, land -- earth
is able
 οὕτως -- adverb; <οὕτως> so, thus -- to such an extent
 λευκᾶναι -- verb; aorist infinitive of <λευκάνόω> make white -- whiten
͂ αν συλλαλοῦντες τῷ Ἰησοῦ.

9:4 - καὶ ὤφθη αὐτοῖς Ἠλίας σὺν Μωυσεῖ, καὶ ἠσ
 ὤφθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ὁράω> see -- appeared (was
seen)
 αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- by them
 Ἠλίας -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Ἠλίας> Elias -- Elias
 Μωυσεῖ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <Μωυσῆς> Moses -- Moses
 ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- were
ἠσ
 συλλαλοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of
<συλλαλέω> talk with -- talking with
 Ἰησοῦ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
9:5 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Πέτρος λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ; ῥαββὶ, καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὡδ͂ ε εἰν͂ αι,
καὶ ποιήσωμεν τρεῖς σκηνάς, σοὶ μίαν καὶ Μωυσεῖ μίαν καὶ Ἠλίᾳ μίαν.
 ἀποκριθεὶς -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist passive participle of
<ἀποκρίνω> separate, answer -- speaking up
 Πέτρος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
 Ἰησοῦ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- to Jesus
 ῥαββὶ -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ῥαββί> rabbi -- Master
 καλόν -- adjective; accusative singular neuter of <καλός> good, beautiful -- good
 ἐστιν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- it is
 ἡμᾶς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- (for) us
 ὡδ͂ ε -- adverb; <ὡδ͂ ε> here -- here
 εἰν͂ αι -- verb; infinitive of <εἰμί> I am -- to be
 ποιήσωμεν -- verb; 1st person plural future subjunctive of <ποιέω> make, do -- let us
make
 τρεῖς -- number; <τρεῖς> three -- three
 σκηνάς -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <σκηνή> tent -- tents
 σοὶ -- pronoun; dative singular masculine of <σύ> you -- for you
 μίαν -- number; accusative singular feminine of <εἱς͂ > one -- one
 Μωυσεῖ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <Μωυσῆς> Moses -- for Moses
 Ἠλίᾳ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <Ἠλίας> Elias -- for Elias
9:6 - οὐ γὰρ ᾐδ͂ ει τί ἀποκριθῇ; ἔκφοβοι γὰρ ἐγένοντο.

 ᾐδ͂ ει -- verb; 3rd person singular pluperfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- he ...did know
 τί -- interrogative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
 ἀποκριθῇ -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive of <ἀποκρίνω> separate,
answer -- he might comment
 ἔκφοβοι -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <ἔκφοβος> very afraid -- very
afraid
 ἐγένοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <γίγνομαι> happen, become -- they
became
9:7 - καὶ ἐγένετο νεφέλη ἐπισκιάζουσα αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένετο φωνὴ ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης·
developed
 νεφέλη -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <νεφέλη> cloud -- a cloud
 ἐπισκιάζουσα -- verb; nominative singular feminine of present participle of
<ἐπισκιάζω> overshadow -- overshadowing
came
 φωνὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <φωνή> voice, sound -- a voice
 νεφέλης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <νεφέλη> cloud -- cloud
οὑτ͂ ός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός. ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ.

 οὑτ͂ ός -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- this
 υἱός -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <υἱός> son -- son
 ἀγαπητός -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἀγαπητός> dear, beloved --
beloved
 ἀκούετε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- listen to
9:8 - καὶ ἐξάπινα περιβλεψάμενοι οὐκέτι οὐδένα εἰδ͂ ον εἰ μὴ τὸν Ἰησοῦν μόνον μεθ'
ἑαυτῶν.
 ἐξάπινα -- adverb; <ἐξάπινα> suddenly -- suddenly
 περιβλεψάμενοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of aorist participle middle of
<περιβλέπω> look around -- looking around
 οὐκέτι -- adverb; <οὐκέτι> no longer -- no longer
 οὐδένα -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- anyone
 μὴ -- particle; <μή> not -- not = except
 Ἰησοῦν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἰησοῦς> Jesus -- Jesus
 μόνον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <μόνος> alone -- alone
 μεθ' -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- with
 ἑαυτῶν -- reflexive pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἑαυτοῦ> oneself --
themselves
9:9 - Καὶ καταβαινόντων αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς ἵνα μηδενὶ ἅ εἰδ͂ ον
διηγήσωνται, εἰ μὴ ὅταν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῇ.
 καταβαινόντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of
<καταβαίνω> descend -- (were) going down
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (as) they
 ὄρους -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ὄρος> mountain -- mountain
 διεστείλατο -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist middle of <διαστέλλω> give express
orders -- he gave express orders
 μηδενὶ -- adjective; dative singular masculine of <μηδείς> no one -- to no one
 ἅ -- relative pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- what
 εἰδ͂ ον -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ὁράω> see -- they had seen
 διηγήσωνται -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive of <διηγέομαι> divulge --
should divulge
 μὴ -- particle; <μή> not -- not = except
 ὅταν -- conjunction; <ὅταν> when, every time -- when
man
 νεκρῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <νεκρός> dead -- (the) dead
 ἀναστῇ -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive <ἀνίστημι> rise -- would arise
9:10 - καὶ τὸν λόγον ἐκράτησαν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς συζητοῦντες τὶ ἐστιν τὸ ἐκ νεκρῶν
ἀναστῆναι.
 λόγον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λόγος> word, reason -- statement
 ἐκράτησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <κρατέω> hold fast, take to heart; rule,
conquer -- they took to heart
 πρὸς -- preposition; <πρός> to -- among
 ἑαυτοὺς -- reflexive pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <ἑαυτοῦ> oneself --
themselves
 συζητοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine present participle of <συζητέω>
discuss -- discussing
 τὶ -- interrogative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
 ἐστιν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is (might be)
 νεκρῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <νεκρός> dead -- the dead
 ἀναστῆναι -- verb; infinitive aorist of <ἀνίστημι> rise -- rising
9:11 - Καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες ὅτι λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι Ἠλίαν δεῖ
ἐλθεῖν πρῶτον;
 ἐπηρώτων -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἐπερωτάω> ask -- they asked
saying
 λέγουσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <λέγω> say -- do. . .say
 οἱ -- article; nominative plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- the
 γραμματεῖς -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <γραμματεύς> scribe -- scribes
 Ἠλίαν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Ἠλίας> Elias -- Elias
 δεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <δεῖ> it is necessary -- it is necessary
 ἐλθεῖν -- deponent verb; infinitive aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- come
 πρῶτον -- adverb; <πρῶτον> first -- first
9:12 - ὁ δὲ ἔφη αὐτοῖς· Ἠλίας μὲν ἐλθὼν πρῶτον ἀποκαθιστάνει πάντα.
 ὁ -- article used as pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- he
 ἔφη -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φῆμι> say -- he said
 μὲν -- particle; <μέν> on the one hand -- indeed
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- having come
 πρῶτον -- adverb; <πρῶτον> first -- first
 ἀποκαθιστάνει -- verb; present infinitive of <ἀποκαθίστημι> restore -- to restore
 πάντα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every --
all (things)
καὶ πῶς γέγραπται ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἵνα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ ἐξουδενηθῇ;
 γέγραπται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <γράφω> write -- is it
written
 ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- about
 υἱὸν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <υἱός> son -- son
man
 πολλὰ -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <πολύς> many --
many things
 πάθῃ -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive of <πάσχω> suffer -- he must
suffer
 ἐξουδενηθῇ -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <ἐξουδενέω> set at naught --
be set at naught
9:13 - ἀλλὰ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι καὶ Ἠλίας ἐλήλυθεν, καὶ ἐποίησαν αὐτῷ ὅσα ἤθελον,
καθὼς γέγραπται ἐπ' αὐτόν.
 ἀλλὰ -- conjunction; <ἀλλά> but -- but
 ἐλήλυθεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular pluperfect of <ἔρχομαι> come, go --
has come
 ἐποίησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ποιέω> make, do -- they have done
 ὅσα -- conjunction; accusative plural neuter of <ὅσος> (as many) as -- as
 ἤθελον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἐθέλω> wish, want -- they wished
 καθὼς -- conjunction; <καθώς> as -- as
 γέγραπται -- verb; 3rd person singular perfect passive of <γράφω> write -- is written
 ἐπ' -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- about
John 5:39 (memory verse) - Ἐρευνᾶτε τὰς γραφάς, ὅτι ὑμεῖς δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν
αἰώνιον ἔχειν; καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ.
 ἐρευνᾶτε -- verb; 2nd person plural imperative of <ἐρευνάω> search -- search
 γραφάς -- noun, feminine; accusative plural of <γραφή> writing, scripture --
scriptures
 ὑμεῖς -- pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <σύ> you -- you
 δοκεῖτε -- verb; 2nd person plural present of <δοκέω> seem, think -- think
 αὐταῖς -- pronoun; dative plural feminine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- them
 ζωὴν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ζωή> life -- life
 αἰώνιον -- adjective; accusative singular feminine of <αἰώνιος> eternal -- eternal
 ἔχειν -- verb; infinitive of <ἔχω> have -- have
 ἐκεῖναί -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural feminine of <ἐκεῖνος> that --
they
 εἰσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
 αἱ -- article; nominative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- the (those who)
 μαρτυροῦσαι -- verb; nominative plural feminine of aorist participle of <μαρτυρέω>
bear witness -- testify
Lesson Text
9:2 - Καὶ μετὰ ἡμέρας ἓξ παραλαμβάνει ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὸν Πέτρον καὶ τὸν Ἰάκωβον καὶ
Ἰωάννην, καὶ ἀναφέρει αὐτοὺς εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατ' ἰδίαν μόνους. 9:3 - καὶ
μετεμορφώθη ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο στίλβοντα λευκὰ
͂ γναφεὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐ δύναται οὕτως λευκᾶναι. 9:4 - καὶ ὤφθη αὐτοῖς
λίαν, οἱα
Ἠλίας σὺν Μωυσεῖ, καὶ ἠσ ͂ αν συλλαλοῦντες τῷ Ἰησοῦ. 9:5 - καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Πέτρος
λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ; ῥαββὶ, καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὡδ͂ ε εἰν͂ αι, καὶ ποιήσωμεν τρεῖς σκηνάς, σοὶ
μίαν καὶ Μωυσεῖ μίαν καὶ Ἠλίᾳ μίαν. 9:6 - οὐ γὰρ ᾐδ͂ ει τί ἀποκριθῇ; ἔκφοβοι γὰρ
ἐγένοντο. 9:7 - καὶ ἐγένετο νεφέλη ἐπισκιάζουσα αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένετο φωνὴ ἐκ τῆς
νεφέλης· οὑτ͂ ός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός. ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ. 9:8 - καὶ ἐξάπινα
περιβλεψάμενοι οὐκέτι οὐδένα εἰδ͂ ον εἰ μὴ τὸν Ἰησοῦν μόνον μεθ' ἑαυτῶν. 9:9 - Καὶ
καταβαινόντων αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς ἵνα μηδενὶ ἅ εἰδ͂ ον
διηγήσωνται, εἰ μὴ ὅταν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῇ. 9:10 - καὶ τὸν
λόγον ἐκράτησαν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς συζητοῦντες τὶ ἐστιν τὸ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι. 9:11
- Καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες ὅτι λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι Ἠλίαν δεῖ ἐλθεῖν
πρῶτον; 9:12 - ὁ δὲ ἔφη αὐτοῖς· Ἠλίας μὲν ἐλθὼν πρῶτον ἀποκαθιστάνει πάντα. καὶ
πῶς γέγραπται ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἵνα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ ἐξουδενηθῇ; 9:13 -
ἀλλὰ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι καὶ Ἠλίας ἐλήλυθεν, καὶ ἐποίησαν αὐτῷ ὅσα ἤθελον, καθὼς
γέγραπται ἐπ' αὐτόν. John 5:39 (memory verse) - Ἐρευνᾶτε τὰς γραφάς, ὅτι ὑμεῖς
δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔχειν; καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ.
Translation
9:2 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth
them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before
them. 3 And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on
earth can white them. 4 And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they
were talking with Jesus. 5 And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good
for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for
Moses, and one for Elias. 6 For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid.
7 And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out of the cloud,
saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him. 8 And suddenly, when they had looked
round about, they saw no man any more, save Jesus only with themselves.
9 And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell
no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead.
10 And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with another what the
rising from the dead should mean.

