REVI EW OF I NDI AN STANDARDS

• I S:9609 – English let t er ing f or t echnical dr awings.

• I S:10711 – Sizes of dr awing sheet s.
• I S:10712 – Pr esent at ion of it em r ef er ences on t echnical dr awings.
• I S:10713 – Scales f or use in t echnical dr awings.
• I S:10714 – Gener al pr inciples of pr esent at ion on t echnical dr awings.
• I S:10715 – Pr esent at ion of t hr eaded par t s on t echnical dr awings.
• I S:10716 – Rules f or r epr esent at ion of spr ings on t echnical dr awings.
• I S:10717 – Convent ional r epr esent at ion of gear s on t echnical
dr awings.
• I S:10718 – Met hod of dimensioning and t oler ancing cones on t echnical
dr awings.
• I S:10719 – Met hod of indicat ing sur f ace t ext ur e on t echnical
dr awings.
• I S 10720 – Technical dr awings f or st r uct ur al met al wor ks.
• I S:11663 – Convent ional r epr esent at ion of common f eat ur es and
mat er ials on t echnical dr awings.
• I S:11669 – Gener al pr inciples of dimensioning on t echnical dr awings.
 OTHER I NDI AN STANDARDS

• I S:919 (2 par t s) – I SO syst em of limit s and f it s.

• I S:2102(2 par t s) – Gener al t oler ances.
• I S:2709 – Guide f or select ion of f it s.
• I S:8000(4 par t s) – Toler ances of f or m and
posit ion f or engineer ing
dr awings.
• I S:3073 – Assessment of sur f ace
r oughness.
• I S:4218 (6 par t s) – I SO Met r ic scr ew t hr eads
 RECOMMENDED SCALES

Full Scale Reduced Scale Enlarged Scale

1:1 1:2 10:1
1:2.5 5:1
1:5 2:1
1:10
1:20
1:50
1:100
1:200
 Proj ect ions

¾ The symbol is indicated on the drawing clearly in the title block.

Symbol for first angle projection

Symbol for third angle projection

 Dimensioning on Engg. Drgs.
¾ Dimensions shall be given f r om visible out lines r at her
t han f r om hidden lines.
 Dimensioning on Engg. Drgs.
• I t is pr ef er able t o give dimensions f r om a base line
or a cent r e line of a hole or a cylindr ical par t .
 Dimensioning . . . . Cont d. .
¾ Dimensioning t o a cent er line shall be avoided except
when t he cent er line passes t hr ough t he cent r e of a
hole or a cylindr ical par t .
 Dimensioning . . . . Cont d. .

¾ Dimension lines and pr oj ect ion lines ar e dr awn as

cont inuous t hin lines.
¾ Pr oj ect ion lines should ext end slight ly beyond t he
dimension line.
 Dimensioning . . . . Cont d. .

• Const r uct ion and int er sect ing pr oj ect ion lines
should ext end slight ly beyond t he point of int er sect ion.
 Dimensioning . . . . Cont d. .
¾ Leader s which t ouch t he lines shall not be nor mally
inclined less t han 30 o angle.

¾ Should not be par allel t o t he adj acent dimension or

pr oj ect ion line.

¾ Use of common leader should be avoided.

 Dimensioning . . . . Cont d. .

¾ Use of common leader should be avoided.

Dimensioning Arrows
I nscript ion of dimensions
 Addit ion of let t ers and symbols
• The diamet er symbol ‘’ is used, bef or e a dimension t o indicat e t he
diamet er .
¾ The let t er ‘R’ is used, bef or e a dimension t o indicat e a r adius.
¾ The let t er ‘SQ’ is used, bef or e a dimension t o indicat e a squar e.
¾ The let t er ‘HEX’ is used, t o indicat e a hexagon bef or e acr oss
dimension.
¾ The wor d ‘SPHERE’ is used, t o indicat e a spher ical sur f ace bef or e
t he r adius or
¾ diamet er dimension.
Addit ion of let t ers and
symbols
• The diameter symbol ‘’ is used,
before a dimension to indicate the
diameter.
• The letter ‘R’ is used, before a
dimension to indicate a radius.
• The letter ‘SQ’ is used, before a
dimension to indicate a square.
• The letter ‘HEX’ is used, to indicate a
hexagon before across dimension.
• The word ‘SPHERE’ is used, to
indicate a spherical surface before the
radius or
• diameter dimension.
 Special indicat ions

