Asphalt Pavement Material

Civil Engineering
Fourth Year

Dr. Hozayen Ahmed Hozayen

Professor of Highway and Traffic Engineering

Course Notes
1

Pavement Materials
1. Asphalt Cement (Bitumen)
Asphalt Cement
Liquid Asphalt
Asphalt Emulsions
2. Aggregate and soil
Aggregate Types
Aggregate Evaluation
Aggregate Blending
Base and Subgrade Materials
Soil Compaction and Classification
3. Mix Design
Asphalt mix Types
Marshall Method
Superpave Mix Design

1
Bitumen Evaluation
Material Processing Aggregate
-Penetration
-Viscosity CBR
-Flash Point Test Mix Design (145-170)°C Abrasion
Soundness
Crude Oil Refining
(Heating) Asphalt Mix Plant (150°C) Base Course and
Subbase Course
Mix lay Down and
Compaction (110°C)
(Construction)

Quality Control Tests

Pavement Maintenance

Pavement Recycling

Flexible Pavement

• Structure
– Surface course
– Base course
– Subbase course
– Subgrade

2
 Pavement Structure
p
A- Flexible pavement Tire

Wearing Surface (AC) (Asphalt Concrete Mix) Tack Coat

t1 (Liquid Asphalt)
Binder Course (A.C)
Pavement
t2 Base Course (Granular materials) Prime Coat
Thickness (Liquid Asphalt)
t3 SubBase course (Granular materials)

Subgrade
p
B- Rigid pavement Tire

t1 Concrete slab

t2 Granular Base

Subgrade

Flexible Versus Rigid Pavement

Flexible pavement Rigid pavement
(Asphalt) (Cement Concrete)

• Lower costs. • Higher costs.

• Less noise and roughness.
• Mostly used for highways.
• Can resist less tire pressure.
• Have more permanent
deformation.
• Cracks maintenance.
• Less load supporting capacity.
• Less Traffic Interruptions
during maintenance.
• Can be recycled.
• More noise and roughness.
• Mostly used in airports(runways),Bus
or Truck terminals and parking.
• Can resist higher tire pressure.
• Have less permanent deformation.
• Joints maintenance problems.
• Higher load supporting capacity.
• More Traffic Delay due to
maintenance.
• Difficult to recycle.

3
 Asphalt Cement
(bitumen)
(Asphalt Binders)
(Asphalt)
• Paving Asphalt cement is a black, sticky, semisolid and highly
viscous material.
• Asphalt cement (A.C.) is composed primarily of complex
hydrocarbon molecules, but it also contains other atoms such
as Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur.
• Asphalt cement softens as it is heated and hardens as it is
cooled and its properties change dramatically with
temperature and rate of loading. It can behave as elastic, visco-
elastic or plastic material.
7

Refinery Operation (Crude Oil Distillation)

LIGHT DISTILLATE

PUMPING MEDIUM DISTILLATE

FIELD STORAGE STATION

HEAVY DISTILLATE
TOWER
DISTILLATION
REFINERY

RESIDUUM
PROCESS
UNIT
OR
STORAGE TUBE CONDENSERS
HEATER AND ASPHALT
GAS COOLERS CEMENTS

AIR
PETROLEUM BLOWN FOR PROCESSING INTO
ASPHALT EMULSIFIED AND
CUTBACK ASPHALTS
SAND AND WATER AIR

STILL 8

4
 9
Make-Up Crude Petroleum

Asphalt Cement
(Bitumen)

Resins

Oil Asphaltines
10

5
 Asphalt Cement (A.C.)

Asphalt Components:
- Asphaltins : High molecule weight and high portion of Hydrocarbon.

- Resins : Medium Molecule weight , Hydrocarbon + Nitrogen + sulfur.

- Oils : Small Molecule weight like, Naphtha and other oils.

** Asphalt Penetration depends on the portion and properties of Asphaltins.

** The adhesion between Asphalt and Agg., Plasticity of Asphalt and Shear

resistance of Asphalt are Affected by the portion and properties of oils.

11

12

6
 Tests for Asphalt Cement Evaluation:
1- Viscosity Test: - To measure the viscosity of A.C. at certain
temperatures, 60 and 135 °C.
- Kinamatic viscosity (135 °C): A.C. Flow time
under gravity.
Viscosity = Time x Constant = Centistoke
(1 stoke = 100 centistoke)
- Saybolt Furol viscosity (60 °C): A.C. Flow time
under vacuum pressure.
Viscosity = Time x Constant = Poises
Absolute viscosity in Poises = Kinematic viscosity in stokes x specific gravity

135 °C simulates mixing and laying down temp.