11 And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must first come?
12 And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh first, and restoreth all things;
and how it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at
nought. 13 But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto
him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him.
John 5:39 (memory verse) --
Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they
which testify of me.
Grammar
31 Inflection of adjectives and participles.
Section 12 provided the inflection of the most common adjectives, Here that of
adjectives with consonantal stems is given for the adjective ἄκων 'unwilling'; it applies
also to present participles.
Nom. sg. ἄκων ἄκουσα ἄκον
Gen. sg. ἄκοντος ἀκούσης ἀκοντος
Dat. sg. ἄκοντι ἀκούσῃ ἄκοντι
Acc. sg. ἄκοντα ἄκουσαν ἄκον
Nom. pl. ἄκοντες ἄκουσαι ἄκοντα

Gen. pl. ἀκόντων ἀκουσῶν ἀκόντων
Dat. pl. ἄκουσι(ν) ἀκούσαις ἄκουσι(ν)
Acc. pl. ἄκοντας ἀκούσας ἄκοντα
The frequent adjective, πᾶς 'all, whole' is also inflected in this way; the nominative and
genitive singular are given as an illustration.
Nom. sg. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
Gen. sg. παντός πάσης παντός
The nominative forms of other consonantal adjectives are given in dictionaries; the
other cases may be identified with the help of the forms given above.
32 Two frequently occurring adjectives.
The forms of two frequently ocurring adjectives are given here in view of their common
occurrence, μέγας 'great' and πολύς 'much'.
Nom. sg. μέγας μεγάλη μέγα
Gen. sg. μεγάλου μεγάλης μεγάλου
Dat. sg. μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳ
Acc. sg. μέγαν μεγάλην μέγα
Nom. pl. μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα

Gen. pl. μεγάλων μεγάλων μεγάλων
Dat. pl. μεγάλοις μεγάλαις μεγάλοις
Acc. pl. μεγάλους μεγάλας μεγάλα

Nom. sg. πολύς πολλή πόλυ
Gen. sg. πολλοῦ πολλῆς πολλοῦ
Dat. sg. πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
Acc. sg. πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Nom. pl. πολλοί πολλαί πολλά

Gen. pl. πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
Dat. pl. πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Acc. pl. πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
33 Less frequent patterns of adjectival comparison.
The most frequent type of comparison with the suffixes -τερος, -τατος was given in
section 22. Some common adjectives have different suffixes, as noted there for κακός,
with its comparative in κακίων 'worse'and superlative κάκιστος. Similarly, καλός
'beautiful' has the forms καλλίων and κάλλιστος, ἐχθρός 'hostile' has the forms
έχθίων, ἔχθιστος.
Other adjectives have different roots in the comparative and superlative forms. Some
have several types of comparison, with differing connotations for the various types.
άγαθ́ος 'good' ἀμείνων ἄριστος 'clever, brave'
βελτίων βέλτιστος 'virtuous'
κρείττων κράτιστος 'strong, superior'
κακός 'bad' χείρων χείριστος 'less good'
ἥττων ἥκιστος 'weaker'
μέγας 'great' μείζων μέγιστος
μικρός 'small' μικρότερος μικρότατος
ἐλάττων ἐλαχ́ιστος (also applies to ὀλίγος)
ὀλίγος 'little' μείων ---
πολύς 'much' πλείων πλεῖστος
34 Aorist of the passive.
As noted in section 30, the aorist in the passive differs from that in the middle.
1 sg ἐπιστεύθην πιστευθῶ πιστευθείην
2 sg ἐπιστεύθης πιστευθῇς πιστευθείης πιστεύθητι
3 sg ἐπιστεύθη πιστευθῇ πιστευθείη πιστευθήτω
1 pl ἐπιστεύθημεν πιστευθῶμενͅ πιστευθείημεν

2 pl ἐπιστεύθητε πιστευθῆτε πιστευθείητε πιστεύθητε
3 pl ἐπιστεύθησαν πιστευθῶσι πιστευθείησαν πιστευθέντων
35 Infinitives and participles of the aorist middle and passive.
Middle Passive
Infinitive πιστεύσασθαι πιστευθήσεσθαι
'to believe' 'to be believed'
Participle πιστευσάμενος, -η, -ον πιστευθείς, -θεῖσα, -θέν
'one who believed' 'be believed'

