180 Concept of Arithmetic

Chapter-10

Percentage
Introduction 11 11  100 220
(iii)   = 220%
Per cent is a kind of fraction of which denominator 5 5  100 100
is 100. The word ‘per cent’ is an abbreviation of
the Latin phrase ‘percentum’ which means ‘per 11
or,  100 = 220%
hundred’ or ‘hundredths’. Thus the term ‘per cent’ 5
means ‘per hundred’ or ‘for every hundred’. For
example, 200 2
66

K
( i ) When we say that a man gives 30 per cent 2 2  100 3 3 2
(iv)     66 %
of his income as income tax, this means 3 3  100 100 100 3
that he gives Rs 30 out of every hundred
rupees of his income. 2 200 2
or,  100   66 %
( i i) A trader makes a profit of 15 per cent means 3 3 3
he gains Rs 15 on every hundred rupees of Ex. 2: Express the following per cent as a
his investment. fraction.
( i ii ) A boy scored 70 per cent marks in his final
examination means that he obtained 70 1
(i) 25% (ii) 8
% (iii) 140%
marks out of every hundred marks. 3
The t erm ‘per cent ’ will be wr it t en as t he Soln: To convert a per cent into a fraction, we
symbol (% ). divide it by 100 and remove the per cent
sign % . Thus,

KUNDAN
Per cent and Vulgar Fraction
25 1
Since per cent is a form of fraction, hence per (i) 25% = 
100 4
cent can be expressed as fraction and vice versa.
This can be illustrated through examples. See the 1 25 25 1
examples given below: (ii) 8 % % 
3 3 3  100 12
Ex. 1: Express the given fractions as per cent.
1 3 11 2 140 7
(iii) 140% = 
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 100 5
2 4 5 3
Soln: To convert a fraction into a per cent we
expr ess t he given f ract ion wit h
Per cent and Decimal Fraction
denominat or as 100 or mult iply t he Ex. 3: Convert the every decimal into per cent.
fr action by 100 and put t he per cent (i) 0.35 (ii) 0.125 (iii) 2.25
sign (% ). Soln: In order to convert a given decimal into a
per cent, express it as a fraction with
1 1  100 50
(i)   = 50% denominator as 100 or move the decimal
2 2  100 100 point on the right side by two digits and
1 put the per cent sign % . Thus,
or,  100 = 50%
2 0.35  100 35
(i) 0.35 =  = 35%
100 100
3 3  100 75
(ii)   = 55%
4 4  100 100 0.125  100 12.5
(ii) 0.125 =  = 12.5%
100 100
3
or,  100 = 55%
4 2.25  100 225
(iii) 2.25 =  = 225%
100 100
Percentage 181

Ex. 4: Express the every given per cent as a Ex. 7: Find 20% of Rs 150.
decimal fraction. Soln: We have, 20% of Rs 150
(i) 38% (ii) 16.5% (iii) 320.5%
20 20
Soln: To convert a given per cent in decimal = of Rs 150 = Rs  150 = Rs 30
form, we express it as a fraction with 100 100
denominator as 100 and then the fraction Thus, 20% of Rs 150 is Rs 30.
is written in decimal form. Thus, Ex. 8: Find the number of girl students in a
school, if there are 28% girl students
38
(i) 38% = = 0.38 in the school and the total number of
100 students in the school is 1000.
Soln: Required number of girl students
16.5
(ii) 16.5% = = 0.165 28
100  1000 = 280
= 28% of 1000 =
100
320.5
(iii) 320.5% = = 3.205 2
100
Ex. 9: In an orchard, 16 % of the trees are
3
Per cent and Ratio apple trees. If the total number of trees
Ex. 5: Convert the following ratios into per in the orchard is 240, find the number

K
cent. of other types of trees in the orchard.
(i) 6 : 5 (ii) 3 : 12 (iii) 9 : 20 Soln: Total number of trees = 240
Soln: In order to convert a given ratio into a per  number of apple trees
cent, we first convert the given ratio into 2 50
fraction and then multiply the fraction by = 16 % of 240 = % of 240
3 3
100. Thus,
6 6 50 1
  100 = 120% =   240 = 40
(i) 6 : 5 = 3 100
5 5
Therefore the number of other trees
3 3 = 240 – 40 = 200
(ii) 3 : 12 =   100 = 25%
12 12 Thus, number of trees of other types in
the orchard is 200.

KUNDAN
9 9 Ex. 10: Find 10% more than Rs 90.
(iii) 9 : 20 =   100 = 45%
20 20 Soln: We have, 10% of Rs 90
Ex. 6: Expr ess t he fol l owi ng per cent as 10 10
ratios. = of Rs 90 = Rs  90 = Rs 9
100 100
(i) 52% (ii) 27.5% (iii) 8%
Soln: To convert a given per cent into a ratio,  10% more than Rs 90
we first convert the per cent into a fraction = Rs 90 + Rs 9 = Rs 99
and then express it as a ratio. Thus, Ex. 11: Find 20% less than Rs 70.
Soln: We have, 20% of Rs 70
52 13
(i) 52% =  = 13 : 25 20 20
100 25 = of Rs 70 = Rs  70 = Rs 14
100 100
27.5 275 11  20% less than Rs 70
(ii) 27.5% =   = 11 : 40
100 1000 40 = Rs 70 – Rs 14 = Rs 56

8

2 Expressing One Quantity as a per cent of
(iii) 8% = = 2 : 5
100 5
Finding per cent of a Quantity
Many a time, we need to find a given per cent of a
given quantity. For example, we might be asked to
find the number of girl students in a school, given
that there are 28% girl students in the school and
total number of students in the school is 1000. We
shall explain the pr ocess of f inding such a
percentage through some examples.
Another Quantity
We come across many situations where we have to
express a quantity as a per cent of another quantity.
For example,
We may be asked to find the percentage of marks
obtained by Peter, if he obtains 285 marks out of a
maximum of 500 marks. This is equivalent to
finding what per cent one number is of the other.
We shall explain the method of finding what per
cent one number is of anot her t hr ough some
examples.
182 Concept of Arithmetic

Ex. 12: What per cent is number 8 of number
25?
Soln: Recall that by per cent, we mean per 100.
We, therefore, proceed as follows:
Out of 25 ie per 25, the number is 8.
8 700
 per 100, the number is  100 = 32
25
Thus, the required per cent is 32. In other
words, 8 is 32% of 25.
Note: To find what per cent the first
number is of second, we divide the first
number by the second number and
multiply the result by 100.
Alternative Method:
Let the number 8 be x% of number 25.
 x% of 25 = 8
x = Rs 5220 – Rs 3480 = Rs 1740
 25 = 8
Soln: To compare the performance, we shall
convert the marks into per cent.
Thus, we have,
Marks obtained by Jamshed
553
= 100% = 79%
Marks obtained by Geeta
486
=  100% = 81%
600
Now, 81 > 71
Therefore, Geeta’s performance is better.
Ex. 17: The excise duty on a certain item has
been reduced to Rs 3480 from Rs 5220.
Find the percentage reduction in the
excise duty for that item.
Soln: Amount of reduction in excise duty

K
or,
100 Percentage of reduction is calculated on
initial excise duty ie Rs 5220.
8  100  Required per cent reduction
or, x = = 32
25
1740 100 1
Thus, the required per cent is 32. In other =  100% = % = 33 %
words, 8 is 32% of 25. 5220 3 3
Ex. 13: Pet er obt ained 385 marks out of a
m axi m um of 500 m ar ks. Fi nd t he Questions Based on Population Growth
percentage of marks obtained by Peter. If the original population of a town is P, and the
Soln: Required percentage of marks annual increase is r % , then, the population in n
285 years will be obtained by the following formulae:
=  100 = 57 n
500  r 
( i ) Required population = P 1  

KUNDAN
Thus, Peter obtained 57% marks.  100 
Ex. 14: What per cent of 25 kg is 3.5 kg? Since, population after one year becomes
Soln: Note that we wish to find here what per Pr  r 
 
cent 3.5 is of 25. P   = P 1  
 100   100 
3.5 That is, the population P at the beginning
Required percentage =  100
25
 r 
35 of the year is multiplied by 1   in the
 100 = 14  100 
=
250 course of the years.
Thus, 3.5 kg is 14% of 25 kg. Now, the population at the beginning of
Ex. 15: A basket contains 300 mangoes. 75
 r 
mangoes were distributed among some the second year is P 1  
student s. Fi nd t he percentage of  100 
mangoes left in the basket.  Population after 2 years = Population at
Soln: Original number of mangoes = 300 the beginning of second year + increase in
Mangoes distributed = 75 it
 Mangoes left in the basket
 r   r  r
= 300 – 75 = 225 = P 1    P 1  
 Percentage of mangoes left  100   100  100

225  r  r  r 
2
=
300
 100 = 75
= P 1  1   = P 1  
 100  100   100 
Thus, 75% mangoes are left in the basket.
: : :
Ex. 16: Jamshed obtained 553 marks out of
: : :
700 and Geeta obtained 486 marks out
of 600 i n Mat hem ati cs. Whose r 
n

performance is better?  The population in n year = P 1  
 100 
Percentage 183

( i i) If the annual decrease be r % , then the  required population

n 2624000 2624000
 r   
population in n years = P 1   1  41 
 100   25   
1    40 
( i ii ) If the annual increase be r % , then the  1000 
population n years ago
2624000  40
n = = 2560000
 r  P 41
 P 1    n
 100   r  (ii) From the for mulae [(i) and (iv)]
1   mentioned above,
 100 
Population after n years
( iv) If the annual increase be r per thousand,
n
then the population in n years  r 
= P 1  
n  1000 
 r 
= P 1    required population
 1000 
3
Ex. 18: The population of a town 3 years ago  25 
was 40960. If the present population = 2624000 1  
 1000 

