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Titânio usualmente é
encontrado em areias
minerais contendo
ilmenita (FeTiO3 nas
montanhas Ilmen na
Rússia) ou rutila (TiO2
nas areias da
Austrália).
Principais propriedades
As propriedades dos metais são essencialmente baseadas nas ligações metálicas dos
átomos na rede cristalina. Isso significa que a deformação plástica depende do
escorregamento de átomos e a formação de ligas da incorporação de átomos de
impureza (aumento da dureza e resistência e redução da ductilidade).
Densidade (massa específica)
2) pre-oxidation (Al2O3)
3) coatings
Quasi-isothermal oxidation behavior of
coated and uncoated TiAl alloys at 750C.
Macrograph of TIMETAL 1100 after creep testing at 600C, (a) uncoated, (b) TiAl-coated.
Custo do Ti e suas ligas
Produção de Ti
O Ti é produzido a partir
principalmente do processo Kroll.
Mo, V e Ta
Influência dos elementos de impurezas
Existem mais de 100 ligas de Ti conhecidas, das quais em torno de 30 são comerciais.
Destas, a liga Ti-6Al-4V cobre “mais de 50% das aplicações”.
Ligas alfa
Usadas na indústria química e de processamento onde se demanda resistência à
corrosão e deformabilidade (resistência específica fica em segundo plano)
As classes de Ti comercialmente puro se distinguem principalmente pela
quantidade de O (aumenta a resistência enquanto a ductilidade cai)
Destas ligas, a Ti-10-2-3, Beta C, Ti-15-3, TIMETAL 21S e BT 22 são as mais usadas
para componentes estruturais.
O uso dessas ligas ainda é pequeno (1% nos EUA) mas tem potencial para grande
crescimento especialmente na indústria aeroespacial (exemplo do trem de pouso do
BOEING 777 que é quase todo feito de Ti-10-2-3).
Propriedades mecânicas
Podem ser melhoradas por adição de elementos de liga e processamento
(beneficiamento) e mais recentemente por produção de compósitos
Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo – formação
de fase ordenada Ti3Al
Ti-6Al-4V
WQ = water quenched
saving weight is the major reason for choosing titanium alloys in fuselage
applications, thus making use of the high specific strength of the metal.
Titanium alloys are preferred to support the vertical and horizontal stabilizer
structure in a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tail assembly. This use is
primarily dictated by the close match between titanium’s coefficient of thermal
expansion, compared to aluminum’s, and that of polymer matrix composites.
Additionally, titanium alloys are chemically more compatible with carbon fibers
than aluminum and are used to avoid galvanic corrosion problems.
The new Boeing 787 will employ more composite primary structure than any commercial
aircraft produced until now. At first glance, this would appear to come at the expense of
titanium alloy usage. In reality, however, composites are largely displacing aluminum alloys.
Moreover, aluminum alloys and carbon fiber polymer composites are electrochemically
incompatible, creating a galvanic couple if they are placed directly in contact. As a
consequence, titanium is used to break this contact with the result that titanium usage in the
Boeing 787 also is the highest percentage (about 20%) of any commercial aircraft in history.
Compared with the commercial aircraft market, the use of titanium alloys is
considerably higher in military fighter aircraft. The greater use is driven by design
in response to the larger thermal and mechanical loads associated with greater
maneuverability and supersonic cruise speed. The proportion of titanium alloys in
military aircraft fuselages can exceed 50%; for the SR-71 “Blackbird” it was 95%.
Motores
The main area of application for aerospace titanium alloys is in the gas turbine
engine. Approximately one third the structural weight of modern turbine
engines is made up of titanium. Besides nickel-based superalloys, titanium alloys
are the standard engine material.
Compressor blades were the first engine components to be made from titanium,
titanium compressor disks being introduced next. The large front fan blades of
modern jet engines are now often made from titanium alloys too.
Helicópteros
For helicopters, titanium alloys are used in the most highly stressed component:
the rotor head. The use of titanium in helicopter manufacturing reduces the
weight of the components by 35–40% as compared with steel.
Aplicações espaciais
Due to the comparatively small payload of space vehicles, saving weight in these
structures is even more important than in aircraft. For this reason, titanium alloys
were used extensively in the first Apollo and Mercury programs. Fuel and
satellite tanks are regarded as a standard application for titanium alloys.
A conformabilidade aumenta das ligas alfa (HC) para as ligas beta (CCC)
Since the starting titanium products are already relatively expensive, attempts are
made to minimize the manufacturing (machining) costs for final component design.