¾ To indicate a surface or a surface zone to give an additional treatment

which shall be applied within limits to be specified on the drawing.
Arrangement of dimensions

Chain dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning

Combined dimensioning
Dimensioning by coordinat es
Superimposed running dimensioning
Equidistant features

Equal dimensions

Assembled parts
The tolerance value restricted to the specified length.
ANGULAR DI MENSI ONS
DI MENSI ONI NG OF KEY WAYS & TAPERS
TOLERANCES FOR LI NEAR AND
ANGULAR DI MENSI ONS
WI THOUT I NDI VI DUAL
TOLERANCE I NDI CATI ONS
 I NDI CATI ONS ON THE DRAWI NGS
GENERAL TOLERANCES FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS.

Designat ion Descript ion

f f ine

m medium

c course

v very
course
 I NDI CATI ONS ON THE DRAWI NGS

General tolerances about the untoleranced dimensions to be given near

the title block in the drawing.
Ex: untoleranced dimensions as per : IS – 2102 – medium.

Permissible deviations for linear dimensions

Permissible deviat ions f or basic size range
0.5 – 0.3 Over Over Over Over Over Over Over
Designat ion Descript ion
3–6 6 - 30 30 - 120 120-400 400-1000 1000-2000 2000-4000
f ine
f ± 0.05 ±0.05 ±0.1 ±0.15 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 -
medium
m ± 0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2
course
c ± 0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2 ±3 ±4
very
v course
- ±0.5 ±1 ±1.5 ±2.5 ±4 ±6 ±8

For nominal sizes below 0.5mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the
relevant nominal size (s)
 GENERAL TOLERANCES FOR RADI I AND CHAMFER
HEI GHTS

Permissible deviat ions f or basic size

range
Designat io Descript ion 0.5 - 3 Over 3 – 6 Over 6
n f ine
f
medium ± 0.2 ± 0.5 ±1
m
course
c
very course ± 0.4 ±1 ±2
v

For nominal sizes below 0.5mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the
relevant nominal size (s)
 ANGULAR DI MENSI ONS

Permissible deviat ions f or basic size

range
Designat io Descript ion Upto 10 Over Over Over Over 400
n 10-50 50-120 120-400
f ine
f
medium ±1o ±0o30’ ±0o20’ ±0o10’ ±0o5’
m
course
c ±1o30’ ±1o ±0o30’ ±0o15’ ±0o10’

very course
v ±3o ±2o ±1o ±0o30’ ±0o20’
TOLERANCE DI SPOSI TI ON CHART
Accur acy expect ed of manuf act ur ing pr ocess
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
 Sur f ace t ext ur e on dr awing
Symbols for surface texture
¾The basic symbol consists of two legs of unequal length
inclined at approximately 60o to the line representing the
considered surface

¾If the removal of material by machining is required, bar is

added to the basic symbol

¾If the removal of material is not permitted, a circle is added to

the basic symbol.

¾When a special charecteristics have to be indicated a line is

added to the longer arm of the symbol,
 SURFACE ROUGHNESS
¾ The value of the machining allowance shall be indicated on
the left of the symbol.

¾ Surface texture shall be placed relative to the symbol.

or cut-off length
 I ndicat ion of surf ace roughness on drawing
Surface roughness is normally indicated on the drawing by the symbols

,∇ , ∇∇ , ∇∇∇, ∇∇∇∇.
¾The surface as represented by the symbol ∇∇ is finer than the surface as
represented by the symbol ∇.
¾Symbol indicates un machined surface.