K
of the town is 49130, then find the
annual per cent increase in population. 3
 41 
Soln: See the formula (iii) mentioned above, = 2624000  
Population n years ago  40 

Present Population (P ) P 2624000  41  41  41

  =
Annual Rate 
Time
r 
n 40  40  40
 
1   1   = 28225761
 100   100 
Depreciation
49130
or, 40960 = 3 The value of a machine or of any other article
 r 
1   subject to wear and tear decreases with time.
 100  Relative decrease in the value of a machine is called

KUNDAN
its depreciation. Depreciation per unit time is
3 3
 r  49130 4913  17  called the rate of depreciation. Thus, if V is the
or, 1   = = =  
 100  40960 4096  16  value of a machine at a certain time and R% per
annum is the rate of depreciation then the value
r 17 1
or, 1  = = 1  R 
n
100 16 16 of machine after n years = V 1   .
 100 
r 1
or, = Ex. 20: The v alue of a r esi dent ial fl at
100 16 constructed at a cost of Rs 100000 is
depreciating at the rate of 10% per
100 25 1
r= = = 6 % annum. What will be its value 3 years
16 4 4 after construction?
Ex. 19: The population of a town is 2624000. Soln: We have,
I f t he popul ati on of the town i s V = Initial value = Rs 100000
i ncr easi ng at t he r at e of 25 per R = Rate of depreciation = 10% per annum
thousand per annum, then find
3
(i) what was the population of the  R 
town 1 year ago?  Value after 3 years = V 1  
 100 
(ii) what will be the population of the
town after 3 years?  3
10  

Soln: (i) From the for mulae [(iii) and iv )] = Rs 100000  1  100  
mentioned above,    

P  3
Population n years ago = n  1  
 r  = Rs 100000  1  10  
1      
 1000 
184 Concept of Arithmetic

for next n2 years and so on and Rk% for the

 3
 9   last nk years, then the value at the end of
= Rs 100000   10   n1 + n2 + ..... + nk years is given by
   
n1 n2
 R1   R 
 9 9 9  Vn= V0 1    1  2   ...
= Rs 100000     100   100 
 10 10 10 
= Rs 72900 n
 R  k
Hence, value of the flat after 3 years .....  1  k  ;
= Rs 72900.  100 
Ex. 21: The present price of a scooter is Rs where n = n1 + n2 + ..... + nk and (–) sign is
7290. If its value decreases every year used for depreciation and (+) sign is used
by 10%, then find its value before 3 for appreciation.
years. Ex. 22: The population of a town was 160000
Soln: Let the value of the scooter be Rs P before three years ago. If it had increased by
three years. Then, its present value is Rs 3%, 2.5% and 5% i n the last t hree
3
years, find the present population of
 10  the town.
P 1  
 100  Soln: Let P be the present population of the

K
But the present value is given as Rs 7290. town. Then,
Therefore,  3   2.5 
P = 160000 × 1    1  
3  100   100 
 10 
7290 = P  1  
 100   5 
 1  
 100 
3
 1 
or, 7290 = P  1   103 41 21
 10  or, P = 160000 ×  
100 40 20
93 or, P = 2 × 103 × 41 × 21 = 177366.
or, 7290 = P × Hence, present population of the town
103
= 177366.

KUNDAN
7290  103 Ex. 23: 10000 wor ker s wer e em ployed t o
or, P = = 10000. construct a river bridge in four years.
93
At the end of first year, 10% workers
Hence, the value before 3 years was Rs wer e r et r enched. At the end of the
10000. second year, 5% of the workers at that
t im e wer e r et renched. Howev er t o
Rate of Increase or Decrease Changes complete the project in time, the number
Every Year of workers was increased by 10% at
I. If P be the population of a city or a town at the end of the third year. How many
the beginning of a certain year and the rate worker s were wor ki ng duri ng t he
of increase or decrease is R1% for the first fourth year?
n1 years, r2% for the next n2 years and so Soln: We have,
on and Rk% for the last nk years, then the Initial number of workers = 10000
population at the end of (n1 + n2 + ..... + nk) Reduction of workers at the end of first
years is given by year = 10%
Reduction of workers at the end of second
n1 n2 year = 5%
 R1   R 
Pn= P 1    1  2   ... Increase of workers at the end of third
 100   100 
year = 10%
 R  k
n  Number of workers working during the
.....  1  k  ; fourth year
 100 
 10  5  10 
where n = n1 + n2 + ..... + nk and (+) sign is = 10000 1  1  1  
 100  100  100 
used for increase and (–) sign is used for
decrease. 9 19 11
II. If V0 is the value of an article at certain = 10000    = 9405
10 20 10
t ime and the rat e of appr eciation or Hence, the number of workers working
depreciation is R1% for first n1 years, R2% during the fourth year was 9405.
Percentage 185

Ex. 24: A new car costs Rs 360000. Its price  Price of the car after 3 years
depreciates at the rate of 10% a year   10   10 
during the first two years and at the = Rs 360000  1    1  
  100   100 
rate of 20% a year thereafter. What
wil l be the price of the car after 3  20 
1  
years?  100 
Soln: We have,
  1   1   1 
Cost of the car = Rs 360000 = Rs 360000  1    1   1  
Rate of depreciation in first two years   10   10   5 
= 10% per annum.  9 9 4
= Rs 360000    = Rs 233280.
Rate of depreciation in the third year  10 10 5 
= 20% Hence, the price of the car after 3 years
= Rs 233280.

Some More Solved Examples

K
Ex. 25: If 23% of a number i s 46, fi nd t he We have to find what per cent is 36 of
number. 900?
Soln: Let the number be x.  required per cent increase
23% of x = 46
36
=  100 = 4%
23 900
or,  x = 46
100 Hence, the strength of students increases
by 4%.
46  100
or, x = = 200 Ex. 29: Raju and Nita get 294 and 372 marks
23 respectively in an examination. If Nita
Thus, the number is 200. got 62% marks, then find the maximum
Ex. 26: In an examination, Neeta secured 372 marks and the per cent marks obtained
marks. If she secured 63% marks, find by Raju.
the maximum marks. Soln: Let the maximum marks be x.

KUNDAN
Soln: Let the maximum marks be x. Marks obtained by Nita = 62% of x
Neeta’s marks = 62% of x Nita gets 372 marks
Neeta secured 372 marks  62% of x = 372
 62% of x = 372
62
62 or,  x = 372
or,  x = 372 100
100
372  100
372  100  x= 62
= 600
or, x = = 600
62 Per cent marks obtained by Raju
Hence, maximum marks are 600.
294
Ex. 27: What is the ratio 5 : 4 equal to when =  100 = 49
expessed as a per cent? 600
Hence, maximum marks is 600 and Raju
5
Soln: Fractional equivalent of 5 : 4 is equal to . got 49% of the maximum marks.
4 Ex. 30: A reduction of 10% in the price of tea
enables a trader to obtain 25 kg more
5 5
Percentage equivalent of is  100 in Rs 22500. What is the reduced price
4 4 of tea per kg. Also find the original
= 125% price of the tea per kg.
Hence, the ratio 5 : 4 is equal to 125%. Soln: Reduction in the price of tea = 10%
Ex. 28: The strength of students in a school
increases from 900 to 936. Find the 22500  10
10% of Rs 22500 = = Rs 2250
percentage increase in the strength of 100
the students. Now, in Rs 2250 a trader can obtain 25
Soln: Increase in strength of students kg of tea.
= 936 – 900 = 36  Reduced price of 25 kg of tea = Rs 2250
186 Concept of Arithmetic

 Reduced price of 1 kg of tea Ex. 32: The price of sugar goes up by 20%. By
how much per cent must a house wife
2250
= = Rs 90 reduce her consumption so that the
25 expenditure does not increase?
Let the original price of 1 kg of tea be Rs Soln: Let the consumption of sugar originally
x. be 100 kg and its price be Rs 100. Then,
Now, reduction in original price New price of 100 kg sugar = Rs 120.
[  Price increases by 20% ]
10x
= 10% of x = Rs Now, Rs 120 can fetch 100 kg sugar.
100
 Reduced price of tea per kg  100 
 Rs 100 can fetch =  100 
 120 
 10x 
= Rs  x  
 100  250
= kg sugar
Now, according to the question, 3
10x  Reduction in consumption
x = 90
100  250  50 2
or, 90x = 100 × 90 = 100  % = % = 16 %.
 3  3 3

K
 x = 100 Alternative Method:
Hence, original price of tea per kg Let the price and consumption each be
= Rs 100 100 units.
1 Then, his earlier expenditure was
Ex. 31: A reduction of 12 per cent in the price = Rs (100 × 100)
2
Now, the new price = 120 units
of m angoes enables a purchaser to
To maintain the expenditure, suppose he
obtain 4 more for a rupee. What is the
reduces his consupmtion by x%, then his
reduced price? How many could he get
total expenditure
for 50 paise before the reduction in
= Rs [120 × (100 - x)]
price?
From the question, we have,
Soln: Owing to t he r educt ion in price t he
100 × 100 = 120 (100 - x)
1 1 or, 120x = 120 × 100 - 100 × 100