60 °C simulates the max. pavement temp.
Vacuum
Viscometer 13

Penetration Test
• Sewing machine needle
• Specified load, time, temperature (25 °C)

Penetration in 0.1 mm
100 g

Initial After 5 seconds

7
2- Penetration Test : - To measure consistency of A.C.
- The distance a needle penetrates on an A.C. container (at 25 °C)
- Asphalt Grades: Pen. 40 – 50 , Pen. 60 – 70
Pen. 85 – 100 , Pen. 120 – 150
3- Flash Point Test: - To indicate safe heating temperature i.e.,the temperature
at which volatiles can cause flash under a passing flame.
4- Thin Film Oven Test: - To measure resistance of A.C. to changes under
hardening (heating – cooling) conditions simulating
plant operation.
5- Ductility Test: - To measure how much the A.C. can be elongated
under certain conditions.
- Higher ductility means higher A.C. adhesion (to aggregates).
6- Solubility Test: - To measure the purity of A.C.
- The soluble portion of A.C. (in carbon disulfide) represents the
active cementing constituents. (inert materials are not soluble).
7- Softening point test: - To measure the temperature required to reach a certain
degree of softening.
15
- (more important for non-paving applications).

Penetration of Aged Asphalts

ion)
100 o n s truct
re C
(Befo e d aspha
lt
n)
90 Un a g uctio
n s t r
Co
Penetration (0.1mm)

80 nal after
Origi rr i g h t
ging
in g o erm a
70 (Dur Sh o r t t
tion ars)
60 c o . of ye
50 o n stru (after
n
C
e r m aging
t
40 e Long
ervic
30 In-S
20
10

10 25 35 50 Temperature (C º)
16

8
 17

Aging (Hardening) of asphalt binders

Short term aging: during processing (plant heating, construction)
(Thin Film Oven Test, TFOT)
Long term aging: after construction during service life
(Pressure aging Vessel test) - - Superpave method

Penetration of Aged asphalt

%Retained Penetration = X100
Penetration of original asphalt

Where:
Penetration of Aged asphalt = Penetration After TFOT
Penetration of original asphalt = Penetration before TFOT

The higher % RP, The better the asphalt, i.e., asphalt didn’t
18
loose
much of its flexibility during processing (plant heating)

9
 Penetration Index ( PI )
100
90
80
log Pen.
70
60 A
50
40
30
20
10
T1 T2 Temp. (ºC)

( PI ) is a measure to quantify the temperature

susceptibility of an asphalt binder 19

log Pen. at T2 – log Pen. at T1

A=
T2 – T1

20 – 500 A
PI = -1 < PI <1
1 – 50 A

PI = 0 to + 1 low temperature susceptible asphalt (+)

PI = 0.0 – 0.0 Medium temperature susceptible asphalt
PI = 0 to - 1 high temperature susceptible asphalt (-)

20

10
Example:
at T1=4.4 °C Pen.=10
at T2=25 °C Pen=120

log 120 – log 10

A= = 0.052
25 – 4.4

20 – 500 (0.052)
PI = = - 1.67
1 – 50 (0.052)
21

Very high temperature susceptible asphalt (unacceptable)

Liquid Asphalt (L.A.)

Asphalt Cement + Solvent Liquid Asphalt (L .A .)
Naphtha Light Oil S.C.
R.C. M.C.
Kerosene
• Rapid cure (RC) (Naphtha or Gasoline)
– High volatility of solvent
– Used for Tack coats
Solvent • Medium cure (MC) (Kerosene)
– Moderate volatility of solvent
– Used for Prime coat
Asphalt Cement • Slow cure (SC) (Low viscosity oil)
– Low volatility of solvent
– Used for dust control
Example :
(MC 0) or (MC 30) means Medium Curing liquid asphalt Degree (0)
or Medium Curing liquid asphalt with viscosity (from 15 to 30).
Used for prime coat (applied temperature 170 °C) 22

11
23

24

12
 Asphalt Emulsions
Asphalt Emulsions consist of Asphalt Cement mixed with water in existence of

emulsifying agent to keep asphalt molecules suspended in water.