Lesson 8
An account of the resurrection is included in all four gospels. That in the book of St. John
is the most personal. In describing how the disciples reacted to the report of Mary
Magdelene that the tomb was empty, John identifies himself as the author both through
omitting the name of the disciple who accompanied Peter, and also through reporting
that he outstripped the older man in arriving at the tomb. The account in St. Matthew did
not include this episode, but expands on the role of Mary Magdalene and "the other
Mary," besides reporting the reaction of the guards, as well might be expected of an
author who himself had occupied a governmental position. The account in St. Mark is
sketchy, including in one short chapter reports on the reaction of the women, and on the
appearances of Jesus to the disciples as well as his ascension. The account in St. Luke
also stresses the role of the women, followed by a brief statement on Peter's running to
the tomb -- though not commenting on the other disciple. It is curious that little has been
made in later times of the greater activity of the women at this time. St. Luke then goes
on with an extensive report of Jesus accompanying Cleopas and his companion to
Emmaus, also concluding with a brief note on the ascension. The two chapters in the
book of St. John are more extensive and detailed than those of the other gospels, again
supporting the view that they were written by the disciple, even though Chapter twenty-
one is presented as something of an afterthought.
John 20:1-10, and Romans 3:28 (memory verse)
20:1 - Τῇ δὲ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωὶ σκοτίας ἔτι οὔσης
εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἡρμένον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου,
 τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- (on) the
 μιᾷ -- number; dative singular feminine of <εἱς͂ > one -- first (day)
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- of the
 σαββάτων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <σαββατόν> week -- week
 Μαρία -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <Μαρία> Mary -- Mary
 ἡ -- article; nominative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 Μαγδαληνὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <Μαγδαληνή> Magdalene --
Magdalene
- comes
 πρωὶ -- adverb; <πρωί> early -- early
 σκοτίας -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <σκοτία> darkness -- darkness
 ἔτι -- adverb; <ἔτι> still -- still
 οὔσης -- verb; genitive singular feminine of present participle of <εἰμί> I am -- (while
there) was
 μνημεῖον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
 βλέπει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <βλέπω> see -- sees
 λίθον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <λίθος> stone -- stone
 ἡρμένον -- verb; accusative singular masculine of aorist middle participle of <αἱρέω>
take away -- removed
 μνημείου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
20:2 - τρέχει οὐν͂ καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίμωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον μαθητὴν ὅν
ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς.
 τρέχει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <τρέχω> run -- she runs
 οὐν͂ -- particle; <οὐν͂ > indeed -- now
- comes
 Σίμωνα -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Σίμων> Simon -- Simon
 Πέτρον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
 ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
 μαθητὴν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
 ὅν -- relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whom
 ἐφίλει -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φιλέω> love -- loved
͂ αν τὸν κύριον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, καὶ οὐκ οἴδαμεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.
ἡρ
 ἡρ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <αἱρέω> take away -- they have taken
 κύριον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
 μνημείου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <μνημεῖον> tomb -- tomb
 οἴδαμεν -- verb; 1st person plural perfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- we do ... know
 ἔθηκαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <τίθημι> put, place -- placed
20:3 - Ἐξῆλθεν οὐν͂ ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον.
went out
 ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- other
 μαθητής -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
 ἤρχοντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
20:4 - ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ.

 ἔτρεχον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <τρέχω> run -- were running
 δύο -- number; <δύο> two -- two
 ὁμοῦ -- adverb; <ὁμοῦ> together -- together
͂ θεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ

καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου, καὶ ἠλ
μνημεῖον,
 μαθητὴς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
 προέδραμεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <προτρέχω> outrun -- ran ahead
 τάχιον -- adverb; comparative of <τάχυς> fast -- faster
 τοῦ -- article; genitive singular masculine of <ὁ> the -- (than) ...
 Πέτρου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <Πέτρος> Peter -- Peter
 ͂ θεν -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ἔρχομαι> come, go -- came
ἠλ
 πρῶτος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πρῶτος> first -- first
20:5 - καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει κείμενα τὰ ὀθόνια, οὐ μέντοι εἰσῆλθεν.
 παρακύψας -- verb; nominative singular masculine of aorist participle of
<παρακύπτω> bend down -- bending down
 βλέπει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <βλέπω> see -- he sees
 κείμενα -- verb; accusative plural neuter of perfect middle participle of <κεῖμαι> lie --
lying
 ὀθόνια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothes
 μέντοι -- particle; <μέντοι> but, however -- but
 εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- does...enter
20:6 - ἔρχεται οὐν͂ καὶ Σίμων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ
μνημεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείμενα ,
- comes
 καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- also
 Σίμων -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <Σίμων> Simon -- Simon
 ἀκολουθῶν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle of <ἀκολουθέω>
follow -- following
 εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- entered
 θεωρεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θεωρέω> see -- sees
 ὀθόνια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothes
 κείμενα -- verb; accusative plural neuter of perfect middle participle of <κεῖμαι> lie --
lying
20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ ἠν͂ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείμενον
ἀλλὰ χωρὶς ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον.
 σουδάριον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <σουδάριον> napkin -- napkin
 ὃ -- relative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <ὅς> who, which -- that
 ἠν͂ -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- was
 κεφαλῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <κεφαλή> head -- head
 μετὰ -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- with
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the
 ὀθονίων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <ὀθόνιον> linen cloth -- linen clothing
 κείμενον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of present participle middle of <κεῖμαι>
lie -- lying
 ἀλλὰ -- conjunction; <ἀλλά> but -- but
 χωρὶς -- adverb; <χωρίς> apart -- apart
 ἐντετυλιγμένον -- verb; accusative singular neuter of perfect passive participle of
<ἐντυλίσσω> wrap up -- wrapped up
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- at
 ἕνα -- number; accusative singular masculine of <εἱς͂ > one -- one
 τόπον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <τόπος> place -- place
20:8 - τότε οὐν͂ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ
εἰδ͂ εν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν.
 οὐν͂ -- particle; <οὐν͂ > indeed -- ...
 εἰσῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <εἰσέρχομαι> enter -- he entered
 μαθητὴς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciple
<ἔρχομαι> come, go -- (one) having come
 πρῶτος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <πρῶτος> first -- first
 εἰδ͂ εν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <ὁράω> see -- he saw
 ἐπίστευσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <πιστεύω> believe -- believed
20:9 - οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι.
 οὐδέπω -- adverb; <οὐδέπω> not yet -- not yet
 ᾔδεισαν -- verb; 3rd person singular pluperfect of <οἰδ͂ α> know -- they did . . .know
 γραφὴν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γραφή> writing, scripture --
scripture
 δεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <δεῖ> it is necessary -- it was necessary
 αὐτὸν -- pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- (for) him
 νεκρῶν -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <νεκρός> dead -- the dead
 ἀναστῆναι -- verb; infinitive aorist of <ἀνίστημι> rise -- to rise
20:10 - ἀπῆλθον οὐν͂ πάλιν πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἱ μαθηταί.

 ἀπῆλθον -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist of <ἀπέρχομαι> go back -- went back
 οὐν͂ -- particle; <οὐν͂ > indeed -- then
 πάλιν -- adverb; <πάλιν> again -- back
 αὐτοὺς -- pronoun; accusative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- their own
 μαθηταί -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <μαθητής> disciple -- disciples
Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόμεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς
ἔργων νόμου.
 λογιζόμεθα -- verb; 1st person plural present middle of <λογίζομαι> calculate, think --
we conclude
 δικαιοῦσθαι -- verb; passive infinitive of <δικαιόω> justify -- (is) justified
 πίστει -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <πίστις> faith -- by faith
 ἄνθρωπος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- a
human being
 χωρὶς -- preposition; <χωρίς> apart -- without
 ἔργων -- noun, neuter; genitive plural of <ἔργον> work, deed -- works
 νόμου -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <νόμος> law -- of the law
Lesson Text
20:1 - Τῇ δὲ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ ἔρχεται πρωὶ σκοτίας ἔτι οὔσης
εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἡρμένον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, 20:2 - τρέχει οὐν͂ καὶ
ἔρχεται πρὸς Σίμωνα Πέτρον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον μαθητὴν ὅν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ
λέγει αὐτοῖς. ἡρ ͂ αν τὸν κύριον ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου, καὶ οὐκ οἴδαμεν ποῦ ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.
20:3 - Ἐξῆλθεν οὐν͂ ὁ Πέτρος καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητής, καὶ ἤρχοντο εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον. 20:4
- ἔτρεχον δὲ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ. καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου, καὶ
ἠλ ͂ θεν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, 20:5 - καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει κείμενα τὰ ὀθόνια, οὐ
μέντοι εἰσῆλθεν. 20:6 - ἔρχεται οὐν͂ καὶ Σίμων Πέτρος ἀκολουθῶν αὐτῷ, καὶ
εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κείμενα , 20:7 - καὶ τὸ σουδάριον, ὃ
ἠν͂ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ μετὰ τῶν ὀθονίων κείμενον ἀλλὰ χωρὶς
ἐντετυλιγμένον εἰς ἕνα τόπον. 20:8 - τότε οὐν͂ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς ὁ
ἐλθὼν πρῶτος εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον, καὶ εἰδ͂ εν καὶ ἐπίστευσεν. 20:9 - οὐδέπω γὰρ ᾔδεισαν
τὴν γραφὴν ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι. 20:10 - ἀπῆλθον οὐν͂ πάλιν πρὸς
αὐτοὺς οἱ μαθηταί. Romans 3:28 (memory verse) - Λογιζόμεθα γὰρ δικαιοῦσθαι πίστει
ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου.
Translation
20:1 The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark,
unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. 2 Then she
runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved,
and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we
know not where they have laid him.
3 Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre. 4 So
they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the
sepulchre. 5 And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet
went he not in. 6 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the
sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, 7 And the napkin, that was about his head,
not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. 8 Then went
in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and
believed. 9 For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the
dead. 10 Then the disciples went away again unto their own home.
Romans 3:28 (memory verse) --
Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law.
Grammar
36 Tense formation.
To identify verbal forms, it is useful to note the principal parts. Illustrations are provided
here, first with the so-called pure verbs, that is, those for which the stems are not
modified by the endings. Examples are: πιστεύω 'believe', τιμάω 'honor', ποιέω 'make'.
Present πιστεύω τιμάω ποιέω
Future πιστεύσω τιμήσω ποιήσω
Aorist active ἐπίστευσα ἐτίμησα ἐποιήσα
Perfect active πεπίστευκα τετίμηκα πεποίηκα
Perfect middle πεπίστευμαι τετίμημαι πεποίημαι
Aorist passive ἐπιστεύθην ἐτιμήθην ἐποιήθην
37 Tense formation of obstruent stems.
In stems ending in obstruent consonants, that is, those ending in stops or fricatives, the
consonant of the stem is modified before the tense markers. Examples are given here for
πείθω 'persuade', πράττω 'do', ἄγω 'lead', and γράφω 'write'.
Present πείθω πράττω ἄγω γράφω
Future πείσω πράξω ἄξω γράψα
Aorist active ἔπεισα ἔπραξα ἤγαγον ἔγραψα
Perfect active πέπεικα πέπραχα ἠχ ͂ α γέγραφα
Perfect middle πέπεισμαι πέπραγμαι ἤγμαι γέγραμμαι
Aorist passive ἐπείσθην ἐπράχθην ἤχθην ἐγράφθην
38 Tense formation of resonant stems.
Stems ending in resonants may fail to have the future/aorist marker. Examples are
φαίνω 'appear', ἀγγέλλω 'announce', and σπείρω 'sow'.
Present φαίνω ἀγγέλλω σπείρω
Future φανῶ ἀγγελῶ σπερῶ
Aorist active ἔφηνα ἤγγειλα ἔσπειρα
Perfect active πέφαγκα ἤγγελκα ἔσπαρκα
Perfect middle πέφασμαι ἤγγελμαι ἔσπαρμαι
Aorist passive ἐφάνθην ἠγγέλθην ἔσπάρθην
39 The tense formations of some frequent but irregular verbs.
Some verb forms are quite irregular. Some forms of ἔχω 'have' are based on its ancient
root *σεχ-. The forms of φέρω 'bear' are based on several roots. The forms of λέγω,
φημί, ἀγορεύω 'say, speak' are also based on various roots.
Present ἔχω φέρω λέγω (etc.)
Future ἕξω οἴσω έρῶ
Aorist active ἔσχον ἤνεγκον εἰπ ͂ ον
Perfect active ἔσχηκα ἐνήνοχα εἴρηκα
Perfect middle ἔσχημαι ἐνήνεγμαι εἴρημαι
Aorist passive ἔσχομην ἠνέχθην ἐρρήθην
40 The Middle and Passive Perfect.
The forms are the same in the two voices. The subjunctive and optative have forms of
the verb 'to be' after the participle (not repeated in the optative, below). They are as
follows:
Indicative Preterite Subjunctive Opt.
1s πεπίστευμαι ἐπεπιστεύμην πεπιστευμένος ω ᾿̃ εἴην
2s πεπίστευσαι έπεπίστευσο --- ἠς͂ εἴης
3s πεπίστευται ἐπεπίστευτο --- ἠ ͂ εἴη
͂ εν εἴημεν
1p πεπιστεύμεθα ἐπεπιστεύμεθα πεπιστευμένοι ὠμ
2p πεπίστευσθε ἐπεπιστεύσθε --- ἠτ͂ ε εἴτηε
3p πεπίστευνται ἐπεπίστευντο --- ὠσ͂ ι εἴησιν