KUNDAN
purchaser saves 12 per cent or of
2 8 100(120  100) 2
Re 1. With this sum he gets 4 mangoes at or, x = = 16 %.
120 3
the reduced price.
Ex. 33: The price of edible oil increases from
 The reduced price of a mango
Rs 13 to Rs 15 per kg. By how much
1 1 per cent must a housewife reduce her
= Re  4 = Re
8 32 consumption so that the expenditure
doesnot increase?
 1  1 Soln: Let the consumption of edible oil originally
Again 100  12  per cent or, 1   be 100 kg.
 2  8
Then, her earlier expenditure
7 = 100 × 13 = Rs 1300
or, of the original price of a mango Now, due to increase in price,
8
Rs 1500 can fetch 100 kg edible oil
1
= Re 100
32  Rs 1300 can fetch  1300
1500
 The original price of a mango
8 1 1 260
= × Re = Re =
kg
7 32 28 3
 Reduction in consumption
1 1 
 He could get    or 14 mangoes 260 40
 2 28  = 100  = kg
3 3
for half a rupee ie, 50 paise, before the
reduction in price. 40 1
 per cent reduction = % = 13 %
3 3
Percentage 187

Ex. 34: In an election between two candidates Now, according to the question,
A and B, A got 60% of the total valid New tax = Rs (100 – 15) = Rs 85 and
v otes. 15% of the tot al v otes wer e the new consumption = Rs (100 + 10)
declared invalid. If the total number of = Rs 110
votes is 500000, find the number of  New Revenue = Rs (85 × 110) = Rs 9350
v al id votes pol led i n fav our of the  Decrease in Revenue
candidate B. = Rs (10000 – 9350 =) Rs 650
Soln: Total number of invalid votes
650
= 15% of 500000  per cent decrease =  100 = 6.5%
10000
15
= × 500000 = 75000 17
100 (ii) Since the new tax is of the original
Total number of valid votes polled 20
= 500000 – 75000 = 425000 tax, the revenue would remain the same
Percentage of valid votes polled in favour 20
of the candidate A = 60% if the new consumption becomes of
 Percentage of valid votes polled in favour 17
of the candidate B = 40% the original consumption.
= 40% of 425000  the required increase in consumption

K
40 20 3 11
= × 425000 = 170000 = 1 = = 17 %.
100 17 17 17
 the number of valid votes polled in favour Alternative Method:
of the candidate B is 170000. Let the original tax be Rs 100 and the
Ex. 35: The tax on a commodity is diminished consumption be 100 units.
by 15%, and its consumption increases  Original revenue = Rs (100 × 100)
by 10%. = Rs 10000
(i) Find the decrease per cent in the New tax = Rs (100 – 15) = Rs 85
revenue derived from it. Let the new consumption be x units.
(ii) With what increase per cent in its Now, according to the question,
consumption would the revenue 10000 = 85x
remain the same? [  Revenue remains the same]

KUNDAN
10000
17 or, x =
Soln: (i) The new tax is 85%, or of the original 85
20
or, Increase in consumption
110 11 10000 1500
tax. The new consumption is or =  100 
100 10 85 85
of the original consumption.
300 11
17 11 =  17 %
 the new revenue = of of the 17 17
20 10
Ex. 36: Mohan’s income is 10% less than that
original revenue of Sohan. Then what per cent i s
187 Sohan’s income mor e t han Mohan’s
= of the original revenue income?
200
Soln: Let Sohan’s income be Rs 100
1 Income of Mohan = Rs (100 – 10) = Rs 90
= 93 % of the original revenue.
2
Sohan’s income is Rs 10 more than that
 the required decrease of Mohan.
1  If Mohan’s income is Rs 90, Sohan’s
= 100% – 93 %
2 income is Rs 10 more.
1  If Mohan’s income is Rs 100, Sohan’s
= 6 % = 6.5%
2  10  1
income is Rs  100   11 more.
Alternative Method:  90  9
Let the original tax be Rs 100 and the
consumption be 100 units. 1
Hence Sohan’s income is 11 % more than
 Original revenue = Rs (100 × 100) 9
= Rs 10000 that Mohan’s income.
188 Concept of Arithmetic

Ex. 37: Rakesh’ s income i s 25% more t han Soln: Let the total number of students be x
that of Rohan. What per cent is Rohan’s Number of students less than 5 years of
income less than Rakesh’s income? age = 20% of x
Soln: Let Rohan’s income be Rs 100. Then,
20 x
Rakesh’s income = Rs 125. = x =
If Rakesh’s income is Rs 125, Rohan’s 100 5
income = Rs 100  Number of students above 5 years of
If Rakesh’s income is Re 1, Rohan’s
 x 4x
100 age =  x   =
 5 5
income = Re
125 Now according to the question,
If Rakesh’s income is Rs 100, Rohan’s Number of girls above 5 years of age = 64
and
 100 
income = Rs  100  = Rs 80. Number of boys above 5 years of age
 125 
Hence, Rohan’s income is 20% less than 64  3
= = 96
that of Rakesh. 2
Ex. 38: Rani’s weight is 25% that of Meena’s Total number of students above 5 years of
and 40% t hat of Tar a’ s. What age = 96 + 64 = 160

K
percentage of Tara’s weight is Meena’s
4x
weight? or, = 160
Soln: Let Meena’s weight be x kg and Tara’s 5
weight be y kg.
160  5
Then, Rani’s weight = 25% of Meena’s  x = = 200
4
25  Total number of students in the school
weight = x .... (i)
100 = 200
Also, Rani’s weight = 40% of Tara’s weight
1
40 Ex. 40: If x  y 2 and x  , then find the per
 y ... (ii) z
=
100 cent change in the value of x when the
From (i) and (ii), we get value of y increases by 20% and that

KUNDAN
of z decreases by 25%.
25 40
x  y 1
100 100
Soln:  x  y 2 and x 
or, 25x = 40y z
[Multiplying both sides by 100]
or, 5x = 8y y2
 x = k ; where k = constant.
[Dividing both sides by 5] z
On increasing the value of y by 20%, the
8
or, x = y .... (iii) increased value of y
5
We have to find Meena’s weight as the y  120 6y
= =
percentage of Tara’s weight ie 100 5
On decreasing the value of z by 25%, the
8
y decreased value of z
x 8
 100  5  100   100  160
y y 5 z  75 3z
= =
100 4
[Using (iii)]
Hence, Meena’s weight is 160% of Tara’s 2
 6y 
weight.  
 5 
Ex. 39: In a school, the ages of 20% students  New value of x = k 3z
are less than 5 years. 64 girls have
4
m or e than 5 year s of age and t hi s
36y 2 4 48 y 2
2 = k  = k
number is of number of boys more 25 3z 25 z
3
Change in the value of x
than 5 year s of age. Find the t otal
number of students in the school? 48 y 2 y2 y2
= k k = 23k
25 z z 25z
Percentage 189

 per cent change in the value of x  Nickel in the alloy

= [100 – (36 + 40)]% = 24%
23ky 2 100 Now, quantity of zinc in 1 kg of alloy
=  = 92%
25z ky 2 = 36% of 1 kg
z = 36% of 1000 grams
Ex. 41: A metre is taken to equal 39.3701 inch.  36 
=  1000  = 360 grams
7  100 
If the value is approximated to 39 quantity of copper in the alloy
20
= 40% of 1 kg
inch, find the relative error. = 40% of 1000 grams
Soln: According to the question,
1 metre = 39.3701 inch
 40 
=  1000  = 400 grams
In approximation, 1 metre  100 
and, quantity of nickel in the alloy
7
= 39 inch = 39.35 inch = 24% of 1 kg
20 = 24% of 1000 grams
Hence, error = 39.3701 = 39.35
= 0.0201  24 
=  1000  = 240 grams

K
 Error on 39.35 = 0.0201  100 
0.0201 Ex. 44: A number is increased by 10% and then
 Error on 1 = it is decreased by 10%. Find the net
39.35
increase or decrease per cent.
0.0201 Soln: Let the number be 100.
 Error on 100 =  100 = 0.05%.
39.35 Increase in the number = 10%
Ex. 42: I n an exami nati on 42% candi dates = 10% of 100 = 10
fai l ed i n Hi ndi and 52% fai l ed i n  Increased number = 100 + 10 = 110.
Engl i sh, 17% fai l ed i n bot h t he This number is decreased by 10% .
subjects. If 69 candidates passed in Therefore, decrease in the number
both the subjects, find the total number  10 
of candi dat es appear ed i n t he = 10% of 110 =  110  = 11
 100 
examination.