¾Surface roughness represented by symbols ∇ and ∇∇ can be achieved by

machining such as turning and milling, etc.

¾Surface roughness represented by ∇∇∇ can be achieved by grinding

operation.

¾Surface represented by the symbol ∇∇∇∇ can be achieved by fine grinding,

super finishing, lapping and honing operation.
I ndicat ion of sur f ace r oughness on dr awing
 Syst em of assessment of surf ace roughness

¾ Maximum peak to valley value (Rmax)

¾ The distance between the two parallel lines. i.e. one through
the maximum point and the other through the minimum point of
the profile
 Surface roughness value ( Rz )

¾ The Ten Point Height Method is used for determining surface roughness
values on the basis of graphical records of the profile
¾ The value obtained by this method is indicated as Rz from which Ra is
evaluated.
¾Rz = [(R1 + R3 + R5 + R7 + R9) – ( R2 + R4 + R6 + R8 + R10)] / 5
¾ Calculated values of Ra and Rz : Log Rz = 0.65 + 0.97 log Ra

¾ An empirical relation is Rz = K. Ra
Where K is a constant varying from 3.9 for rough surface to 5 for fine
surfaces. In practice Rz: Ra = 4, can be adopted.
 Centre line average value
(C.L.A. value) – Ra

¾This system measures the average of 5 to 10 values to assess the roughness

value.

¾The reference line for measurement is the mean line of the profile, which divides
the actual profile of the surface in such a way that the total of the areas above the
line and the profile is equal to the total of the area below the line and the profile.

¾The C.L.A. value denoted by the symbol Ra

¾ It is expressed in microns = 10– 6 of a meter.
¾Ra = (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + …………………….. + Yn) / n = 6Yn / n
¾Y1, Y2, Y3, ………….Yn are added irrespective of their sign
 ¾Root mean square value (Rrms)

¾The value of roughness is obtained from the profile record of the surface and is
defined as the average root mean square deviation (Y) of the profile from its mean
line in a definite sampling length (L)

¾Ra and Rrms are roughly proportional.

¾Rrms value about 10% greater than Ra.

¾Rrms = — [(6Y2n ) / n]
—
— —(5572/13) x (1/10) = 2.07 Pm
Qualit y of scraped surf aces

¾Determined by the number of contact

surfaces between the scraped surface and
inspection surface in an area of 25 mm x
25mm square.
Scraped surfaces are divided into 5 classes:
¾From most precise to most coarse.
¾The size of the surface plate used for the
measurement must be proportional to the
size of the scraped surfaces.
¾Surface roughness of the machined
surface before scrapping must not be
coarser
than Ra = 3.2 Pm.
Symbols f or t he dir ect ion of lay
 I ndicat ions on dr awing

¾ A basic symbol (in brackets) of the special surface texture or textures.

¾ The symbol or symbols (in brackets) of the special surface texture of textures.
¾ The symbols for the surface textures which are exceptional to the general
symbol are indicated on the corresponding surfaces.
TAYLOR
HOBSONS
SURTRONI C
Measur ement s wit h dif f er ent syst ems of st ylus
THREADS TOLERANCI NG SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF THREADS
Formulae used
 Toler ance gr ades f or t hr eads
MALE (BOLT) FEMALE (NUT)
GRADES GRADES

PITCH DIAMETER 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 4,5,6,7,8

MAJOR DIAMETER 4,6,8 NOT APPLICABLE

MINOR DIAMETER NOT APPLICABLE 4,5,6,7,8

Fundament al Deviat ions

MALE (BOLT) FEMALE (NUT)

DEVIATIONS DEVIATIONS

e, g, h G, H
The amount of displacement for various deviations depends upon the pitch
 Recommended t hread t olerances
f or bolt s & nut s

BOLTS NUTS

Fine 4h 5H

Medium
(commercial 6g 6H
type)

Coarse 8g 7H
General applicat ion

For precision and fine pitches Class 3,4 & 5

For commercial purpose, Class 6
For long thread lengths, hot rolled, blind threads Class 7, 8 & 9
GEOMETRI CAL
TOLERANCI NG
DEFI NI TI ON

A geometrical tolerance is the maximum permissible

variation of

¾Form
¾Orientation
¾Location of a feature
 POI NTS, LI NES AND SURFACES

¾Points have position, but no size.