Lesson 9
The Book of Acts continues St. Luke's account of the days after the resurrection. The
second chapter reports the events of the fiftieth day after the festival of the Passover,
that is to say, fulfillment of the promise of Jesus in St. John 14:16-27 and 16,7, that he
would send the Comforter to his disciples after his death. The importance of the events
is commemorated ever since on Pentecost, one of the great holy days of the church.
Among remarkable details is the presence of a great spread of nationalities at the event.
Those who believed illustrate how the church began its wide expansion. This was
further strengthened by the activities reported in the remainder of the book, especially
the missionary journeys of St. Paul.
Acts 2:1-13, and Mark 3:35 (memory verse)
͂ αν πάντες ὁμοῦ ἐπὶ
2:1 - Καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς ἠσ
τὸ αὐτό.
 ἐν -- preposition; <ἐν> in -- on
 συμπληροῦσθαι -- verb; infinitive passive of <συμπληρόω> fill up -- (being) fulfilled
 ἡμέραν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ἡμέρα> day -- day
 πεντηκοστῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πεντηκοστή> 50th day after the
Passover -- Pentecost
 ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- they were
ἠσ
 πάντες -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all,
every -- all
 ὁμοῦ -- adverb; <ὁμοῦ> together -- together
 ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- at
 αὐτό -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- the same place
2:2 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἠχ͂ ος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας καὶ
ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἰκ͂ ον οὑ ͂ ἠσ
͂ αν καθήμενοι.

there arose
 ἄφνω -- adverb; <ἄφνω> suddenly -- suddenly
 οὐρανοῦ -- noun, masculine; genitive singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
 ἠχ͂ ος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἠχ ͂ ος> sound -- a sound
 ὥσπερ -- adverb; <ὥσπερ> as -- as of
 φερομένης -- verb; genitive singular feminine of passive participle of <φέρω> bear,
bring, carry -- borne along
 πνοῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <πνοῆ> wind -- wind
 βιαίας -- adjective; genitive singular feminine of <βίαιος> violent -- a violent
 ἐπλήρωσεν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <πληρόω> fill -- it filled
 ὅλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ὅλος> whole -- whole
 οἰκ ͂ ον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <οἰκ
͂ ος> house -- house
 οὑ ͂ -- relative pronoun; genitive singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- where
 ἠσ ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- they were
 καθήμενοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of middle participle of <κάθημαι> sit -
- sitting
2:3 - καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα
ἕκαστον αὐτῶν.
 ὤφθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <ὁράω> see -- were seen
 αὐτοῖς -- pronoun; dative plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- by them
 διαμεριζόμεναι -- verb; nominative plural feminine of participle passive of
<διαμερίζω> cleave -- cloven
 γλῶσσαι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language --
tongues
 ὡσεὶ -- adverb; <ὡσεί> as of -- as of
 πυρός -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πῦρ> fire -- fire
 ἐκάθισεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <καθίζω> (force to) sit down -- it sat
down
 ἐφ' -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- on
 ἕνα -- number; accusative singular masculine of <εἱς͂ > one -- one
 ἕκαστον -- indefinite pronoun; accusative singular masculine of <ἕκαστος> each, every
-- each
 αὐτῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- of them
2:4 - καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες πνεύματος ἁγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις
γλώσσαις καθὼς τὸ πνεῦμα ἐδίδου ἀποφθέγγεσθαι αὐτοῖς.
 ἐπλήσθησαν -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <πίμπλημι> fill -- they were
filled
 πάντες -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <πᾶς> all,
every -- all
 πνεύματος -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- Ghost
 ἁγίου -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <ἅγιος> holy -- (with the) Holy
 ἤρξαντο -- verb; 3rd person plural aorist passive of <ἄρχομαι> begin -- they began to
 λαλεῖν -- verb; infinitive of <λαλέω> speak -- speak
 ἑτέραις -- adjective; dative plural feminine of <ἕτερος> other -- in other
 γλώσσαις -- noun, feminine; dative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language -- languages
 πνεῦμα -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πνεῦμα> spirit -- Spirit
 ἐδίδου -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <δίδωμι> give -- gave
 ἀποφθέγγεσθαι -- verb; infinitive of <ἀποφθέγγομαι> speak -- to speak
͂ αν δὲ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ κατοικούντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς
2:5 - Ἠσ
ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν.
 ἠσ͂ αν -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- there were
 εἰς -- preposition; <εἰς> towards -- in
 Ἰερουσαλὴμ -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <Ἰερουσαλήμ> Jerusalem -- Jerusalem
 κατοικούντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of present participle of
<κατοικέω> dwell -- dwelling
 Ἰουδαῖοι -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jewish -- Jewish
 ἄνδρες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <ἀνήρ> man -- men
 εὐλαβεῖς -- adjective; nominative plural masculine of <εὐλαβής> devout -- devout
 παντὸς -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- every
 ἔθνους -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ἔθνος> nation, people, tribe -- nation
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- of those
 ὑπὸ -- preposition; <ὑπό> under, by -- under
 οὐρανόν -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <οὐρανός> heaven -- heaven
2:6 - γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθεν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ συνεχύθη, ὅτι ἤκουον
εἱς͂ ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν.
 γενομένης -- deponent verb; genitive singular feminine of participle middle of
<γίγνομαι> happen, become -- got around
 φωνῆς -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <φωνή> voice, sound -- word
 ταύτης -- demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this --
(when) this
 συνῆλθεν -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist of <συνέρχομαι> unite, come together --
came together
 πλῆθος -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πλῆθος> multitude -- multitude
 συνεχύθη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist passive of <συγχύω> confuse -- were
confused
 ἤκουον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- they heard
 εἱς͂ -- number; nominative singular masculine of <εἱς͂ > one -- one
every -- each
 ἰδίᾳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἴδιος> own -- (in his) own
 διαλέκτῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διάλεκτος> language -- language
 λαλούντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -
- speaking
2:7 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον λέγοντες, οὐχὶ ἰδοὺ πάντες οὑτ͂ οί εἰσιν οἱ
λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι;
 ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστημι> be amazed --
they were amazed
 ἐθαύμαζον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <θαυμάζω> wonder -- wondered
saying
 οὐχὶ -- particle; <οὐχί> not -- not
 οὑτ͂ οί -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- these
 εἰσιν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
 λαλοῦντες -- verb; 3rd person plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω>
speak -- speakers
 Γαλιλαῖοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Γαλιλαῖος> Galilean -- Galileans
2:8 - Καὶ πῶς ἡμεῖς ἀκούομεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν ἐν ᾑ ͂ ἐγεννήθημεν;
 ἡμεῖς -- pronoun; nominative plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- we
 ἀκούομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- do we hear
(them speaking)
every -- each (of us)
 ἰδίᾳ -- adjective; dative singular feminine of <ἴδιος> own -- own
 διαλέκτῳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <διάλεκτος> language -- language
 ἡμῶν -- pronoun; genitive plural masculine of <ἐγώ> I -- our
 ᾑ ͂ -- relative pronoun; dative singular feminine of <ὅς> who, which -- which
 ἐγεννήθημεν -- deponent verb; 1st person plural aorist passive of <γίγνομαι> happen,
become -- were born
2:9 - Πάρθοι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ Ἐλαμῖται, καὶ οἱ καταοικοῦντες τήν Μεσοποταμίαν,
Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν,
 Πάρθοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Πάρθος> Parthian -- Parthians
 Μῆδοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Μῆδος> Mede -- Medes
 Ἐλαμῖται -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἐλαμῖται> Elamites -- Elamites
 καταοικοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <κατοικέω> dwell
-- dwellers
 τήν -- article; accusative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 Μεσοποταμίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Μεσοποταμία>
Mesopotamia -- Mesopotamia
 Ἰουδαίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἰουδαία> Judea -- Judea
 τε -- conjunction; <τε> and -- ...
 Καππαδοκίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Καππαδοκία> Cappadocia --
Cappadocia
 Πόντον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Πόντος> Pontos -- Pontos
 Ἀσίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Ἀσία> Asia -- Asia
2:10 - Φρυγίαν τε καὶ Παμφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ μέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ
Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες Ῥωμαῖοι, Ἰουδαῖοί τε καὶ προσήλυτοι,
 Φρυγίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Φρύγια> Phrygia -- Phrygia
 Παμφυλίαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Παμφύλια> Pamphylia --
Pamphylia
 Αἴγυπτον -- noun, masculine; accusative singular of <Αἴγυπτος> Egypt -- Egypt
 μέρη -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <μέρος> part -- parts
 Λιβύης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <Λιβύη> Libya -- Libya
 κατὰ -- preposition; <κατά> completely, down, under -- about
 Κυρήνην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <Κυρήνη> Cyrene -- Cyrene
 ἐπιδημοῦντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of participle of <ἐπιδημέω> come
home from foreign parts -- returnees
 Ῥωμαῖοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ῥωμαῖος> Roman -- Roman
 Ἰουδαῖοί -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἰουδαῖος> Jew -- Jews
 προσήλυτοι -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <προσήλυτος> convert --
converts
2:11 - Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούομεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ
μεγαλεῖα τοῦ θεοῦ.
 Κρῆτες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Κρής> Cretan -- Cretans
 Ἄραβες -- noun, masculine; nominative plural of <Ἄραβες> Arab -- Arabs
 ἀκούομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <ἀκούω> hear, listen -- we hear
 λαλούντων -- verb; genitive plural masculine of present participle of <λαλέω> speak -
- speaking
 ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἡμετέραις -- adjective; dative plural feminine of <ἡμέτερος> our -- (in) our
 μεγαλεῖα -- adjective used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of <μεγαλεῖα>
mighty works -- mighty works
2:12 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει
τοῦτο εἰν͂ αι;
 ἐξίσταντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect passive of <ἐξίστημι> be amazed --
were amazed
 διηποροῦντο -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect middle of <διαπουρέω> to be quite at
a loss -- were at a loss
 ἄλλος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- one
 ἄλλον -- adjective; accusative singular masculine of <ἄλλος> other -- the other
saying
 τί -- interrogative pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <τίς> who, what -- what
 θέλει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <θέλω> mean, purport -- does . . .mean
 τοῦτο -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- this
 εἰν͂ αι -- verb; infinitive of <εἰμί> I am -- ...
2:13 - ἕτεροι δὲ διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον ὅτι γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν.