KUNDAN
Soln: Let the number of candidates appeared be
100.
 Number of candidates who failed in
Hindi = 42
and the number of candidates who failed
in English = 52
and the number of candidates who failed
in both the subjects = 17
 Number of candidates who failed either
in Hindi only or in English only and in
both subjects
= (42 – 17) + (52 – 17) + 17 = 77
Hence t he number of candidates who
passed in both the subjects
= 100 - 77 = 23
If 23 candidat es passed, number of
candidates appeared = 100
 If 69 candidates passed, number of
candidates appeared
100  69
= = 300.
23
Ex. 43: An alloy contains 36% zinc, 40% copper
and the rest is nickel. Find in grams
the quantity of each of the contents in
a sample of 1 kg alloy.
Soln: We have, Zinc in the alloy = 36%
Copper in the alloy = 40%
 New number = 110 – 11 = 99
Thus, net decrease = 100 – 99 = 1
Hence, net percentage decrease
 1 
=   100 % = 1%
 100 
Ex. 45: If the price is increased by 10% and
the sale is decreased by 5%, then what
will be the effect on income?
Soln: Let the price be Rs 100 per goods and the
sale is also of 100 goods.
So, the money obtained after selling all
the 100 goods = Rs (100 × 100 =) 10,000.
Now, the increased price is Rs 110 per
goods and the decreased sale is 95 goods.
So, the money obtained after selling all
the 95 goods
= Rs (110 × 95) = Rs 10,450.
 increase in income
= 10,450 – 10,000 = Rs 450
450  100
 % increase = = 4.5%
10000
Ex. 46: The cost of manufacturing the car is
m ade up of t hr ee i tem s—cost of
materials, labour and overheads. In
1982, the cost of these items was in
the ratio of 5 : 4 : 3. In 1983, the cost
190 Concept of Arithmetic

of material rose by 16%, the cost of Since he gets 10 marks more than pass
labour increased by 10%, but overheads marks.
were reduced by 8%. Find the increase  pass marks = 234 - 10 = 224.
per cent in the price of car. Alternative Method:
Soln: Suppose cost of mater ials, labour , Let the maximum marks be x.
overheads were Rs 5x, Rs 4x and Rs 3x in Now, according to the question,
1982 respectively. 32% of x + 16 = 36% of x – 10
Total cost of manufacturing in 1982 or, 36% of x – 32% of x = 16 + 10
= Rs (5x + 4x + 3x) = Rs 12x or, 4% of x = 26
Increase in cost of material in 1983 = 16%
26  100
 Cost of material in 1983 or, x = = 650
4
 16  29
= Rs  5x  5 x   = Rs x Hence, minimum marks to pass the exam
 100  5 = 32% of x + 16
= 32% of 650 + 16
Similarly, cost of labour in 1983
 32 
=   650   16
 10  22  100 
= Rs  4x  4x   = Rs x
 100  5 = 208 + 16 = 224

K
and cost of overheads in 1983 Ex. 48: In an examination, A obtains 10% less
than the minimum number of marks
 8  69 1
= Rs  3x  3x   = Rs x required for passing, B obtains 11 %
 100  25 9
 Total cost of manufacturing in 1983 3
less than A, and C 41 % less than
 29 22 69  324 17
= Rs  x x x  = Rs x
 5 5 25  25 the number of marks obtained by A and
Thus, increase in price in 1983 over 1982 B together. Does C pass or fail?
Soln: Suppose maximum marks = 100 and pass
 324  24 percentage = 40
= Rs  x  12x  = Rs x
 25  25 According to the question,

KUNDAN
or, Percentage increase in price A secures 10% less than pass marks.
(100  10)
24  A’s marks = 40 
x 100
25  100
= = 8%
12x 90
Ex. 47: I n an exam inat ion, a candi dat e = 40  = 36
100
obtained 32% marks and failed by 16
marks. Another candidate secured 36% 1
marks and obtained 10 marks more Also, B obtains 11 % marks less than A
9
t han t he m ini m um m arks to pass. obtains.
Det er mi ne t he number of mi ni mum
marks to pass the examination?  100 
Soln: The unsuccessful candidate obtains 32% 100  
 9 
marks, he fails by 16 marks.  B’s marks = 36 
100
The successful candidate obtains 36%
marks. 36  800
He gets 10 marks more than pass marks. = = 32 marks
100  9
Difference in percentage
Total marks obtained by A and B
= 36 – 32 = 4
= 36 + 32 = 68.
Difference in marks = 16 + 10 = 26
Now 4% of maximum marks = 26 3
Now, C obtains 41 %, marks less than
26 17
100% of maximum marks =  100 = 650 the marks obtained A and B together
4
Marks obtained by successful candidate
36
= 650  = 234
100
Percentage 191

If the difference of votes is 15,000, votes

 3  received by winning candidate
100  41 
 C’s marks = 68   17  = 3 × 15,000 = 45,000.
100 Alternative Method:
Let the number of votes be x.
68  1000 Votes cast in favour of defeated candidate
= = 40 marks
100  17
40x
Hence, C passes. =
100
Ex. 49: In an examination maximum marks is
1000. In this examination, A obtains Votes cast in favour of winning candidate
20% less than B, B obtains 10% more 60x
than C, C obtains 5% less than D and =
100
D obtains 20% less than E. If A obtains
418 marks, then find the per cent of 60x 40x 20x
the total marks E obtained. Difference of votes =  =
100 100 100
Soln: Let E obtain 100 marks.
 Marks obtained by D According to the question,
= 100 – (20% of 100) 20x
= 80 marks = 15000

K
100
 Marks obtained by C
or, x = 15000 × 5
= 80 – (5% of 80)
15000  5  60
 5   required answer =
= 80 –  80   = 76 marks 100
 100 
= 45000
 Marks obtained by B
Ex. 51: In an election between two candidates
= 76 + (10% of 76)
A and B, A got 65% of the total votes
= 76 + 7.6 = 83.6 marks
cast and won the election by 2748 votes.
 Marks obtained by A
Find the total number of votes cast if
= 83.6 – (20% of 83.6 )
no vote is declared invalid.
= 83.6 – 16.72 = 66.88 marks
Soln: Let the total number of votes be x.
 If A obtains 66.88 marks, then marks Th en ,
obtained by E = 100

KUNDAN
Number of votes polled in favour of A
 If A obtains 418 marks, then marks
65x
625 =
obtained by E =  418 = 625 100
66.88
Number of votes polled in favour of B
 per cent marks obtained by E
35x
625 =
=  100 = 62.5% 100
1000
Ex. 50: In an election between two candidates, 65 x 35 x 30x
 difference of votes =  =
a candidate who gets 40% of the total 100 100 100
v otes pol l ed i s defeat ed by 15,000
votes. Find the number of votes polled Now, according to the question,
to winning candidate.
Soln: Let the number of votes be 100. 30x
= 2748
Votes cast in favour of defeated candidate 100
= 40
 Vot es cast in fav our of winning 2748  100
 x = = 9160
candidate = 100 – 40 = 60 30
Difference of votes = 60 – 40 = 20 Ex. 52: After spending 85% of his income and
Actual difference of votes = 15,000 giving 10% of the remainder in charity,
If t he diff er ence of v ot es is 20, v ot es a man has Rs 607.50 left with him.
received by winning candidate = 60 Find his income.
If t he dif fer ence of v ot es is 1, v ot es Soln: Let his income be Rs 100.
received by winning candidate Then, expenditure = Rs 85
60  Remainder = Rs (100 - 85) = Rs 15.
= = 3.
20
192 Concept of Arithmetic

 t he salar ies of A, B and C ar e as

 10 
Now, 10% of Rs 15 = Rs  15  2 : 3 : 4.
 100  Div iding Rs 14400 in the rat io of
= Rs 1.50 2 : 3 : 4. we get,
It is given that the man gives 10% of the
2
r emainder in char it y. Theref ore, A’s salary = of Rs 14400 = Rs 3200
contribution to charity = Rs 1.50 9
Balance left with the man
3
= Rs (15 – 1.50) = Rs 13.50 B’s salary = of Rs 14400 = Rs 4800
Now, 9
If the amount left with the man is Rs 4
13.50, his income = Rs 100. C’s salary = of Rs 14400 = Rs 6400
9
 If the amount left with the man is Rs
607.50, his income Ex. 54: A man spends 75% of his income, when
i ncom e i s incr eased by 20%, he
 100  increases his expenditure by 10%. By
= Rs   607 .50  = Rs 4500.
 13 .50  how m uch per cent i s hi s sav i ngs
Hence, his income = Rs 4500. increased?
Ex. 53: Three per sons A, B and C whose Soln: Let man’s income be Rs x.

K
salaries together amount to Rs 14400, 75 3x
spend 80, 85 and 75 per cent of their  Man’s expenditure = Rs x  = Rs
100 4
salaries respectively. If their savings
are as 8 : 9 : 20, find their respective  3x  x
salar ies. His savings = Rs  x   = Rs
 4  4
Soln: A saves (100 - 80) or 20% of his salary, B
saves (100 - 85) or 15% of his salary, After income is increased by 20% , new
C saves (100 - 75) or 25% of his salary, income