Asphalt
Asphalt
Emulsion
According to type emulsifying agent Water
And portion of
emulsifying agent
Slow Setting Medium Setting Rapid Setting
(S.S.) (M.S.) (R.S.)
Mixed with fine
materials (sand)

Asphalt Emulsions M.S.1 M.S.2 R.S.1 R.S.2

RS-----RS-0 to RS-5 Cold mix Cold mix low Vis. High Vis.
MS----MS-0 to MS-5 In site In mixer Used in Macadam and
25
SS----SS-0 to SS-5 surface treatment

Aggregate Types
-According to Aggregate Source
Aggregate

Natural Aggregate Manufactured

(Artificial)Aggregate
Pit. Quarry - Steel Slag
(Non-Processed Agg.) (Processed Agg.) - Blast furnace Slag
-Gravel - Electric furnace slag
Crushing Machine (Crusher)
-Sand Dense
ze

Gap
Crusher Run Agg. %Pass
si
One

or Crushed Agg.

-According to Aggregate Gradation
1- Dense (well) graded agg.
2- Open graded Agg.
3- Gap graded Agg.
4- one-size Agg.
Open
Application
(Surface layer mixes) Sieve Size
(Binder layer or surface drainage mixes)
(Mixes with rich asphalt cement)
(Macadam or surface treatment)

13
 Types of Gradations
* Uniformly graded
- Few points of contact
- Poor interlock (shape dependent)
- High permeability
* Well graded
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Gap graded
- Only limited sizes
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
27

• Stones should be very close to each other !!!

• Stone-To-Stone contact distance ~ minimum

14
 Aggregate Evaluation
Physical Requirements
1- Cleanliness:
Free from organic materials, Clay dust or any foreign substances.
2- Toughness:
Resistance to abrasive wear during processing, placing, and compaction.
3- Soundness:
Durability measures, resistance to weather action.
4- Particle shape:
Minimum flat and elongated particles
5- Surface texture:
Rough surface texture provides better friction between particles.
6- Absorption:
more absorption would improve adhesion between agg. And asphalt.
7- Affinity:
Resistance to separation of asphalt from agg. Due to water.
Agg. Sensitive to water are called Hydrophilic (water loving) material.
Agg. Not sensitive to water are called Hydrophobic (Water Hating) materials.

Laboratory Tests for Aggregate Physical

Requirements

Agg. Property Test Used

Cleanliness Washed sieve size Analysis or sand-equivalent
test.
Toughness Loss Angles Abrasion Test.
Soundness Magnesium Sulphate Test (Soaking-Drying cycles)
Particle shape %Flat and Elongated particles.
Absorption Absorption test.
Affinity for Asphalt Marshal relative Stability Test.
Specific Gravity Specific gravity test
Strength California Bearing Ration ( CBR ) test

15
 Aggregate Blending
Example:
Neither agg. A or Agg. B meets the specification requirements.
It is required to blend (or mix) a certain percent of agg. A with
another percent of agg. B in order to obtain an aggregate
gradation that meets the specifications.
Sieve Agg.(A) Specification Sieve Agg.(B) Specification
size %pass limits %pass size %pass limits %pass
1” 98 80-100 1” 100 80-100
½” 70 60-90 ½” 100 60-90
#4 20 45-65 #4 92 45-65
# 16 8 30-50 # 16 60 30-50
# 30 5 20-30 # 30 50 20-30
# 50 4 15-25 # 50 35 15-25
# 100 2 8-15 # 100 20 8-15
# 200 1 0-9 # 200 12 0-9

Aggregate Blending
Two-aggregate Blending
1- Graphical Method
% pass of mix
2- Analytical Method
a.PA + b.PB = Pmix
% of A
in mix % pass of % of B % pass of B
agg.A In mix in mix

a + b = 100 or a+b=1
Three-aggregate Blending
1- Analytical Method 2- Graphical Method
a.PA + b.PB + c.Pc = Pmix
a+b+c=1

16
 Aggregate Blending
Example:
Sieve Agg.(A) Agg.(B) Pmix =( ) *Pa +( ) *P b Specification
size %pass %pass limits %pass
1” 100 100 95 - 100
½” 100 100 85-100
#4 81 100 85-95
# 16 72 93 75 - 88
# 30 47 83 58 - 72
# 50 28 72 43 - 57
# 100 6 59 22 - 44
# 200 2 28 7 - 21

Lower Limit ( L.L. ) Upper limit ( U.L. )