 ἕτεροι -- adjective used as substantive; nominative plural masculine of <ἕτερος> other
-- Others
 διαχλευάζοντες -- verb; nominative plural masculine of <διαχλευάζω> joke, mock --
mocking
 ἔλεγον -- verb; 3rd person plural imperfect of <λέγω> say -- said
 γλεύκους -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <γλεῦκος> new wine -- (with) new
wine
 μεμεστωμένοι -- verb; nominative plural masculine of passive participle of <μεστόω>
to fill full -- fully filled
 εἰσίν -- verb; 3rd person plural present of <εἰμί> I am -- are
Mark 3:35 (memory verse) - Ὃς ἄν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὑτ͂ ος ἀδελφός μου καὶ
ἀδελφὴ καὶ μῆτηρ ἐστίν.
 ὃς -- relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <ὅς> who, which -- whoever
 ἄν -- particle; <ἄν> if -- ...
 ποιήσῃ -- verb; 3rd person singular optative aorist of <ποιέω> make, do -- shall do
 θέλημα -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <θέλημα> will -- will
 οὑτ͂ ος -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- he
 ἀδελφός -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἀδελφός> brother -- brother
 ἀδελφὴ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἀδελφή> sister -- sister
 μῆτηρ -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <μήτηρ> mother -- mother
 ἐστίν -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- is
Lesson Text
2:1 - Καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς ἠσ ͂ αν πάντες ὁμοῦ ἐπὶ
τὸ αὐτό. 2:2 - καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἠχ ͂ ος ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς
βιαίας καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἰκ ͂ ον οὑ ͂ ἠσ
͂ αν καθήμενοι. 2:3 - καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς
διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. 2:4 - καὶ
ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες πνεύματος ἁγίου, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις
καθὼς τὸ πνεῦμα ἐδίδου ἀποφθέγγεσθαι αὐτοῖς. 2:5 - Ἠσ ͂ αν δὲ εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ
κατοικούντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν.
2:6 - γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθεν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ συνεχύθη, ὅτι ἤκουον
εἱς͂ ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν. 2:7 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον
λέγοντες, οὐχὶ ἰδοὺ πάντες οὑτ͂ οί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι; 2:8 - Καὶ πῶς ἡμεῖς
ἀκούομεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν ἐν ᾑ ͂ ἐγεννήθημεν; 2:9 - Πάρθοι καὶ Μῆδοι
καὶ Ἐλαμῖται, καὶ οἱ καταοικοῦντες τήν Μεσοποταμίαν, Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ
Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, 2:10 - Φρυγίαν τε καὶ Παμφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον
καὶ τὰ μέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες Ῥωμαῖοι, Ἰουδαῖοί τε
καὶ προσήλυτοι, 2:11 - Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούομεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς
ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ μεγαλεῖα τοῦ θεοῦ. 2:12 - ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ
διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἰν͂ αι; 2:13 - ἕτεροι δὲ
διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον ὅτι γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν. Mark 3:35 (memory verse) -
Ὃς ἄν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὑτ͂ ος ἀδελφός μου καὶ ἀδελφὴ καὶ μῆτηρ ἐστίν.
Translation
2:1 And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in
one place. 2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty
wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. 3 And there appeared unto
them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. 4 And they were all
filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave
them utterance.
5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under
heaven. 6 Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were
confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. 7 And
they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these
which speak Galilaeans? 8 And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein
we were born? 9 Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in
Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, 10 Phrygia, and
Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome,
Jews and proselytes, 11 Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues
the wonderful works of God. 12 And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying
one to another, What meaneth this?
13 Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine.
Mark 3:35 (memory verse) --

For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and
mother.
Grammar
41 Verbs in -μι; the present and imperfect active system.
A small number of frequent verbs have different endings and formations from those of
the general verbs. Among these are τίθημι 'put', ἵημι 'send', ἵστημι, and δίδωμι 'give'.
The present forms of τίθημι are given here to illustrate their forms. The forms of the
others are comparable, though δίδωμι has ο-vowels corresponding to the ε-vowels of
the three other verbs.
Present Imperfect
1 sg τίθημι ἐτίθην
2 sg τίθης ἐτίθεις
3 sg τίθησι(ν) ἐτίθει
1 pl τίθεμεν ἐτίθεμεν
2 pl τίθετε ἐτίθετε
3 pl τιθέασι(ν) ἐτίθεσαν

1 sg τιθῶ τιθείην
2 sg τιθῇς τιθείης τίθει
3 sg τιθῇ τιθείη τιθέτω
1 pl τιθῶμεν τιθεῖμεν
2 pl τιθῆτε τιθεῖτε τίθετε
3 pl τιθῶσι(ν) τιθεῖεν τιθέντων
42 Forms of the aorist active.
1 sg ἔθηκα θῶ θείην
2 sg ἔθηκας θῇς θείης θές
3 sg ἔθηκε(ν) θῇ θείη θέτω
1 pl ἔθεμεν θῶμεν θεῖμεν