20 15   20  
 of A’s salary : of B’s salary : = Rs x  1  
100 100   100  

25  120x  6x
of C’s salary = Rs   = Rs

KUNDAN
100  100  5
= 8 : 9 : 20 ... (1) New expenditure
1 3 3  10  
From (1),
5
of A’s salary :
20
of B’s salary = Rs  x  1  
4  100  
= 8 : 9.
3 11  33x
1 9 38 = Rs  x   = Rs
 of A’s salary = of B’s salary 4 10  40
5 20
 6x 33 x 
3 85  New savings = Rs   
 A’s salary : B’s salary =  5 40 
20  9
 48  33 
2 = Rs  x
= = 2 : 3.  40 
3
Again from (1), 3x
= Rs
15 25 8
of B’s salary : of C’s salary  Percentage increase in savings
100 100
= 9 : 20.
3 1 
 x x
15  20 25  9  8 4   100 %
 of B’s salary = of C’s =  1 
100 100  x 
salary.  4 
 B’s salary : C’s salary
 3x  2x 
25  9  100 3 =    100 % = 50%
= = = 3 : 4.  2x 
15  20  100 4
Percentage
Practice Exercise
1. 55% of the population of a town are males. If
the total population of the town is 64100,
find the population of females in the town.
2. Find the per cent of pure gold in 22 carat
gold, if 24 carat gold is hundred per cent pure
gold.
3. In a fabric, cotton and synthetic fibres are in
the ratio of 2 : 3. What is the percentage of
cotton fibre in the fabric?
4. 2% of the employees in a factory are females
and the number of male employees is 264.
Find the total number of employees. Also, find
the number of female employees.
5. A man spends 92% of his monthly income. If
he sav es Rs 220 per month, what is his
K
monthly income?
6. In an examination 94% of the candidates
passed and 114 failed. How many candidates
appeared?
7. If the price of an article is raised by 10% ,
find by how much per cent must a consumer
reduce his consumption of that article so as
not to increase his expenditure on that article.
8. Due to a fall of 10% in the rate of sugar, 500
gm more sugar can be purchased for Rs 140.
Find thd original rate and the reduced rate of
the sugar.
9. Expenditure of Ashok is 20% less than that
KUNDAN
of Ajeet. What per cent is Ajeet’s expenditure
more than Ashok’s expenditure?
10. A man loses 20% of his money. After spending
25% of the remainder, he has Rs 480.00 left.
How much money did he originally have?
11. There is an er ror in the measurement of
length and widt h of the f loor of a r oom.
Measurement of length is 5% more than the
real length and the measurement of width is
3% less than the real width. Find the per
cent error in the area of the floor.
12. In an examination 49% students failed in
English and 36% students failed in Hindi. If
15% failed in both the subjects, find the
percentage of students who passed in both
the subjects. If total number of students who
passed the examination is 450, then find the
number of st udent s who appeared in the
examination.
13. In an examination, 60% passed in English,
52% in Mathematics, while 32% failed in
bot h. If 176 student s passed in both the
subjects, find the number of candidates who
sat for the examination.
14. In an examination a candidate obtained 30%
mar ks and f ailed by 16 marks. Another
candidate secured 45% marks and obtained
15 marks more than the minimum marks to
193
pass. Find the total marks and the minimum
per cent marks to pass the examination.
15. Two candidat es A and B cont est ed an
election. At the elction 10% of the people on
the voting list did not vote. A defeated B by
308 votes and by counting it is found that A
had been supported by 47% of the whole
number on the voter’s list. Find the number
of votes obtained by A and B.
16. In an election 10% of the people in the voters’
list did not participate. 60 votes were declared
invalid. There are only two candidates A and
B. A defeated B by 308 votes. It was found
that 47% of the people listed in the voters’
list voted for A. Find the total number of votes
polled.
17. In an examination in which maximum marks
are 2500. In this examination Ram got 50%
2
more marks than Shyam, Shyam got 16 %
3
1
less marks than Hari and Hari got 33 %
3
more marks than Krishna. If Ram got 1500
marks, then what percentage of marks was
obtained by Krishna?
18. In an examination in which maximum marks
are 500, A got 10% less than B, B got 25%
more than C, C got 20% less than D. If A got
360 marks, what percentage of marks was
obtained by D?
19. In an examination, pass marks are 36% of
maximum marks. If an examinee gets 17
marks and fails by 10 mar ks in t he
examination, what are the maximum marks?
20. If the import duty on motor cars be reduced
by 40 per cent of its present amount, by how
much per cent must the import of cars be
increased in order that,
(i) the revenue may be unaltered;
(ii) the revenue may be increased by 10 per
cent?
21. A shoe has six pairs of eyelets. The two eyelets
3
which form a pair are cm apart, when the
8
shoe is laced while each pair of eyelets is
half a cm from the next pair. A lace measuring
10 cm is threaded through the bottom holes
and carried over in the form of a letter X to
the next pair of holes and so on to the top.
Find what percentage of the whole length of
the laces left over at the top pair of holes to
be tied into a bow.
194
2 2 . In an election 20% of the total voters did not
take part. There are three candidates A, B
and C in the election. A got 40% of the total
votes polled and B got 23% of the total number 31.
of votes. A won the election by 7000 votes
from his nearest competitor. Find the total
number of voters in the election. How many
of them take part in the election and who
was the nearest competitor of A? And also 32.
find the number of votes obtained by each
candidate A, B and C separately.
23. A mot or ist r educes his dist ance cov ered 33.
annually (in km) by x% when the price of
petrol increased by y%. Find the increase per
cent in his annual petrol bill.
24. Tax on commodity is decreased by 10% and 34.
thereby its consumption increases by 8%. Find
t he incr ease or decr ease in t he r ev enue
obtained from the commodity.
K
25. The price of sugar has been increased by 32%
but a family reduced its consumption so that
the expenditure on it was only 10% more than
before. If the earlier monthly consumption of
sugar of the family was 10 kg, what is its 35.
monthly consumption now?
26. Ram order ed f or 6 black t oys and some
additional brown toys. The prices of black 36.
1
toy is 2 times that of a brown toy. While
2 ago was 352947. Find the rate per cent?
preparing the bill, the clerk interchanged the 37.
number of black toys which increased the bill
KUNDAN
by 45% . Find the number of brown toys.
1
27. Out of five questions in a paper, th of 38.
20
1 appr eciat es at 10% per annum and the
students answered all questions and th
20
1 and the building will be the same.
none. Of the rest th answered only four
4 39.
1 1
and answered only one question. If 24 %
5 2
of the total number of students answered only
three questions and 200 answered only two, 40.
what was the total number of students?
28. A man spends 80% of his income. With the
increase in the cost of living his expenditure
increases by 37.5% and his income increases 41.
2
by 16 % . Find his present savings.
3 its present population.
29. A salesman’s commission is 5% on all sales 42.
upto Rs 10000 and 4% on all sales exceeding
t hat . He r emit s Rs 31100 t o his parent
company after deduct ing his commission.
Find his total sales.
30. The number of males per hundred females in
a country was 120. At the next census, the
Concept of Arithmetic
total population increased by 5% and the
female population increased by 10%. Find the
increase per cent in the male population.
The ratio of the number of boys to that of girls
in a school is 3 : 2. If 20% boys and 25%
girls ar e scholar ship holders, find t he
percentage of the school students who are
not scholarship holders.
Two numbers are respectively 20 per cent and
50 per cent more than a third number. What
percentage is the first of the second?
Two numbers are 30% and 37% less than a
t hir d number respect ively. The second
number is what per cent less than the first
number?
The cost of manufacturing a car is made up of
three items : cost of raw material, labour and
overheads. In a year the cost of these items
were in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2. Next year the cost
of raw material rose by 10% , labour cost
increased by 8% but the overheads reduced
by 5% . Find the percentage increase in the
price of the car.
The annual increase in the population of a
town is 5% . If the present population of the
town is 231525, what was it 3 years ago?
The number of inhabitants in a town increases
at a certain rate per cent. The number at
present is 375000 and the number 3 years
The value of a machine is Rs 2,00,000. At
the end of every year its value reduces at the
rate of 2% of that at the beginning of the year.
Find its value at the end of third year.
A building worth Rs 1331000 is constructed
on a land wor t h Rs 729000. If the land
building depreciates at 10% per annum, find
the time after which the values of the land
24000 blood donors were registered with a
charitable hospital. The number of donors
increased at the rate of 5% every six month.
Find the time period at the end of which the
total number of blood donors becomes 27783.
The population of a village is 20000. If the
annual birth rate is 4% and the annual death
rate 2% , calculate the population after two
years.
The population of a town 2 years ago was
62500. Due to migration of cities, it decreases
every year at the rate of 4% per annum. Find
Total population of a country is 294 × 106 out
of which 150 million are males and the rest
females. Out of every 1000 males, 98 can read
and write but only 5.3% of the total population
can do so. Find what percentage of women
in the whole women population of the country
can read and write.
Percentage
43. The population of a town increases by 12%
during the first year and decreases by 10%
during t he second year . If t he pr esent
population of a town is 50400, what was it 2
years ago?
44. A litre of water is evaporated from 6 litres of
sugar solution containing 4% of sugar and
the rest water. Find the percentage of sugar
in the remaining solution.
45. The daily wages of a worker are increased by
10% but the number of hours worked by him
per week is decreased by 10% . If originally
he was getting Rs 2000 per week, what will
he get per week now?
46. The population of a town consists of 40%
men, 35% women and 25% children. If there
are 28000 more women than children, find
the number of men, women and children
separately.
K
47. The present population of a certain city is
30,00,000. If the annual birth and death rates
are 3.6% and 1.6% respectively, find the
population of city after 3 years.
Answers and explanations
1. We have, population of the town = 64100
55
55% of the population =  64100 = 35255.
100
KUNDAN
It is given that 55% of the population are
males. Therefore, number of males = 35255.
Hence, number of females in the town
= Total Population – No. of males
= 64100 – 35255 = 28845
2. In 22 carat gold, pure gold is 22 parts of 24
parts.
 per cent of pure gold in 22 carat gold
 22  2
=   100 % = 91 %
 24  3
 22  2
=   100 % = 91 %
 24  3
3. It is given that the cotton and synthetic fibres
are in the ratio 2 : 3. So, let cot ton and
synthetic fibres be 2x and 3x respectively.
Total quantity of fibre = 2x + 3x = 5x
Thus, in 5x fibres, cotton fibres = 2x
 Percentage of cotton fibres
 2x  Hence, the total number of employees = 300
=   100 % = 40%
 5x   Number of female employees
4. Let the total number of employees be 100.
Then, the number of female employees = 12
 Number of male employees
= (100 – 12) = 88
195
48. The price of an article is reduced by 10%. To
restore it to its former value, by how much
per cent should the new price be increased?
49. If the income of a person decreases by 50%,
find the percentage increase of his income
so that there is no loss or gain.
50. In an examination out of 600000 candidates
5% remain absent, 30% of t he appeared
candidates failed. The ratio of candidates who
passed in first division, in second division
and in third division is 1 : 2 : 3. Find the
number of successful candidates in different
divisions.
51. There is a census after an interval of 10 years
starting from 1961. There are increase in
population at the rate of 10%, 15% and 40%
of a certain city in 1971, 1981 and 1991. If
the total population in 1991 be 2567950, find
the population of the city in 1961.
52. After 30 kg of water had been evaporated from
a solution of salt and water, which had 15%
salt, the remaining solution had 20% salt.
Find the weight of the original solution.
Now, if the number of male employees is 88,
total number of employees = 100
If the number of male employees is 264, total
 100 
number of employees =   264   300
 88 
Hence, the total number of employees = 300
 Number of female employees
= (300 – 264) = 36.
Alternative Method:
Let the total number of employees be x.
It is giv en t hat the number of f emale
employees = 12%
Therefore, number of male employees
= (100 – 12)% = 88%
It is also given that the total number of male
employees is 264.
 88% of x = 264
88
or,  x  264
100
264  100
or, x =
88
or, x = 300.
= 300 – 264 = 36.
5. Let the total income be Rs x.
We have, expenditure = 92%
 Savings = (100 – 92)% = 8%
196 Concept of Arithmetic