% of A in Mix
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 100
90 #4 90

80 # 16 80

70 70
# 30
60 60
% Pass % Pass
0
(A) 50 L.L. #5 50 (B)
40 00 U.L. 40
#1
30 30

20 # 200 20
10 Mixing Range 10

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of B in Mix

17
 Three-aggregate Blending
Pa Pb Pc
Sieve Agg.(A) Agg.(B) Agg.(C) Pmix = a .Pa + b.Pb +c.Pc Specification
size %pass %pass %pass limits %pass

3/4” 100 100 100 100

1/2” 90 100 100 80 - 100

3/8” 59 100 100 70 - 90

#4 16 96 100 50 - 70
#8 3.2 82 100 35 - 50
# 30 1.1 51 100 18 -29
# 50 0 36 96 13 - 23
# 100 0 21 93 8-16
# 200 0 9.2 82 4 - 10

Check Mathematically

Definitions
* Coarse Aggregate
- Retained on 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D692
- Retained on 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute
- Retained on 2.00 mm (No. 10) HMA Book

* Fine Aggregate.
- Passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D1073
- Passing 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute

* Mineral Filler
- At least 70% Pass. 0.075 mm ASTM D242
36

18
 Base and Subbase Materials
Base Layer : is granular material treated or untreated.
Treated : Stabilized or cemented with lime, Portland
cement, asphalt cement,…….etc.
Untreated: Only aggregate (without additives).
Subgrade : is the natural soil (or foundation) under the
permanent layers.
**Both base and subgrade materials are characterized by:
a) Soil Classification methods.
b) Aggregate Evaluation Tests (LOA, Soundness, ….etc).
c) California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
d) Plate Bearing Test.

Types of Base Course

Untreated Base Courses treated Base Courses

Cement treated
Granular Base Courses Macadam Base Courses bases
The most common type (one size agg.) Asphalt treated
(Pure agg. with gradation Bases
requirements)
Dry-Bound Water-Bound Penetration Chemical treated
Macadam Macadam Macadam bases
Water Liquid Asphalt

(Dust interlock and Friction) (Friction + Cementation) (Cementation)

Crushed Rock multi-layers

Los Angles Abrasion < 50%

19
 Requirements for Granular Base Course :
a) Gradation Requirements
b) LOA < 50 % (after 500 cycle).
c) L.L. < 25 %
d) P.I. < 6 %
e) CBR > 60 % or 80 %
f) Absorption < 10 %
g) Swelling < 5% (or according to code )

20
 Soil Classification Methods
Purposes of soil classification is to be able to predict subgrade performance

of a given soil based on results of few simple tests (Routine Tests) ,

Gradation, Aterberg limits (L.L., P.I.)

1-AASHTO Classification Method:
AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials.
1-FAA Classification Method:
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration
(Developed for Airfield Pavements)
3- Unified Classification Method:

Soil Classification
AASHTO Classification FAA Classification
%P #200 = (x) %P #200 = (x)

X < 35% X > 35% X < 45% X > 45%

1-Granular soil 1- Fine soil 1-Granular soil 1- Fine soil
A1 ---A3 A4---A7 E1 ---E5 E6---E13
2- Use table 2-1 2- Use figure 2- 2- Use table 2-2 2- Use figure 2-3
By the use of : 2 By the use of : By the use of:
1) %P# 200 = By the use of: 1) P.I. • L.L 2)P.I.
2) %P# 40 = • L.L 2)P.I. 2) L.L. P.I.
3) %P# 10 = 2) %P# 200 =
L.L

4) L.L.
L.L

4) %P# 40 - %P# 200 =

5) P.I. 3) %P# 10 - %P# 40 =
P.I.
From table soil is ( )From chart soil is ( ) From table soil is ( )
Group Index (GI) (GI = 0……20) Note: 1) For Table 2-2
- maximum
GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd + minimum
Example: 2) GI is not required for FAA classification
Soil is A-5(8) or A-6(15.2) Example: Soil is E5 or E11

21
 Group Index (GI) (GI = 0……20)
Example:
Soil is A-5(8) or A-6(15.2)

GI = 0.2a + 0.005 a c + 0.01 b d

Where:
a = % P#200 – 35 = (0 40)
b = % P#200 – 15 = (0 40)
c = L.L – 40 = (0 20)
d = P.I. – 10 = (0 20)