¾Joining of points is a line, it can be a straight line or a curved line.

¾Surfaces are composed of lines.

 FEATURE CONTROL SYMBOLS

LENGTH AS REQUIRED

¾Feature is a specific characteristic portion of a part.

¾Point, line, surface, hole, slot, screw thread or profile.
¾The frame height to be twice the height of the character
used for dimensioning, tolerancing and notes on the drawing.
POSI TI ON OF ARROW HEAD

¾ On the outline of the feature

¾ On an extension of the out line

¾ On an extension (projection) line

from the feature, in line with the
size dimension.
POSI TI ON OF ARROW HEAD

¾ Geometrical tolerance with

reference to center line.

¾ The feature control symbol is

shown in association with the size
dimension.
 APPLI CATI ON TO SURFACES

¾ The leader and arrowhead should be from the feature control symbol.
¾ Usually perpendicular to the line or surface.
¾ Or at an angle.
¾Two or more feature control symbols, which apply to the same feature,
are drawn together with a single leader and arrowhead
 APPLI CATI ON TO CENTER LI NES

¾ Used for multiple diameter parts with a common axis.

 APPLI CATI ON TO CENTER LI NES

CONTROL OF CENTER LINE OF A PORTION OF A PART

 FORM TOLERANCI NG

STRAI GHTNESS OF LI NES & SURFACES

STRAIGHTNESS SYMBOL
 STRAI GHTNESS

DEFINITION:
Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface or an edge
is in a straight line.

TYPICAL USE:
Typically used to control the form of cylindrical or conical surfaces.
The straightness requirement applies to the entire surface.
 STRAI GHTNESS

¾ Straightness tolerance is specified on a drawing by means of

a feature control symbol, which is directed by a leader to the
line requiring control.
 I NTERPRETATI ON

0.05

¾The lines should be straight within 0.05 mm.

¾This means that the line should be contained within a tolerance zone
consisting of the area between two parallel straight lines in the same plane,
separated by the specified tolerance.
 STRAI GHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS CHECKING WITH A STRAIGHT EDGE

MEASURING

Straightness can be measured by bringing a straight edge in contact with

the line, and determining the space between the straight edge and the
line.
 MEASURI NG
Straightness includes all errors of form, such as concavity, convexity,
waviness, tool marks and other such imperfections.

If the feature tends towards convexity the height of the tolerance zone is
measured where the least possible straightness error results.
 STRAI GHTNESS
ON CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

STRAIGHTNES ERRORS IN A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

 STRAI GHTNESS
ON PROFILED SURFACES
¾ A straight tolerance when applied to the surface, controls surface elements only.

¾ It controls bending or a wavy condition of the surface, or a “barrel” shaped part.

¾ Straightness not necessarily control the straightness of the centerline, nor

conicity of the cylinder.
 STRAI GHTNESS

MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
The part is set up by suitable means, such as V-blocks on a surface plate, with
the surface to be evaluated closely parallel to the plate. Readings are then
taken at various points along the surface.
 STRAI GHTNESS

INTERPRETATION

¾ Each line element of the surface shall be contained with in a tolerance zone
consisting of the space between two parallel planes, separated by the width of the
specified tolerance, when the part is rolled along one of the planes.
 STRAI GHTNESS

ON CONICAL SURFACES
 STRAI GHTNESS
ON FLAT SURFACES

¾ A straightness tolerance indicates in one direction only.

