Signals and Systems

Electrical System

i(t) + v(t) -
R + i(t)
i(t) v(t)
-
+ v(t) -

v(t )  R i(t ) i (t )  C
dv
v(t )  L
di
dt dt
 System
•Consider the following simple RC circuit:

x(t) y(t)

-
•Output y(t) relates to x(t) by:
t
1
y (t )  Rx (t )   x( )d
0
C  t
1 1
y (t )  Rx (t ) 
C 
 x( )d   x( )d
C 0
t
1
 vc (0)  Rx (t )   x( )d t0
C0
•This is single input single output (SISO). In general system may be of multiple
Input multiple output (MIMO)
 What are Systems?
•Systems are used to process signals to modify or extract
information
•Physical system – characterized by their input-output
relationships
•E.g. electrical systems are characterized by voltage-current
relationships
•From this, we derive a mathematical model of the system

“Black box” model of a system:

 Classification of Systems
Systems may be classified into:

1. Linear and non-linear systems

2. Time varying and time invariant systems
3. Instantaneous (memoryless) and dynamic (with memory)
systems
4. Causal and non-causal systems
5. Stable and unstable systems
6. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems
7. Analog and digital systems
8. Invertible and noninvertible systems
 Linear Systems
•A linear system exhibits the additivity property:
if and then

•It also must satisfy the homogeneity or scaling property:

if then

•These can be combined into the property of superposition:

if and then

•A non-linear system is one that is NOT linear (i.e. does not

obey the principle of superposition)
 Linear Systems(DT)-Examples
• Prove that identity, delay, advance, folder, accumulator, forward and
backward difference, moving average, cumulative average systems are
linear systems.
• Prove that square system is non linear system

Determine that following systems are homogeneous, additive or linear systems:

(i ) y ( n)  log( x ( n))
(i) Not homogeneous, not additive
(ii ) y ( n)  3 x ( n  1)  5 x ( n)  4 x ( n  1)  1
(ii) Not homogeneous, not additive
(iii ) y ( n)  x ( n) cos(n / 4)
(iii) Homogeneous, additive so linear
(iv ) y ( n)  Re[ x ( n)]
(iv) Not homogeneous, additive
1
(v ) y ( n)  [ x ( n)  x * (  n)] (v) Not homogeneous, additive
2
 x ( n  1) x ( n  1)  (vi) Homogeneous, not additive
(vi) y ( n)  3 x ( n)  
 x ( n) 
 Time-Invariant System
Time-invariant system is one whose parameters do not change with time:
 Time-Invariant System-Examples

Determine following systems are time variant or invariant

n
(i) Accumulator y (n)  T {x(n)}   x( k )
k  

T {x(n  n0 )}
n
  x(k  n
k  
0 )
n  n0
  x(k )
k  
n  n0
y(n  n0 )   x(k ) T {x(n  n0 )}
k  

Time invariant
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System
Here, y(n)= T{x(n)}


 x(k ) (n  k )
We know that ,
x(n) 
k  

Hence,

y (n)  T {  x(k ) (n  k )}
k  

If system T{.} is linear then,


y ( n)   x(k )T{ (n  k )}
k  
 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System
Also, If system T{.} is time invariant then,
h( n)  T { ( n)}
so,
h( n  k )  T { ( n  k )}

Hence, output of the LTI system is y ( n)   x ( k ) h( n  k )
k  
•LTI system is completely characterized by its impulse response,
h(n)
•Above is called convolution sum of x(n) and h(n)

Output of the LTI system is—Continuous time system

 
y (t ) 

 x( )h(t   )d
 

•Above is called convolution integral of x(t) and y(t)

 Stability of LTI System
LTI system is BIBO stable is
| x ( n) | Mx  
gives, output
| y ( n) | My  
Hence, 
| y (n) ||  h( k ) x ( n  k ) |
k  

| y ( n) |  | h(k ) || x(n  k ) |
k  

| y ( n) | Mx  | h( k ) |
k  
So, y(n) is finite if summation of impulse response is finite that is


 | h(k ) |   ( i.e., h(n) Absolutely Summable)

k  
Instantaneous and Dynamic Systems

y(n)=x(n) identity system

y(n)=x2(n) Square system Instantaneous or static or memoryless
y(n)=nx(n) Time multipliersystem

Delay and Advance y(n)=x(n±n0)

Forward and backward
Moving average
Cumulative average Dynamic or memory
Accumulator
Causal and Noncausal Systems
 Causal and Noncausal Systems-Examples

(i) y(n)  x(n  k ) Causal

(ii ) y(n)  x(n  k ) Non-causal

(iii ) y(n)  x( Dn) Non-causal

(iv ) y(n)  x(n / I ) Non-Causal

(v) y(n)  x (n)

2
Causal
N
(vi) y (n)   x(n  k ) Causal
k 1
n
(vii) y (n)   x(k )
k  
??

(viii) y(n)  x(n)  5x(n  3) ??

Analog and Digital Systems
 Invertible and Noninvertible

Which of the two systems is invertible?

a) y(t) = x2
b) y= 2x