It is given that the man saves Rs 220. This 8. Reduction in rate of sugar = 10%
means that 8% of the total income is Rs 220.  500 gm more sugar can be purchased for
Rs 140.
8 220  100
ie  x  220  x =  1 kg more sugar can be purchased for
100 8 = (140 × 2 =) Rs 280.
 x = 2750
Hence, the man’s monthly income = Rs 2750. 10
10% of 280 =  280 = Rs 28
Alternative Method: 100
Let his monthly income be Rs 100. Now, from Rs 28 one can purchase 1 kg of
Then, his expenditure = Rs 92. sugar.
 His savings = Rs (100 - 92) = Rs 8.  reduced rate of 1 kg of sugar = Rs 28.
Now, if the savings is Rs 8, then income Suppose original price of 1 kg of sugar = Rs x
= Rs 100.
10x
If the savings is Rs 220, then income Reduction in price = 10% of x =
100
 100 
= Rs   220  = Rs 2750.
 8   10 x 
Reduced price of the sugar per kg =  x  
Hence, the man’s monthly income = Rs 2750.  100 
6. Suppose 100 candidates appeared in t he 90x

K
examination. = Rs
100
Then, number of passed candidates = 94 Now, according to the question,
Number of failed candidates = (100 - 94) = 6.
Thus, if the number of f ailur es is 6, 90x
= 28
candidates appeared = 100 100
If the number of failures is 114, candidates
28  100 280
 100  or, x = =
appeared =  114  = 1900 90 9
 6 
280 1
Hence, 1900 candidates appear ed in the ie price of sugar per kg = Rs = Rs 31
examination. 9 9
Alternative Method: 9. Let the expenditure of Ajeet be Rs 100.
We have, pass percentage = 94%  Ashok’s expenditure = Rs (100 – 20)

KUNDAN
 percentage of failures = 6% = Rs 80
Let the number of candidates appeared be x.  Ajeet’s expenditure is Rs 20 more than that
It is given that 114 candidates failed in the of Ashok.
examination and the percentage of failures is  When Ashok’s expenditure is Rs 80, then
6% . Ajeet’s expenditure is Rs 20 more.
Therefore, 6% of x = 114  When Ashok’s expenditure is Rs 100, then
6 20  100
or,  x  114 Ajeet’s expenditure is = 25% more.
100 80
10. Suppose, he originally had Rs 100.
114  100
or, x =  1900 Amount lost = 20% of Rs 100 = Rs 20.
6 Remainder = Rs (100 - 20) = Rs 80.
Hence, 1900 candidates appear ed in the Expenditure = 25% of the remainder
examination. = 25% of Rs 80
7. Let the consumption of an article originally
be 100 kg and its price be Rs 100. Then,  25 
= Rs   80  = Rs 20.
New price of 100 kg of the article = Rs 110  100 
[  Price increases by 10% ] Remainder = Rs (80 - 20) = Rs 60.
Now, Rs 110 can fetch 100 kg of the article If remainder is Rs 60, he originally had Rs
 Rs 100 can fetch 100.
If remainder is Re 1, he originally had Rs
 100  1000
=  100  = kg of the article
 110  11 100
.
 Reduction in consumption 60
If remainder is Rs 480, he originally had
 1000  100 1
= 100  % = % = 9 %  100 
 11  11 11 Rs   480  = Rs 800.
 60 
Hence, the man had Rs 800.
Percentage 197

Alternative Method:
100  450
Suppose he originally had Rs x. number of students =
30
20 x
Amount lost = 20% of Rs x =  x = Rs = 1500 students
100 5 13. Let the number of candidates = 100
According to the question,
 x 4x
Remainder = Rs  x   = Rs Number of candidates who, passed in English
 5 5 = 60
Expenditure = 25% of the remainder  number of candidates who failed in English
= 100 – 60 = 40
4x
= 25% of Rs Again number of candidates, who passed in
5 Maths = 52
25 4x x  Number of candidates, who failed in Maths
=  = Rs = 100 – 52 = 48
100 5 5 Again number of candidates, who failed in
both = 32
 4x x  3x
Remainder = =    = Rs  Number of candidat es, who f ailed in
 5 5 5 English only = 40 – 32 = 8
Now, according to the question, Number of candidates, who failed in Maths

K
only = 48 – 32 = 16
3x Hence, the number of candidates, who failed
= Rs 480
5 in both subjects = 8 + 16 + 32 = 56
 Number of candidates, who passed in both
480  5
or, x = = Rs 800 subjects
3 = 100 - 56 = 44
Hence, the man had Rs 800. If 44 candidates passed in both subjects, total
11. Let the real length and width be 100 metres candidates = 100
and 100 metres respectively. If 1 candidate passed in both subjects, total
 real area of the floor = 100 × 100
100
= 10000 sq m candidates =
Now, measurement of length = (100 + 5 =) 105 m 44
and the measurement of width = (100 – 3 =) If 176 candidates passed in both subjects,

KUNDAN
97 m
100
 measurement of area total candidates =  176 = 400.
= (105 × 97 =) 10185 sq m 44
 Error in area = (10185 – 10000 =) 185 sq m 14. Suppose total marks is x and the minimum
 In area of 10000 sq m error in area marks to pass the examination is y.
= 185 sq m  marks obtained by the first candidate

185  100 30 3x
 In area of 100 sq m error in area = = 30% of x = x =
10000 100 10
= 1.85% Since, he failed by 16 marks
12. Suppose, number of students who appeared 3x
in the examination = 100  = y – 60
10
 Number of students failed in English = 49 or, 3x – 10y = –600 ....(i)
Number of students failed in Hindi = 36 Now, marks obtained by the second candidate
Number of students who failed in both the
subjects = 15 45 9x
= 45% of x = x  =
Number of students who failed in English 100 20
Only Since second candidate obtained 15 marks
= 49 – 15 = 34 more than the minimum marks to pass.
Number of students who failed in Hindi only
9x
= 36 – 15 = 21  = y + 15
Total number of failed students 20
= 34 + 21 + 15 = 70 or, 9x – 20y = 300 ....(ii)
 Total number of students who passed in Now, mult iplying equat ion (i) by 2 and
both the subjects = (100 – 70) = 30 subtracting it from equation (ii), we have
 When 30 students are passed, then total 3x = 1500
number of students = 100  x = 500
 When 450 students are passed, the total  Total marks = 500
198 Concept of Arithmetic

Now, putting the value of x in equation (i), we 16. Let the total number of people in the voters’
have, list be x.
1500 – 10y = –600 10% people did not participate in voting.
 10y = 2100  Number of people participated in the voting.
2100 x 9x
 y = = 210 = x – 10% of x = x  =
10 10 10
 Minimum marks to pass = 210 Now, according to the question, 60 votes were
 In 500 total marks one should obtain 210 declared invalid.
minimum marks to pass the examination.
9x
 In 100 tot al marks one should obt ain  Total number of valid votes polled =  60
10
 210  Now, according to the question
 100   42 minimum marks to pass the
 500  Total number of votes obtained by A
examination. 47
Hence the minimum per cent marks to pass = 47% of x = x
the examination is 42% . 100
Alternative Method: Now, number of votes obtained by B
Let the total marks be 100.