 STRAI GHTNESS

FLAT SURFACES
The straightness tolerances may all be shown on a single view by
indicating the direction with short lines terminated by arrow heads.
 STRAI GHTNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
Straightness of a flat surface could be checked by laying a straightedge
along the part, and measuring any resultant space.
 STRAI GHTNESS

ON REGULAR POLYGONS

¾Straightness tolerance applies to all of the longitudinal surfaces.

¾For all other shapes it applies only to those surfaces indicated unless
otherwise specified.
 STRAI GHTNESS

STRAIGHTNESS IN A SPECIFIED LENGTH

¾ The expression 0.2/50 does not mean 0.2mm per 50mm of length.
¾ It means 0.2 mm in any 50mm long portion of the part.
¾ Indicates straightness within 0.2mm for the full length.
¾ Not to exceed 0.05mm in any 25mm length.
 STRAI GHTNESS OF FEATURES OF SI ZE

APPLICATION

¾ The same straightness symbol is used in the feature control symbol

as for straightness of surface elements.

¾ However, when not modified by MMC, the feature control symbol may be directed
either to the center line, or to extension lines from the diameter
or thickness as shown.
 APPLI CATI ON

¾ Positioning the feature control symbol between the views should be avoided.
¾ Unless it is perfectly clear as to whether it refers to the lengthwise or widthwise
Straightness.
¾If the cross section is circular the tolerance zone becomes circular and a
diameter symbol then precedes the tolerance
 I NTERPRETATI ON

¾A straightness tolerance applied to a center line means that all centerlines

between opposing line elements of the surface shall lie completely within
tolerance zones having a width equal to the specified tolerance
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE
¾ The part to be measured is mounted using some suitable means of support,
such as between centers or on V blocks.

¾ Two indicators are mounted diametrically opposite one another, preferably

on the same carriage and arranged to move parallel to the centerline being
measured as shown.

¾ Indicators are placed at zero at one end and differences in readings between
the two indicators are noted as the carriage is moved toward the other end.
 STRAI GHTNESS

¾If a centerline is common to two or more diameters of other features,

a straightness tolerance directed to the centerline applies to all
features on the common centerline unless otherwise specified
STRAI GHTNESS OF ONE FEATURE OF MULTI PLE DI AMETER PART

¾If the tolerance is intended to apply to only

one thickness or diameter on the common
center line, a note may be added beneath the
feature control symbol .
¾ Alternatively the symbol may be directed
to extension lines from the surfaces.
DI RECTI ON OF APPLI CATI ON OF STRAI GHTNESS

¾ Straightness of a center line or median plane

applies only to center lines which run in the
direction of the line or line elements to which the
straightness tolerance is directed.
¾The width or diameter of the tolerance zone
lies in the direction in which the arrowhead
points.
¾In the rectangular part in Fig., the control
applies only to longitudinal centerlines between
corresponding line elements of the top and
bottom surfaces.
¾If the cross section is circular or is a regular
polygon, with no means of determining a
specific orientation for measuring purposes, the
tolerance applies in all applicable directions, as
already explained.
¾If there is a ready means of identifying the orientation, the tolerance applies
only in the direction indicated .
¾If there may be some ambiguity a note should be added, such as THIS
DIRECTION ONLY .
¾ If the part is circular and it is intended that the tolerance apply in all
directions a diameter symbol should precede the tolerance value.
¾If a tolerance is shown in two directions
it is measured in these two directions
and the tolerance zone is then a
parallelopiped
 STRAI GHTNESS – MAXI MUM MATERI AL CONDI TI ON

¾It actually specifies a virtual size, equal to the maximum material limit of
size plus or minus the specified geometrical tolerance

¾To signify that the maximum material principle the symbol (M) is
placed immediately after the tolerance value in the feature control symbol
¾As there must always be a feature size dimension associated with such a
tolerance it is useful and convenient to establish this relationship by directing
the feature control symbol in line with the dimension, or associating it with
the dimension by a common leader
 STRAI GHTNESS – MAXI MUM MATERI AL CONDI TI ON

¾Tolerance of zero MMC, means that the virtual size limit coincides
with the maximum material limit.