2 pl ἐθ́ ετε θῆτε θεῖητε θέτε
3 pl ἐθ ́ εσαν θῶσι(ν) θεῖεν θέντων
43 Forms of the Present and Imperfect system of εἰμί 'am'.
Present Imperfect
1 sg εἰμί ἠν͂
2 sg εἰ ͂ ἠσ ͂ θα
3 sg ἐστί(ν) ἠν͂
1 pl ἐσμέν ἠμ ͂ εν
2 pl ἐστέ ἠτ͂ ε
3 pl εἰσί(ν) ἠσ ͂ αν

1 sg ὠ ͂ εἴην
2 sg ᾐς ͂ εἴης ἴσθι
3 sg ᾐ ͂ εἴη ἔστω
1 pl ὠμ͂ εν εἴημεν
2 pl ἤτε εἴητε ἔστε
3 pl ὠσ ͂ ι(ν) εἴησαν ἔστων
44 Forms of οἰδ͂ α 'I know'.
οἰδ͂ α is a perfect with present meaning. It is based on a root meaning 'see', so that the
perfect has developed in meaning from 'I have seen' to 'I know'. The forms representing
present and past time are given here.
Present Past
1 sg οἰδ͂ α 'I know' ᾔδη 'I knew'
2 sg οἰσ ͂ θα 'thou knowest' ᾔδησθα 'thou knewest'
3 sg οἰδ͂ ε(ν) 'he/she knows' ᾔδει 'he/she knew'
1 pl ἴσμεν 'we know' ᾔδμεν 'we knew'

2 pl ἰσ́ τε 'you know' ᾔδετε 'you knew'
3 pl ἰσ ́ ασι(ν) 'they know' ᾔδεσαν 'they knew'
45 Particles.
As you have noted in the texts, particles are numerous in Greek texts. Moreover, they are
often left untranslated. They may modify meaning much as intonation does in English; if
then translated with their meaning given in dictionaries, such as 'indeed, to be sure' and
so on, the English sentence is turgid. In combinations, such as καὶ δέ, καὶ merely adds
emphasis. Particles then must be treated in relation to one another and to the entire
sentence.
There are two negative particles, also called adverbs, οὺ (οὔτε, οὐκ, etc.), and μή, which
is required in sentences expressing a desire and is used in conditions.
There are several interrogative particles, of which ἡ ͂ and ἀρ ͂ α are the most frequent.
Other particles are listed here in alphabetical order.
ἀλλά 'on the other hand, but, on the contrary'
ἅμα 'at the same time, at once'
ἄρα 'therefore, then' (note the different accentuation from the interrogative particle)
γάρ 'for'
γέ 'indeed, certainly'
δέ 'but, however' (often used as a connective, and need not be translated)
δή 'already, now' (or used to add emphasis)
ἠ ͂ 'truly, really'
ἤ 'or' (often doubled with the meanings 'either ...or')
καί 'and' or, as used for emphasis, 'even'
μέν 'indeed' (may be used with δέ to indicate a correlation, and not translated)
οὐδέ 'and not'
οὐν͂ 'indeed, certainly; therefore'
οὔτε ... οὔτε, μήτε ... μήτε 'neither ... nor'
πέρ 'even, indeed'
τέ 'and'; τέ ... τέ 'both ... and'; τέ ... καί 'not only ... but also'

Lesson 10
St. Paul left Antioch in 46 A.D. on his first missionary journey, working in Galatia for two
years, and then in the summer of 48 A.D. going to Macedonia until April 50 A.D. From
there he went briefly to Athens, and then to Corinth in June of 50 A.D., staying until
September of 51 A.D., when he left for a conference in Jerusalem. In the latter part of that
year he went to Antioch and from there to Ephesus where he stayed from August, 52
A.D. to October, 54 A.D. During the early part of 54 A.D. a delegation consisting of
Stephanas, Fortunatus and Achaicus arrived from Corinth, with a letter (1 Corinthians
16:17) that informed Paul of problems with the church there (1 Corinthians 7:1). Paul
then wrote his first letter to the church at Corinth, sending it to them with the returning
delegation. In the letter, he is primarily concerned with healing the factionalism that was
reported to him. Reviewing the problems would be too lengthy for treatment here. The
core of his answer is found in the remarkable Chapter 13.
1 Corinthians 13:1-13, and 2 Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse)
This chapter is one of the great pieces of world literature. St. Paul sees ἀγάπη as the
basis of Christianity and of life in the church, as well as the path to future blessedness. At
the time of the King James translation, English still had two words for the emotion.
These days the basic meaning of the term used to translate ἀγάπη in Chapter 13 has
become the effects of love directed to others, leaving English with only one general term.
Paul used several words, as in Romans 12. In verse nine he uses the general term in the
statement: ἡ ἀγάπη ἀνυπόκριτος 'let love be without hypocrisy'; he then goes on with a
more specific term: φιλαδελφία 'brotherly love'. The Latin translation uses dilectio for
the first, and caritatem fraternitatis for the second. Dilectio is also the translation for
'love' as defined by Jesus in St. John 15:9 and 13: "Greater love hath no man than this,
that a man lay down his life for his friends," where the Greek has ἀγάπη. Ἀγάπη is
clearly the general term, with implications as indicated by St. Paul in this chapter.
13:1 - Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ
ἔχω, γέγονα χαλκὸς ἠχῶν ἤ κύμβαλον ἀλαλάζον.
 ταῖς -- article; dative plural feminine of <ὁ> the -- (with) the
 τῶν -- article; genitive plural masculine of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ἀνθρώπων -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <ἄνθρωπος> human being -- of
humans
 λαλῶ -- verb; 1st person singular present of <λαλέω> speak -- I speak
 ἀγγέλων -- noun, masculine; genitive plural of <ἄγγελος> angel -- of angels
 ἀγάπην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <ἀγάπη> love -- love
 ἔχω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- do ...have
 γέγονα -- deponent verb; 1st person singular perfect of <γίγνομαι> happen, become --
I have become
 χαλκὸς -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <χαλκός> brass -- brass
 ἠχῶν -- verb; nominative singular masculine of participle of <ἠχέω> sound, ring --
sounding
 ἤ -- conjunction; <ἤ> or, than -- or
 κύμβαλον -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <κύμβαλον> cymbal -- cymbal
 ἀλαλάζον -- adjective; nominative singular neuter of participle of <ἀλαλάζω> tinkle --
tinkling
13:2 - καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω προφητείαν καὶ εἰδῶ τὰ μυστήρια πάντα καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γνῶσιν,
κἂν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν πίστιν ὥστε ὄρη μεθιστάναι, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐθέν εἰμι.
 ἔχω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- I have
 προφητείαν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <προφητεία> prophecy -- (the
gift of) prophecy
 εἰδῶ -- verb; 1st person singular present of <εἰδῶ> know -- I know
 μυστήρια -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <μυστήριον> mystery -- mysteries
 πάντα -- adjective; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 γνῶσιν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <γνῶσις> knowledge -- knowledge
 κἂν -- conjunction; <κἄν> and if -- and if
 ἔχω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- I have
 πίστιν -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <πίστις> faith -- faith
 ὥστε -- conjunction; <ὥστε> like, so that -- so that
 ὄρη -- noun, neuter; accusative plural of <ὄρος> mountain -- mountains
 μεθιστάναι -- verb; infinitive of <μεθίστημι> move -- to move
 ἔχω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- do ...have
 οὐθέν -- pronoun; nominative singular neuter of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- nothing
 εἰμι -- verb; 1st person singular present of <εἰμί> I am -- I am
13:3 - κἂν ψωμίσω πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντά μου, καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα
καυθήσομαι, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦμαι.
 κἂν -- conjunction; <κἄν> and if -- and if
 ψωμίσω -- verb; 1st person singular future of <ψωμίζω> feed with sops -- I will
feed...in driblets
 πάντα -- adjective; accusative plural neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
 τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- ...
 ὑπάρχοντά -- participle used as substantive; accusative plural neuter of participle of
<ὑπάρχω> belong to -- belongings
 παραδῶ -- verb; 1st person plural future of <παραδίδωμι> give to -- give
 σῶμά -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <σῶμα> body -- body
 ἵνα -- conjunction; <ἵνα> so that -- so that
 καυθήσομαι -- verb; 1st person singular future passive of <καίω> burn (up) -- I will be
burned up
 ἔχω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <ἔχω> have -- I do ...have
 οὐδὲν -- pronoun; accusative singular neuter of <οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν> no one,
nothing -- nothing
 ὠφελοῦμαι -- verb; 1st person singular present passive of <ὠφελέω> to help, be of use
-- I am helped in (I profit)
13:4 - Ἡ ἀγάπη μακροθυμεῖ, χρηστεύεται ἡ ἀγάπη, οὐ ζηλοῖ, ἡ ἀγάπη οὐ