K
9x 47 43
 Marks obtained by first candidate = 30 and = 60  x = x  60
10 100 100
the marks obtained by the second candidate
= 45 Again according to the question,
Difference in their obtained marks 47 x  43 
= 45 – 30 = 15  x  60  = 308
100  100 
But the real difference of his obtained marks
is 60 + 15 = 75 4x
 When difference is 15, then the total marks or, = 308 – 60 = 248
100
is 100.
 When difference is 75, the total marks is 248  100
 x = = 6200
 100  4
  75   500.
 15   total number of votes polled = 90% of x

KUNDAN
= 90% of 6200
Marks obtained by first candidate = 30% of
500 90
= 6200 = 5580
= 150 100
 Minimum marks = 150 + 60 = 210
17. Let Krishna get 100 marks
210  Marks obtained by Hari
 Required per cent =  100 = 42%
500 1 1
15. Let total number of voters be 100. = 100 + 33 % of 100 = 100 + 33
3 3
 the number of people who participated in
the election = 100 – 10 = 90 100 400
Votes obtained by A = 47 = 100 + = marks
3 3
Votes obtained by B = 90 – 47 = 43  Marks obtained by Shyam
Difference between the obtained votes of A
and B = 47 – 43 = 4 400 2 400
=  16 % of
 When A obtains 4 more votes than B, then 3 3 3
the total number of votes = 100
 When A obtains 308 more votes than B, 400 400 50
=  
then the total number of votes 3 3 3  100
100  308 400 200 1000
= = 7700 =  = marks
4 3 9 9
 Votes obtained by A = 47% of 7700  Marks obtained by Ram
47
= 7700  = 3619 1000 1000
100 = + 50% of
9 9
Votes obtained by B = 43% of 7700
43 1000 1000 50 500
= 7700  = 3311 =   = marks
100 9 9 100 3
Percentage 199

500 110 11
When marks obtained by Ram is , then (ii) The new revenue is to be or of the
3 100 10
marks obtained by Krishna = 100 former revenue.
 When marks obtained by Ram is 1500, then Therefore the number of cars imported must
100  3  1500  11 3  11
marks obtained by Krishna = be    or of the present number.
500  10 5  6
= 900
 per cent marks obtained by Krishna  11 
Therefore the import must increase by   1
 6 
900
 100 = 36%
2500 5 1
or or by 83 per cent.
18. Suppose marks obtained by D = 100 6 3
 Marks obtained by C = 100 – (20% of 100) Alternative Method:
Let x be t he number of car s import ed
 20  100 
= 100 –   = 80 originally, and let Rs y be the duty on each
 100  car. The present revenue derived from the
 Marks obtained by B = 80 + (25% of 80) import is Rs xy.

K
The new duty on each car
 25 
= 80 +  80   = 100
60 3
 100 
= of Rs y = Rs y.
 Marks obtained by A = 100 – (10% of 100) 100 5
(i) The new r evenue is t he same as bef ore,
 10  100 
= 100 –   = 90 namely, Rs xy;
 100   the number of cars to be imported
 When marks obtained by A is 90, then
marks obtained by D = 100 2 2
166 166
xy 5 500 3 3
 When marks obtained by A is 60, then =  x  x  x  of the
3 3 300 100 100
100 y
marks obtained by D =  360 = 400 5
90
present number.

KUNDAN
400
 per cent marks obtained by D =  100 2
500  The import must increase by 66 per cent.
= 80% 3
19. Let the maximum marks be x.
110
An examinee gets 17 marks and fails by 10 (ii) The new revenue = Rs xy ;
marks. 100
 pass marks = 17 + 10 = 27  t he number of car s t o be import ed
Now, according to the question, 1 1
36% of maximum marks = Pass marks 183 183
= 110 3 550 3 x 3 of
xy  y  x 
36 100 5 300 100 100
or,  x = 27
100 the present number
1
27  100  The import must increase by 83 per cent.
or, x = = 75 3
36
21. According to the question,
Here maximum marks = 75
3 3
20. (i) The new duty is 60 per cent or of the Distance between corresponding eyelets = m
5 8
former duty. 1
Therefore, in order that the revenue may Distance between two pairs = cm
2
remain unaltered the number of cars imported Now when the lace goes from one eyelet on
5 one side to another eyelet of the next pair to
must be of the present number. Therefore f or m X, t he dist ance is equal t o the
3
hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with
5  2
the import must increase by  1 or by 66 3 1
3  3 sides equal to cm and cm.
8 2
per cent.
200 Concept of Arithmetic

Hence, length of the lace forming one 23. Solve as Q.No. 20. (Now see the solution
given below.)
2 2
3 1 9 1 Let the annual distance covered by the motorist
X = 2     = 2 
be 100 km and the price of petrol be Rs 100
8 2 64 4
per km.
25 5 10  Annual bill of petrol = Rs (100 × 100)
= 2 = 2 = and there are 5 such X’s. Now, according to the question, distance is
64 8 8 reduced by x% and t he pr ice of petrol is
increased by y% .
10 50
 Lace used by these = 5  = cm  New annual bill of petrol
8 8 = Rs (100 – x)(100 + y)
Now lace used for joining two corresponding  Percentage increase in annual petrol bill
3 (100  x )(100  y )  (100  100)
eyelets at the bottom = cm =  100
8 100  100
Total length of the lace used
 100  x  100  y   100  100 
50 3 53 =      100
=  = cm  100  100   100  100 
8 8 8

K
 x  y  
53 27 = 1  1    1  100
Lace left out = 10  = cm   100   100  
8 8
Hence, percentage of lace left over x y xy
 
= 1     1  100
27  100 100 100  100 
27 270
= 8  100   10  = 33.75%  xy 
10 8 8 = y  x  %
 100 
2 2 . Suppose total number of voters = 100
Number of voters who polled the vote 24. Solve as Q.No. 23. Now, see the solution
= 100 – 20 = 80 given below.
Votes obtained by A = 40% of the votes polled Let the total tax on the commodity be Rs 100
per unit and total consumption be 100 units.
40

KUNDAN
= 40% of 80 =  80 = 32  total revenue collection = Tax per unit ×
100 number of units consumed
Votes obtained by B = (100 × 100 =) Rs 10000
= 23% of the total number of votes If the tax is decreased by 10%, new tax rate
= 23% of 100 = 23 will be Rs (100 – 10) = Rs 90 per unit
Votes obtained by C = 80 – (32 + 23) = 25 If consumption be incr eased by 8% , new
Clearly, after A, C obt ains the maximum consumption will be (100 + 8 =) 108 units
number of vot es. Hence C is the nearest New revenue collection = Rs 90 × 108
competitor of A. = Rs 9720
Difference of votes obtaind by A and C Decrease in revenue collection
= 32 – 25 = 7 = Rs (10000 – 9720) = Rs 280
 When A obtains 7 votes more than C, then Percentage decrease in revenue collection
total votes = 100 280
 When A obtains 7000 votes more than C, =  100 = 2.8%
10000
100 25. See the solution given in Q.No. 7. It will
then total votes =  7000 = 100000 votes
7 become easier to slove this question.
Hence total number of votes = 100000 Suppose price of sugar is Rs 100 per kg.
Number of voters who took part in the election Earlier monthly expenditure of the family
= 100000 – 20% of 100000 = (100 × 10) = Rs. 1000
= 80000 Suppose, monthly consumption of sugar of
Votes obtained by A = 40% of the votes polled the family now is Rs x per kg.
= 40% of 80000 = 32000 Increased price of sugar = 100 + (32% of 100)
Votes obtained by B = Rs 132
= 23% of total number of votes Monthly expenditure of the family now
= 23% of 100000 = 23000 = Rs 132x
Votes obtained by C = 80000 – (32000 + 23000) Increase in monthly expenditure
= 25000 = Rs (132x – 1000)
Percentage 201

Percentage increase in monthly expenditure

1 9x 9x
of  students answered only one
132x  1000 5 10 50
=  100
1000 question
Now, according to the question,
1 49x
24 % of x = students answered only
132x  1000 2 200
 100 = 10
1000 three questions
or, 132x = 1100 Total number of students who answered only
two questions
1100 25 1
x= = = 8 kg 9x 9x 9x 49x
132 3 3   
=
26. Let the number of brown toys be x and the 10 40 50 200
cost of a brown toy be Re 1 180x  45x  36x  49x
=
5 5 200
Cost of a black toy = 1 = Rs
2 2 180x  130x 50x x
= = =
5 200 200 4
Total cost of black toys = 6  = Rs 15 As the number of students who answered only

K
2
two questions is 200.
Total cost of brown toys = x × 1 = Rs x
x
Total cost of both the toys = Rs (15 + x)  = 200
Considering the mistake by clerk, cost of black 4
or x = 800
5 The total number of students is 800.
toys = Rs x 
2 28. Let his income be Rs 100.
And cost of brown toys = 6 × 1 = Rs 6 Expenses = 80% of 100 = Rs 80
 savings = (100 – 80 =) Rs 20
 5x  Increase in expenditure
Total combined cost (faulty) = Rs   6
 2 
1 75
According to the question, = 37 % of 80 = % of 80
2 2
145  5 x 

KUNDAN
(15  x )   6 75
100  2  =  80 = Rs 30
200
29 29x 5x Increased expenditure = 80 + 30 = Rs 110
or, 15    6
20 20 2 2
Increased income = 100  16
87 5 9 3
or, 6  x  x
4 2 20 2 350
= Rs 116 = Rs
63 1 3 3
or,  x
4 20 2 2 20
or, x =15 Savings = 116  110 = Rs 6 = Rs
3 3 3
27. Let the total number of students be x
Number of students who answered all the 20 3 40 5
 % savings =   100 = = 5 %
x 3 350 7 7
questions =
20 29. Let total sales of the salesman be Rs x.
Number of st udent s who answer ed no Total commission up to sale of Rs 10000
x
question at all = 5
20 = 10000  = 500.
Remaining number of students who answered 100
one, two, three or four questions Tot al commission for sales exceeding Rs
x x 18x 9x 10000
= x    (x  10000)  4 x  1000
20 20 20 10 = 
Now, according to the question, 100 25
According to the question,
1 9x 9x
of  students answered only four  x  10000 
4 10 40 x   500    31100
 25 
questions
202 Concept of Arithmetic

or, 25x – (12500 + x – 10000) = 25 × 31100 33. Let the third number be x.
or, 24x – 2500 = 25 × 31100 Then, the first number = x – 30% of x
25  31200 30 7x
or, x = = 32500. = x
x =
24 100 10
30. Let the present female population be 100 Second number = x – 37% of x
 Male population at present will be 120
37 63x
(given) = x
x =
 Total population at present 100 100
= 100 + 120 = 220 Difference between the numbers
After census the new total population 7 x 63x 70x  63x 7x
= 220 + 5% of 220 =  = =
10 100 100 100
105
= 220  = 231 7x
100
After census, female population 100  100
 Required percentage = = 10%
= 100 + 10% of 100 = 110 7x
After census, population of male 10
= 231 – 110 = 121 34. Let the cost of r aw mat er ial, labour and