GI represents how much fines exist in the classified

soil. High GI indicates high fine content which
reduces soil strength.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

p
Surcharge Piston (area = 3 in2) h1 W.s
h2 Base

Standard soil Subgrade

(Crushed Stone)

6”
Penetration (inch) Load (ib) Pressure (psi)
0.1 3000 1000
0.2 4500 1500
•Any sample p0.1 = load that causes a penetration equal to 0.1 inch.
p0.2 = load that causes a penetration equal to 0.2 inch.
p 0.1
CBR 0.1 = * 100 = %
3000 Choose the
p bigger value
CBR 0.2 = 0.2 * 100 = %
4500

22
 Note: P = pressure
P 0.1 P 0.2
CBR 0.1 = * 100 = % , CBR 0.2 = * 100 = %
1000 1500
Load
(or pressure)
Penetration
Load or ion
ec t ctio
n
pressure orr re
N oC Co r
CBR 0.2 P 0.2
Note:
CBR 0.1 P 0.1 Soaked vs. unsoaked test.
Swelling soil consideration

Penetration
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

23
24
 Compaction Methods and Equipment
(Roller Compaction)
1- Pressure Types
(Suitable for cohesive soils)
Smooth-Wheeled Rollers
Pneumatic-tired Roller
Sheep’s Foot Roller

2- Vibratory Roller Types

(Suitable for gravel and sand soils)

3- Impact Types
(Plate Compaction)

Road Soil Compaction

Definition:
Reduction in voids ratio by mechanical means
(air is forced out or dissolved in soil water)
Objectives
1- Increase shear strength.
2- Reduce permeability.
3- Reduce tendency to volume change (shrinkage or swell).
4- Reduce tendency to future settlements.
5- Reduce tendency to frost heave
Wheel load
Frost
R.C. Slab R.C. Slab Susceptible
Soil
Pumping Subgrade
W.T. Ice Crystals

25
Laboratory Compaction
(Proctor Test)

qu qu
Unconfined (γd)
Strength (γd)

W/C
Field Compaction Heavy Roller Density Requirements:
(γd) Light Roller Relative Compaction (R.C.)

γd field
R.C. = * 100
No. of passes γd laboratory
> 95% or
98% or 100%

Laboratory Compaction (Proctor Test)

Hummer (weight = w)
h

Volume = 1/30 ft3

W water W total
Water Content W/C = , Bulk Density γm =
W solid V total
γm
Dry Density γd = (γd max)
1 + w/c
(γd)

95% γd max

W/C
O.M.C.

26
 (γd max)
(γd)

95% γd max
Compaction Energy (E) W/C
W = Ib W.h.N.n
h O.M.C.
E=
Compacted volume
= ft3
E = comp. Energy ib.ft / ft3
N = no. of blows , n = no. of layers

Standard proctor test Modified proctor test

W (Ib) 5.5 10
H (ft) 12/12 18/12
N 25 25
n 3 5
(ft3) 1/30 1/30
E (Ib.ft/ ft3 (5.5*12*25*3)/(1/30) = 12375 (10*18*25*5)/(1/30) = 56250

Basic Relations
W water
W/c = VA Air
W solid
Vw water Ww
W solid
γd = solid W solid
Vt Vsolid

W total
γ wet = = γ m = γ bulk
Vt
γw W total
(Granular materials)
γd= , W solid =
1 +( w/c) 1 +( w/c)
Specific Gravity , S
γ
S= Or γ= S.γw
γw
γ w = 1 gm/cm3 = 62.4 ib/ft3 Percent Compaction
γ d (field)
Relative Compaction (RC) R.C. = *100 =
γ d (laboratory)
> 95%

27
 Higher
Compaction
effort

Line of optimums
Dry Density
(γd)

W/C

55

28
GI ?

29
To increase the max. dry density
1- Increase the No. of passes of roller.
2- Increase the weight of roller.
3- Modify water content (probably increase the (w/c)).
4- Decrease the thickness of layers (increase no. of layers).
5- Change the roller type.
Soil notation
G :Gravel W : Well Graded
S : Sand P : Poorly Graded
M : Silt H : High P.I.
C : Clay L : Low P.I.
O : Organic Materials

Highway System
• Safe
• Comfort
Highway Safety
• Skid Resistance
• Pavement Rutting
Functional Failure
Surface condition failure such as crake, skid resistance but the pavement
can still be used to serve traffic. No failure in the supporting layers

Structural Failure
Failure takes place in the under layers (base, subbase or subgrade) due to
soil problems or excessive axle loads leading to a reduction in the structural
capacity of the pavement section and the road can not be used to serve
traffic.