περπερεύεται, οὐ φυσιοῦται,
 ἀγάπη -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἀγάπη> love -- love
 μακροθυμεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <μακροθυμέω> to be
longsuffering -- is longsuffering
 χρηστεύεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <χρηστεύομαι> to be kind
and good -- is kind and good
 ζηλοῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive of <ζηλόω> envy, be jealous -- is
...envious
 περπερεύεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <περπερεύομαι> boast -
- does ... boast
 φυσιοῦται -- verb; 3rd person singular present passive of <φυσιόω> puff up -- is ...
puffed up
13:5 - οὐκ ἀσχημονεῖ, οὐ ζητεῖ τὰ ἑαυτῆς, οὐ παροξύνεται, οὐ λογίζεται τὸ κακόν,
 ἀσχημονεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ἀσχημονέω> behave unseemly --
does ...behave unseemly
 ζητεῖ -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ζητέω> seek -- does ...seek
 τὰ -- article; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the (things)
 ἑαυτῆς -- reflexive pronoun; genitive singular feminine of <ἑαυτοῦ> oneself -- of its
own
 παροξύνεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present passive of <παροξύνω> anger,
provoke -- is ...provoked
 λογίζεται -- verb; 3rd person singular present middle of <λογίζομαι> calculate, think -
- does ... think
 κακόν -- adjective used as substantive; accusative singular neuter of <κακός> evil;
poor -- evil
13:6 - οὐ χαίρει ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ, συγχαίρει δὲ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ.
 χαίρει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <χαίρω> rejoice -- does ...rejoice
 ἐπὶ -- preposition; <ἐπί> on, about -- over
 ἀδικίᾳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἀδικία> wrong-doing -- in wrong-doing
 συγχαίρει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <συγχαίρω> rejoice with -- joins in
rejoicing
 τῇ -- article; dative singular feminine of <ὁ> the -- in the
 ἀληθείᾳ -- noun, feminine; dative singular of <ἀληθεία> truth -- truth
13:7 - πάντα στέγει, πάντα πιστεύει, πάντα ἐλπίζει, πάντα ὑπομένει.

all things
 στέγει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <στέγω> endure -- endures
all things
 πιστεύει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <πιστεύω> believe -- believes
all things
 ἐλπίζει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ἐλπίζω> hope -- hopes
all things
 ὑπομένει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <ὑπομένω> be patient under -- is
patient under
13:8 - Ἡ ἀγάπη οὐδέποτε πίπτει; εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι, καταργηθήσονται; εἴτε

γλῶσσαι, παύσονται; εἴτε γνῶσις, καταργηθήσεται.
 οὐδέποτε -- adverb; <οὐδέποτε> never -- never
 πίπτει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <πίπτω> fall -- fails
 εἴτε -- conjunction; <εἴτε> whether...or -- whether
 προφητεῖαι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <προφητεία> prophecy -- (there
are) prophecies
 καταργηθήσονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <καταργέω> make of
no effect -- they will fail
 εἴτε -- conjunction; <εἴτε> whether...or -- or
 γλῶσσαι -- noun, feminine; nominative plural of <γλῶσσα> tongue, language -- (there
are) tongues
 παύσονται -- verb; 3rd person plural future passive of <παύω> stop, cease -- they will
cease
 εἴτε -- conjunction; <εἴτε> whether...or -- or
 γνῶσις -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <γνῶσις> knowledge -- (there is)
knowledge
 καταργηθήσεται -- verb; 3rd person singular future passive of <καταργέω> make of
no effect -- (it will) vanish
13:9 - ἐκ μέρους γὰρ γινώσκομεν καὶ ἐκ μέρους προφητεύομεν.

 ἐκ -- preposition; <ἐκ> from, out of -- in
 μέρους -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <μέρος> part -- part
 γινώσκομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <γινώσκω> know, learn -- we know
 προφητεύομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <προφητεύω> prophesy -- we
prophesy
13:10 - ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ τὸ τέλειον, τὸ ἐκ μέρους καταργηθήσεται.
 ὅταν -- conjunction; <ὅταν> when, every time -- when
 ἔλθῃ -- deponent verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive middle of <ἔρχομαι>
come, go -- shall come
 τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- that which is
 τέλειον -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <τέλειον> fulfilled, perfect -- perfect
 τὸ -- article; nominative singular neuter of <ὁ> the -- that (which is)
 καταργηθήσεται -- verb; 3rd person singular future passive of <καταργέω> make of
no effect -- will be abolished
͂ ην νήπιος, ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐφρόνουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐλογιζόμην ὡς

13:11 - ὅτε ἠμ
νήπιος.
 ἠμ͂ ην -- verb; 1st person plural imperfect of <εἰμί> I am -- (we) I was
 νήπιος -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of <νήπιος> childish, foolish -- a
child
 ἐλάλουν -- verb; 1st person singular imperfect of <λαλέω> speak -- I spoke
 ὡς -- conjunction; <ὡς> as, thus -- like
child
 ἐφρόνουν -- verb; 3rd person singular imperfect of <φρονέω> understand -- I
understood
child
 ἐλογιζόμην -- verb; 1st person plural imperfect of <ἐλογίζω> think -- I thought
child
ὅτε γέγονα ἀνήρ, κατήγορηκα τὰ τοῦ νηπίου.