¾If a feature is everywhere at its maximum material limit of size, no

errors of straightness are permitted.
 STRAI GHTNESS – MAXI MUM MATERI AL CONDI TI ON

¾A straightness tolerance modified by (M) means that the feature should lie
within a tolerance zone consisting of the line between two parallel lines, in
the same plane as the longitudinal section of the feature being evaluated.
¾These zone lines are separated by the special straightness tolerance, plus the
maximum material size of feature
MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE

¾Gage consists of two straight and parallel gauging elements between

which the part must pass.

¾ These gauging elements must be at least as along as the length of the

feature being gauged.

¾The gage must be maintained normal to the surface being evaluated.

 STRAI GHTNESS OF I NTERNAL FEATURES

¾It is very seldom used for round holes.

¾This is because such features are more readily controlled by other
geometrical tolerances, such as cylindricity, perpendicularity, or position,
all of which control straightness.
¾However straightness is very useful control for some internal features,
such as grooves and slots.
 STRAI GHTNESS WI TH A MAXI MUM VALUE

¾If it is desired to ensure that the straightness error does not become too
great when the part approaches the least material size limit, a
maximum value may be added, as shown.
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS

FLATNESS SYMBOL
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS

FLATNESS OF A SURFACE
¾ The condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.

INTERPRETATION
¾The flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by
two parallel planes within which the surface must lie.
 CONTROLLI NG FLATNESS ON TWO OR MORE SURFACES

¾If the same control is desired on two or more surfaces a suitable note may
be added instead of repeating the symbol
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS

MEASURING PRINCIPLE
¾The part of be measured is set up on a surface plate or measuring plane, using one fixed
and two adjustable supports spaced as far apart as possible.
¾ An indicator gage is set to zero on the area above the fixed support.
¾ The other supports are adjusted to give zero readings above each support.
¾ Readings are then taken at a sufficient number of points on the surface to ensure that the
tolerance is not exceeded.
 CONTROL OF DI RECTI ON OF ERRORS

¾It is sometimes desired to further control the direction of flatness errors,

for which purpose a note may be added beneath the feature control
symbol, such as MUST NOT BE CONCAVE or MUST NOT BE
CONVEX
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS

SYMBOL & APPLI CATI ON

¾The symbol is the same as for flatness of a surface, except that the modifier
(M) is placed after the tolerance value, and the feature control symbol is
directed to the thickness dimension
 FLATNESS – MMC BASI S

¾A flatness tolerance on an MMC basis means that the feature or part shall
be contained within a tolerance zone consisting of the space between two
parallel planes, which are separated by the specified tolerance plus the
maximum material size

These planes must be large enough to completely encompass the feature

¾ Flatness on an MMC basis is a very useful tool as a control for relatively

thin parts, which may be subjected to bending or dishing
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS
FLATNESS – MMC BASIS MEASURING PRINCIPLE

¾On an MMC basis, the measurement of flatness requires the use of a

functional GO gage.

¾ The gage consists of two parallel plane surfaces, large enough to

encompass the whole part, and between which the part must pass
 FORM TOLERANCI NG - FLATNESS

FLATNESS FOR A SPECIFIED LENGTH

¾If flatness within a specified length is given the gage must be made of this length
ROUNDNESS
 Roundness

Roundness refers to a condition of a circular

line or the surface of a circular feature wherein
all points on the line or on the periphery of a
plane cross section of the feature, are
equidistant from a common center point .
Examples :
Disc, Sphere , Cylinder, Cone
Errors of Roundness
 Errors of Roundness

Ovality : Difference appear in major and minor axes.

 Errors of Roundness

Lobing: Small Variation in diameter as shown in figure.