30
Pavement Rutting ?

• Permanent deformation
on the Wheel Path
H Vehicle
Turnover

Pavement Surface

Asphalt Layer

Design of Asphalt Mixtures

Aggregate + Cementing Material
(bitumen) (Asphalt cement)
% bit or %A.C.
Aggregate:
Percentage Sp. Gr. (S)
Coarse Agg. % C.A. S C.A.
Fine Agg. % F.A. S F.A.
S A.V.
Mineral Filler %M.F. S M.F.
100 or ( Σ percentages)
S A.V . = % C.A. + % F.A. + % M.F.
=
S C.A. S f.A. S M.F.
γ
S= Or γ= S.γw VA Air
γw
Bit. (A.C.) Wb
wb = vb . γ b = vb ( Sb. γ w) Vb
Vt
γw= 1 gm /cm3 Vagg. Agg. W agg.
= 62.4 Ib /ft3

31
 Asphalt Cement
W bit
%A.C. = * 100 (T.W.B.) total weight basis
Wt
or (by weight of mix)
W bit
%A.C. = * 100 (A.W.B.) Agg. weight basis
W agg.
or (by weight of agg.)
General Relationships
Wt
γ m = γ bulk =
Vt
W S.A. Weight of sample in air (Wt)
W S.W. Weight of sample in water
W S.A - W S.W W S.A
Vt= , γm= *γw
γw W S.A - W S.W
Wt V Air
γ theoretical= γ max = , % Air voids = * 100
V t – V air Vt
γ bulk γ bulk V Air
γ theoretical = 1 - %A.V. or γ theoretical =1-
Vt

Volume of voids in Aggregate Mass = VAM

Or Voids of Mineral Aggregate = VMA
VAM = V air + V bit = V t – V agg

V air + V bit
%VAM = * 100
Or (%VMA) Vt

% of Voids Filled with Bitumen = %VFB

V bit V bit
%VFB = * 100 = * 100
V air + V bit VAM

Volumetric properties: % A.V. , %VMA

Mechanical properties: Stability , Flow

32
Types of Hot Asphalt Concrete Mixes
Type
1-1 Dense Graded Mix
1-2 Gap Graded Mix
1-3 Stone-Mastic Asphalt
1-4 Open Graded Friction
Course (OGFC)
1-5 Porous Asphalt Mix
1-6 Open Graded Mixes
Types of Asphalt Mixes
- According to Aggregate
Gradation
1- Dense (well) graded agg.
2- Open graded Agg.
3- Gap graded Agg.
4- one-size Agg.
%Pass
One
Application
Wearing Course, A.V. 3-5%
To Resist Fatigue
Wearing Course, A.V. 3-5%
- To Reduce Accidents.
- High drainage properties.
- Air Voids = (10 to 12)%.
- To Reduce Accidents.
- High drainage properties.
- Air Voids = (15 to 20)%.
Binder Course.
65
Application
(Surface layer mixes)
(Binder layer or surface drainage)
(Mixes with rich asphalt cement)
(Macadam or surface treatment)
Dense
ze
Gap
si
Open
Sieve Size 66
33
 Types of Flexible Pavement

Dense-graded

Open-graded
Gap-graded 67

Dense-Graded Mix Stone-Mastic Asphalt

A
M
H

A
SM 68

34
 Marshall Method of Mix Design
Objective : To determine optimum Asphalt Content for a given agg. Blend.
Test Procedure:
1- Heat aggregate to 170°C for a period of 6 hrs.
2- Heat asphalt cement (A.C.)to about 150°C.
3- Mix Agg. And A.C. at mixing temperature >140°C.
4- Fabricate cylindrical samples D = 4” , h = 2.5” by applying hummer compaction
at compaction temperature>120°C.
** No. of blows 35(low Traffic volume) or 50 (medium Traffic ) or 75 (high Traffic).
Testing conditions:
- Test temperature = 60°C
- Rate of loading = 2”/min P
Test Results:

4.0 ”
1- Stability Ib or Newton (load at failure).
2- Flow 0.01 inch
3- %Air Voids (A.V.). 4- % VMA.
5- Bulk relative density (γ m).
6- Repeat Test Results at (5) or more A.C. values.
7- Determine Optimum A.C. 2.5”