K
Increase in male population = 121 – 120 = 1 ov er heads be Rs 4x, Rs 3x and Rs 2x
Percentage increase in male population respectively.
1 5 Increased price of raw material
=  100 = %
120 6  100  10  110 22x
= 4x    = 4x  = Rs
31. Suppose the number of boys and girls in the  100  100 5
school are 3x and 2x respectively. Increased cost of labour
 Number of scholarship holder students
= 20% of 3x + 25% of 2x = 1.1x  100  8  108 81x
Hence, the required percentage = 3x    = 3x  = Rs
 100  100 25
3x  2x   1.1x  100 Reduced overheads
=
3x  2x  100  5  95 19x

KUNDAN
= 2x    = 2x  = Rs
3.9x  100  100 10
=  100 = 78%
5x New total cost of manufacturing
32. Let the third number be x
 22x 81x 19x 
20 x = Rs    
 20% of x = x    5 25 10 
100 5
 220x  162x  95x  477x
x 5 x  x 6x = Rs   = Rs
 first number = x     50  50
5 5 5
Initial cost of manufacturing
50 x = Rs (4x +3x +2x) = Rs 9x
Now, 50% of x = x  
100 2
 477x 
 increase in cost = Rs   9x 
x 3x  50 
 second number = x  
2 2
27x
Let the first number be y% of the second = Rs
50
3x 6x  required per cent increase
number then, y% of 
2 5 27 x  100
= = 6%
3x y 6x 50  9x
or,   35. By the formula, if the annual increase be r%,
2 100 5
then the population n years ago
6x  100  2
or, y   80%
 r 
n
P
3x  5
= P 1   = n
Hence, first number is 80 per cent of the  100   r 
1  
second number.  100 
Percentage 203

Here, P = 231525, r = 5% and n = 3 years 38. Let t be the time in which the value of the
land and the building be the same.
231525 Value of land when it appreciates at 10% per
 Required population = 3
 5  annum in time t
1  
 100  t t
 10   11 
= 729000 1   = 729000  
231525  20  20  20  100   10 
= = 200000
21  21  21 Value of building when it depreciates at 10%
36. If the original population of a town is P, and per annum in time ‘t’
the annual inrease is r%, then the population
in n years will be obtained by the formula t t
 10   9 
given below: = 1331000 1   = 1331000  
 100   10 
n The value of land and building will be the
 r 
Required population = P 1   same in t years, ie
 100 
t t
Here, required population = 375000,  11   9 
729000    1331000  
P = 352947 and n = 3 years  10   10 

K
3 t
 r   11 10  1331000 1331
375000 = 352947 1   or,     
 100   10 9  729000 729

3 3
375000  r  11  11  11  11 
=  
or, = 1   9 9 9  9 
352947  100 
t 3
3  11   11 
125000  r  or,     
or, = 1    9  9
117649  100 
or, t = 3 years
3 3 Hence, the value of land and building will be
 50   r  the same in 3 years.
or,   = 1  

KUNDAN
 49   100  39. We have,
P = Initial number of donors = 24000
50 r A = Final number of donors = 27783
or, = 1
49 100 R = Rate of increase = 5% every six month
= 10% per annum
50 r Let the total time be n years. Then,
or, 1 =
49 100 2n
 R 
A = P 1  
1 r  100 
or, =
49 100 2n
 10 
1 r or, 27783 = 24000 1  
  200 
or,
49 100
2n
 21 
100 2 or, 27783 = 24000  
r= = 2  20 
49 49
2n
2 27783  21 
 required rate = 2 % or, =  
49 24000  20 
37. Value of machine at the end of third year
3 2n
3  21   21 
 2  or,   =  
= 200000 1    20   20 
 100 
or, 2n = 3
98  98  98 3
= 200000  or, n =
100  100  100 2
= Rs 188238.408 3
Hence, required time period = years.
2
204 Concept of Arithmetic

40. We have, annual birth rate = 4% and annual Now according to the question,
death rate = 2%
 r  r 
 Annual growth = (4 – 2)% = 2% P 1  1  1  2  = 50400
Thus, we have  100   100 
P = Initial population = 20000;
 12   10 
R = Rate of growth = 2% per annum; or, 50400 = P 1   1  
n = 2 years  100   100 
n 28 9
 R 
 Population after 2 years = P 1   or, 50400 = P  
 100  25 10

2 2 50400  25  10
 2   1  or, P = = 50000
= 20000 1   = 20000 1   28  9
 100   50 
44.  100 litres of solution contains 4 parts of
2 sugar.
 51  51 51
= 20000   = 20000   = 20808 4
 50  50 50  sugar in 6 litres of solution = 6
100
Hence, population of the town after 2 years
= 0.24 parts

K
= 20808.
Now, 1 litre water is evaporated,
41. We have,
Now, 5 litres of solution contains 0.24 parts
Population two years ago = 62500
of sugar.
Rate of decrease of population = 4% per annum.
0.24
2  100 litres of solution contains =  100
 4  5
 Present population = 62500  1  
 100  = 4.8%
45. Suppose the daily wages and the number of
2 2 hours worked by the worker per week are Rs
 1   24 
= 62500  1   = 62500    x and y hours respectively. Then xy = 2000
 25   25 
(100  10)x (100  10 )y 99
Also,  = Rs xy
24 24 100 100 100
= 62500   = 57600.
25 25

KUNDAN
will be the new wages per week.
Hence, present population = 57600. Hence, the new wages per week
42. Total population = 294000000 99
Number of males = 150000000 =  2000 = Rs 1980
100
Number of females = 294000000 – 150000000 46. In the population of the town,
= 144000000 Women = 35%
Number of persons who can read and write Children = 25% and
294000000 5.3 Men = 40%
= = 15582000
100 Now, according to the question, the number
of women is 28000 mor e than t hat of
98
Number of literate males = 150000000  children.
1000  (35% – 25% ) of total population = 28000
= 14700000 or, 10% of total population = 28000
 Number of literate females  10 
= 15582000 – 14700000 = 882000 or,   of total population = 28000
 100 
 Percentage of literate females
28000  100
882000  100 49  Total population = = 280000
= = % = 0.6125% 10
144000000 80
 Number of men
43. Let the population of the town 2 years ago be
= 40% of the total population
P. Since the population increases in the first
year and decr eases in the second year , 40  280000
therefore, = = 112000
100
Population after 2 years
Number of women
 r1   r  = 35% of the total population
= P 1   1  2  ;
 100   100  35  280000
= = 98000
where r1 = 12% and r2 = 10% 100
Percentage 205

Number of children Number of candidat es f ailed in t he

= 25% of the total population examination
25  280000 30
= = 70000 = 570000  = 171000
100 100
 Number of successf ul candidat es who
47. Birth rate = 3.6% and death rate = 1.6% passed in the exam in various divisions
Resultant growth = 3.6% – 1.6% = 2% = 570000 – 171000 = 399000
 Population of the town after 3 years But the ratio of candidates who passed in
3 first, second and third division = 1 : 2 : 3
 2  Number of candidates passed in first division
= 3000000 1  
 100 
1
=  399000 = 66500
 51 51 51  1 2  3
= 3000000     = 3183624
Number of candidates passed in second
 50 50 50 
division
48. Let the original price of an article be Rs x.
If the price is reduced by 10%, then new price 2
=  399000 = 133000
1 2  3
 100  10  9
= Rs  x = Rs x Number of candidates passed in third division

K
 100  10
3
To restore it to its former price, let the new =  399000 = 199500
price be increased by y% . 1 2  3
According to the question, 51. Let the total population of the city in 1961 be
x. Then, according to the question,
 9   100  y 
 x  = x  10   15   40 
 10   100  2567950 = x 1   1   1  
 100  100  100 
1000
or, (100 + y) = 11 23 7
9 = x  
10 20 5
1000 100 1
or, y =  100   11 % 2567950  1000
9 9 9

KUNDAN
 x = = 1450000
49. Let the income of the person be Rs x. 11  23  7
 Income after 50% decrease 52. Let the weight of the original solution be x
kg.
 100  50  x  50 x 15x
= x  
 Weight of salt = kg
 100  100 2 100
He has t o incr ease his income by Rs 85x
Weight of water = kg
 x  x 100
 x    , if he wants to get his previous
 2  2 After evaporating 30 kg of water, percentage
of salt = 20
back ie to make neither profit nor loss.
Now, according to the question,
 x  15x
 
2 100 
 % increase in income =  x = 100% 100  100 = 20
  x  30
 
 2 
15 x
50. Total number of examinees = 600000 or, = 20
If 5% remains absent, number of candidates x  30
present or appeared or, 15x = 20x – 600
or, 5x = 600
 100  5 
= 600000    600
 100   x = = 120 kg
5
= 6000 × 95 = 570000