 γέγονα -- deponent verb; 1st person singular perfect of <γίγνομαι> happen, become --
I became
 ἀνήρ -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <ἀνήρ> man -- a man
 κατήγορηκα -- verb; 1st person singular perfect of <κατηγορέω> speak against -- I
spoke against
 τὰ -- article used as pronoun; accusative plural neuter of <ὁ> the -- the (things)
 νηπίου -- adjective; genitive singular masculine of <νήπιος> childish, foolish -- child
13:12 - βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς
πρόσωπον; ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσομαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην.
 βλέπομεν -- verb; 1st person plural present of <βλέπω> see -- we see
 ἄρτι -- adverb; <ἄρτι> now -- now
 δι' -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- through
 ἐσόπτρου -- noun, neuter; genitive singular of <ἔσοπτρον> mirror -- a mirror
 αἰνίγματι -- noun, neuter; dative singular of <αἴνιγμα> riddle -- riddle(s)
 πρόσωπον -- noun, neuter; nominative singular of <πρόσωπον> face -- face
 πρόσωπον -- noun, neuter; accusative singular of <πρόσωπον> face -- face
 ἄρτι -- adverb; <ἄρτι> now -- now
 γινώσκω -- verb; 1st person singular present of <γινώσκω> know, learn -- I know
 ἐπιγνώσομαι -- verb; 1st person singular future of <ἐπιγιγνώσκω> know, discover -- I
shall know
 καὶ -- conjunction; <καί> and -- also
 ἐπεγνώσθην -- verb; 1st person singular aorist passive of <ἐπιγιγνώσκω> know,
discover -- I have been known
13:13 - νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα; μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ
ἀγάπη.
 νυνὶ -- adverb; <νυνί> now -- now
 μένει -- verb; 3rd person singular present of <μένω> remain -- (there) remain
 πίστις -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <πίστις> faith -- faith
 ἐλπίς -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἐλπίς> hope -- hope
 τρία -- number; nominative plural neuter of <τρεῖς> three -- three
 ταῦτα -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative plural neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- these
 μείζων -- adjective; nominative singular masculine of comparative of <μέγας> great --
greatest
 τούτων -- demonstrative pronoun; genitive plural neuter of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- of these
 ἀγάπη -- noun, feminine; nominative singular of <ἀγάπη> love -- (is)love
2 Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse) - Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης δῴη ὑμῖν τὴν
εἰρήνην διὰ παντὸς ἐν παντὶ τρόπῳ. Ὁ κύριος μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.
 αὐτὸς -- pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <αὐτός> oneself, he -- himself
 κύριος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
 εἰρήνης -- noun, feminine; genitive singular of <εἰρήνη> peace -- peace
 δῴη -- verb; 3rd person singular aorist optative of <δίδωμι> give -- may . . .give
 εἰρήνην -- noun, feminine; accusative singular of <εἰρήνη> peace -- peace
 διὰ -- preposition; <διά> through, by -- ...
 παντὸς -- adjective; genitive singular neuter of <πᾶς> all, every -- continually
 παντὶ -- adjective; dative singular masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- every
 τρόπῳ -- noun, masculine; dative singular of <τρόπος> manner -- manner
 κύριος -- noun, masculine; nominative singular of <κύριος> lord -- Lord
 μετὰ -- preposition; <μετά> after, with -- (be) with
 πάντων -- adjective; genitive plural masculine of <πᾶς> all, every -- all
Lesson Text
13:1 - Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ
ἔχω, γέγονα χαλκὸς ἠχῶν ἤ κύμβαλον ἀλαλάζον. 13:2 - καὶ ἐὰν ἔχω προφητείαν
καὶ εἰδῶ τὰ μυστήρια πάντα καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γνῶσιν, κἂν ἔχω πᾶσαν τὴν πίστιν ὥστε
ὄρη μεθιστάναι, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐθέν εἰμι. 13:3 - κἂν ψωμίσω πάντα τὰ
ὑπάρχοντά μου, καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα καυθήσομαι, ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω,
οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦμαι. 13:4 - Ἡ ἀγάπη μακροθυμεῖ, χρηστεύεται ἡ ἀγάπη, οὐ ζηλοῖ, ἡ
ἀγάπη οὐ περπερεύεται, οὐ φυσιοῦται, 13:5 - οὐκ ἀσχημονεῖ, οὐ ζητεῖ τὰ ἑαυτῆς, οὐ
παροξύνεται, οὐ λογίζεται τὸ κακόν, 13:6 - οὐ χαίρει ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ, συγχαίρει δὲ τῇ
ἀληθείᾳ. 13:7 - πάντα στέγει, πάντα πιστεύει, πάντα ἐλπίζει, πάντα ὑπομένει. 13:8
- Ἡ ἀγάπη οὐδέποτε πίπτει; εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι, καταργηθήσονται; εἴτε γλῶσσαι,
παύσονται; εἴτε γνῶσις, καταργηθήσεται. 13:9 - ἐκ μέρους γὰρ γινώσκομεν καὶ ἐκ
μέρους προφητεύομεν. 13:10 - ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ τὸ τέλειον, τὸ ἐκ μέρους
καταργηθήσεται. 13:11 - ὅτε ἠμ ͂ ην νήπιος, ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐφρόνουν ὡς νήπιος,
ἐλογιζόμην ὡς νήπιος. ὅτε γέγονα ἀνήρ, κατήγορηκα τὰ τοῦ νηπίου. 13:12 -
βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον;
ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσομαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. 13:13 - νυνὶ
δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα; μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. 2
Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse) - Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης δῴη ὑμῖν τὴν
εἰρήνην διὰ παντὸς ἐν παντὶ τρόπῳ. Ὁ κύριος μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.
Translation
13:1 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am
become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of
prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all
faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And
though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be
burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
4 Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is
not puffed up, 5 Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily
provoked, thinketh no evil; 6 Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; 7
Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. 8 Charity
never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be
tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. 9 For
we know in part, and we prophesy in part. 10 But when that which is perfect is come,
then that which is in part shall be done away.
11 When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child:
but when I became a man, I put away childish things. 12 For now we see through a
glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as
also I am known.
13 And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is
charity.
2 Thessalonians 3:16 (memory verse) --
Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. The Lord be with
you all.
Grammar
46 Texts.
The text of the New Testament has probably been examined like no other. It is based on
numerous manuscripts. There are four important ones: Codex Vaticanus in Rome; Codex
Sinaiticus in Leningrad; Codex Alexandrinus in the British Museum; Codex Ephraemi
rescriptus in Paris. These were prepared in the fourth and fifth centuries. There are
numerous others, some with Greek and Latin in parallel pages or columns, as well as
Syrian and Egyptian versions, and also quotations in the church fathers. The variants
among these are slight, so that current editions of the text are comparable.
A convenient modern text is that of Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony
Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek (New York: Macmillan, 1893), often
reprinted. It includes notes and a Greek-English lexicon. The text used here is that of D.
Eberhard Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece (Stuttgart: Wuerttembergische
Bibelanstalt, 1898), often reprinted.
47 Grammars.
Similarly, the grammar of the language has been thoroughly and repeatedly presented.
For a large work one may consult A Grammar of New Testament Greek Vol. I, 3rd ed.
(Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908) by James Hope Moulton; Vol. II (1928) by James Hope
Moulton and Wilbert Francis Howard; and Vol. III (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963) by
Nigel Turner, all often reprinted. A shorter work is A New Short Grammar of the Greek
Testament (New York: Smith, 1931) by A. T. Robertson and W. Hersey Davis, with a
useful bibliography and credit to Moulton. While the language has undergone changes
since the classical period, as the bibliography of Robertson and Davis implies, a grammar
of the classical language is satisfactory for understanding the grammar of the language
except for specific details that are not essential in interpreting the texts. The most
comprehensive grammar is that of Eduard Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik I-III
(Munich: Beck, 1939-53).
48 Dictionaries.
There are dictionaries devoted specifically to New Testament Greek, such as that in the
Wetcott-Hort edition, but general dictionaries also cover the language. Accordingly, one
may conveniently use An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, founded upon the seventh
edition of Lidddell and Scott's Greek-English lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1889), often
reprinted.
49 Specialized handbooks.
The number of works on the New Testament is enormous. For example, a short book of
220 pages: A Preface to Mark, by Christopher Bryan (New York: Oxford, 1993), includes
a bibliography of sixteen pages, concluding with two items on videotape, one distributed
by the American Bible Society (1865 Broadway, New York, NY, 10023). As another
example of their age, extent, and diversity, we may cite the translation of the
Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians by St. Thomas Aquinas by F. R.
Larcher (Albany, NY: Magi, 211 pages).
For a general work in a "historical nontheological approach," one may consult The New
Testament. A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings by Bart D. Ehrman
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 2nd ed., 465 pages), with suggestions for
further readings in the text but no bibliography. A work written to encourage "a
maximum of observation of the text itself" is The Word of the Lord Grows: A First
Historical Introduction to the New Testament by Martin H. Franzmann (St. Louis:
Concordia, 1961). Among more specialized works of interest is Paul: A Critical Life by
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (New York: Oxford, 1996). Encyclopedias should not be
overlooked when seeking information on the major figures and the Christian church
itself.
It is hardly necessary to state that there are many translations. Choice among them may
be left to the interest of individuals. One produced by a classicist may be of interest, not
only for its treatment of each of the gospels as continuous works rather than made up of
chapters and verses: The Four Gospels: a new translation from the Greek by E.V. Rieu,
(Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1953, 250 pages), subsequently reprinted. The tone of Rieu's
translation may be indicated by the end of his Introduction: "They are the Magna Charta
of the human spirit. Were we to devote to their comprehension a little of the selfless
enthusiasms that is now expended on the riddle of our physical surroundings, we should
cease to say that Christianity is coming to an end -- we might even feel that it has only
just begun."
50 The Legacy of the New Testament.
The legacy of the New Testament is evident in the spiritual and cultural history of the
western world, and subsequently far beyond it. Its early extent is foreshadowed in the
account of the Pentecost, with citizens of many of the Mediterranean countries present.
And shortly thereafter the letters of St. Paul confirm the widespread reception of its
teachings. Christianity became firmly established when Constantine the Great (306-337)
made it the official religion of the Roman Empire. Many of our early texts in the
languages of Europe resulted from its adoption. Among the earliest is the Gothic
translation of the fourth century ascribed to Bishop Wulfila. With the appearance of the
Latin version in the Vulgate, 404 A.D., it became accessible to the literate community of
Europe.
The growing influence of the Bishop of Rome led to a center for its continued influence.
With the election of Gregory the Great as pope in 590 A.D. the papacy was well-
established, and provided spiritual and intellectual guidance for much of Europe. The
current situation as well as the recent history of Christianity are so obvious that further
discussion here is unnecessary.

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New Testament Greek Online

Εὐλογητὸς Κύριος ὁ θεὸς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ.

ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου,

ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου,

γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,

ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·

τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·

καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,

ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·

καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,

ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ

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New Testament Greek Online

2:2 - αὐτὴ ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου.

͂ αν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες

͂ εν αὐτοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος, μὴ φοβεῖσθε·

2:14 (memory verse) -

δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ

δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ

Nom pl οἱ αἱ τά

Nom pl οἱ λόγοι αἱ ἡμέραι τὰ δῶρα

New Testament Greek Online

2:2 - ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων;

2:6 - καὶ σὺ Βηθλέεμ, γῆ Ἰούδα,

ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἐξελεύσεται ἡγούμενος,

πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε ἀκριβῶς περὶ τοῦ παιδίου.

2:9 - οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπορεύθησαν.

2:10 - ἰδόντες δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐχάρησαν χαρὰν μεγάλην σφόδρα.

καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν

Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με,

Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία ἔρχεσθαι πρός με,

art not the least among the princes of Juda:

Nom pl οἱ παῖδες αἱ θυγατέρες

Nom pl ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς αὐτοῖ αὐταῖ αὐτά

New Testament Greek Online

3:2 - οὑτ͂ ος ἠλ

 οὑτ͂ ος -- demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine of <οὑτ͂ ος> this -- he

3:4 - λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Νικόδημος,

πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι γέρων ὠν͂ ;

3:5 - ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς.

͂ όν σοι· δεῖ ὑμᾶς γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν.

οὕτως ἐστὶν πᾶς ὁ γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος.

͂ εν αὐτῷ· πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι;

σὺ εἰ ͂ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις;

͂ ον ὑμῖν καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς ἐάν εἰπ

Romans 1:17b (memory verse) -

Ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται.

born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.

the second time into his mother's womb, and be born?

Nom pl κακοί κακαί κακά

Nom pl οἵ αἵ ἅ

1 pl ἐπιστεύσαμεν πιστεύσωμεν πιστεύσαιμεν

New Testament Greek Online

͂ εν αὐτῷ, γέγραπται προσκυνήσεις κύριον τὸν θεὸν

γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ

ὅτι ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίν σε,

͂ εν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι εἰρ

Romans 8:31b (memory verse) -

Εἰ ὁ θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ' ἡμῶν;

γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ

ὅτι ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίν σε,

Εἰ ὁ θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ' ἡμῶν;