**Example A.C. Content, %

Variable 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Weight of sample in air = Wt 1211.9 1214.2 1221.4
Weight of sample in water =Ws 718.9 726.4 737.3
V t = (W sA- W sw) /γ w
W bit = (%A.C.) *Wt
V bit = (W bit) /(S bit * γ w)
W agg= W t - W bit
Vagg= W agg /( S agg *1)
V air= V t - V bit -Vagg
%A.V. = (V air/V t) *100
VMA= V bit +V air
%VMA. = (VAM /Vt) *100
γ bulk = (W t/V t)
Stability (Ib) 1646 1755
Flow 0.01” 10 12 13 ---- -----

35
 Mid rang for A.V.

Surface Mix
3 < A.V. < 5
4
Binder Mix
3 < A.V. < 8
5.5

OGFC Mix
10 < A.V. < 12

Porous Asph. Mix

15 < A.V. < 20

Determining Optimum A.C.

- Obtain x1 , x2 ,x3 as shown in the graph
- Optimum A.C. = X = (x1 + x2 + x3) /3 = %
- Determine mix properties at selected A.C. content (X) : Stability, Flow, A.V.,
VMA., γm at (X).
- Check design criteria (Specifications):
Stability > Smin
fmin < Flow < fmax
3 < A.V. < 5 for Surface mix ,
3 < A.V. < 8 for Binder mix. Note; For OGFC or PA

VMA > VMA min

VMA min

Max. agg. Size

(¾) or 1”

36
37
 Adjust mix properties if necessary

- Low Stability -------- increase coarse aggregate.

- Low Voids -------- decrease mineral filler , use clean sand.
- High Voids ----------increase fine Agg. Or filler.
- Low Flow ----------use absorptive agg. (Dolomite agg.)

Mix Property Distress

Low Stability Deformation, Rutting

Low A.V. Bleeding, low skid resistance, Rutting

High A.V. Densification under traffic,moisture

damage

Low Flow Difficult to Compact (harsh mix)

High Flow Difficult to Compact (Tender mix)

Low VMA Less Durable mix

38
 Advanced Mix Design Methods
(Superpave Design) USA in 1993
by SHRP: Strategic Highway Research Program.

Superpave Binder Test Purpose

Dynamic Shear Rheometer Measure properties at high and
(DSR) intermediate temperatures.
Measure properties at high
Rotational Viscometer (RV)
temperatures
Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Measure properties at low
Direct Tension Tester (DTT) temperatures
Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) Simulate hardening (durability)
Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) characteristics.
77

SuperPave Asphalt Binder Grade

Reliability

50 %
PG 58-34
98 %
PG 52-28

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 c

PG 58-34
Performance Minimum Pavement
Average 7 Day
Grade Temperature
Max. Pavement
78
Temperature

39
 79

SuperPave Asphalt Binder Specifications

80

40
Superpave
Gyratory
Compactor

81

Compaction
• Gyratory compactor
– Axial and shearing action
– 150 mm diameter molds
• Aggregate size up to 37.5 mm
• Height measurement during compaction
– Allows densification during compaction to be evaluated

Ram pressure
600 kPa

1.25o

82

41
Quality Control Tests
- For Soil, Agg. Layers: Material Characterization Tests
1-Sand cone test (γd )
2- Core-Cutter test (γd )
3- Volumenometer test (γd )
1- California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
4- Aggregate Gradation (strength)
5- Core samples (for thickness)
6- Straight Edge 2- Proctor test (γlab. )
2- Aggregate Evaluation Tests
3- Plate Bearing Test
- For Asphalt mix layers:
Elastic modulus of a layer (E) and
1- Extraction Test (%A.C.) Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (K)
2- Aggregate Gradation
3- Core samples (for thickness)
4- Bulk density (γm )
5- Straight Edge

During Construction to ensure

quality Before construction to provide
design data

Extraction Test

• A quality Control Test used to separate asphalt cement from an

asphalt mix and to determine :
- A.C. content
- Aggregate gradation

• Samples are taken as :

1- Core Samples after construction.
2- Loose mix during construction.
3- Loose mix from asphalt mix plant.

42
 Extraction Test

Solvent + Bitumin
Asphalt Mix (w total)
Aggregate (w agg. )
Solvent

W bit = W total - W agg

% A.C. = (W bit / W total )* 100

.L imit
c
S pe
e si gn A
D
% Pass

F
JM

F
JM

. L imit
S pec

Sieve Size

43