 Errors of Roundness

Irregularity : Random irregularities from a true Circles

 ROUNDNESS SYMBOL

¾The geometrical characteristic symbol for roundness is

simply a circle, having a diameter 75% of the feature control
symbol frame height.

ROUNDNESS SYMBOL
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

¾The var iat ion should lie wit hin t he widt h of t he Annular space
bet ween t wo concent r ic cir cles
 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

Incorrect Incorrect Correct

¾ Roundness error is min. radial separation between two

concentric circles within which all points on measured
surface to lie.
ROUNDNESS ERROR MAY EXCEEDS SI ZE BOUNDARY

¾ Measurements between any two opposing points along the circumference

shall be within the specified diameter tolerance limits.
¾ The outer diameter of the roundness tolerance zone exceeds the actual
measured diameter of the part by the amount of roundness tolerance.
ROUNDNESS OF CYLI NDERS AND SPHERES

ROUNDNESS FOR INTERPRETATION OF

A CYLINDRICAL FEATURE ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE

¾ It is preferable to direct a roundness tolerance for a cylindrical

feature to the view in which the feature appears as a circle.

¾ The tolerance applies to all planes perpendicular to the axis.

 ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE APPLI ED TO A SPHERE

¾ The tolerance is shown in the same manner and applies to any or all
planes, which pass through a section of maximum diameter.
ROUNDNESS OF NON- CYLI NDRI CAL PARTS

¾Non-cylindrical parts refer to conical parts and other features which are
circular in cross-section but which have variable diameters.

¾Since many sizes of circles may be involved it is usually best to direct

the roundness tolerance to the longitudinal surface as shown.
ROUNDNESS MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE

¾The measurement of roundness presents some problems, as it does not lend

itself to direct measurement.

¾Indirect measurement involves establishing the relationship of the periphery of a

feature with the geometry of a perfectly round form, regardless of its size or the
exact position of its center.

¾It is immaterial whether the part is revolved in contact with a fixed indicator or
whether the indicator is revolved around the part.
POLAR CHART & TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

POLAR CHART PROFILE OF PART TRANSPARENT OVERLAY CHART

¾ The indicator readings are entered directly on polar chart

during roundness measurement of cylinder.
¾ The profile is evaluated by means of transparent overlay chart
on which concentric circles are scribed to the same scale as the
polar chart.
Note : There are a number of commercial instruments available, based
on optical, mechanical, or electronic principles, some of which produce
a polar chart automatically as the part is revolved
 ALTERNATI VE MEASURI NG PROCEDURES

(NOT) RECOMMENDED
¾It is sometimes suggested that parts be checked for roundness by
revolving them in suitable V-block, while measuring the upper
surface with an indicator gage

¾This method does not measure in accordance with the definition of

roundness, and is therefore not recommended for precise results.
 ALTERNATI VE MEASURI NG PROCEDURES

¾ An estimate of out of roundness errors can

sometimes be obtained by making separate measurements
on a part in V-blocks having different included angles, for
example 180q, 120q, 90q and 60q.

¾ If all measurements show little or no indicator (NOT) RECOMMENDED

movement it might be assumed that the part is
satisfactory.

¾ Full indicator reading is approximately equal to

measurement over a diameter, instead of a radius. The
roundness error will therefore be roughly half the
indicator movement.
 ALTERNATI VE MEASURI NG PROCEDURES

USE OF TWO – BLOCKS

¾To avoid errors of readings due to bending of the parts it may be

necessary to employ two narrow vee-blocks. In this method one of
the vee-blocks must always be directly under the point of measurement.
 ALTERNATI VE MEASURI NG PROCEDURES

HOW LOBING CAUSES ERRORS IN MEASURING

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Five Lobed part in 60q V-block-- indictor reading practically zero
even though the component is out of round
 ALTERNATI VE MEASURI NG PROCEDURES

V-blocks (not)recommend -Reasons

Three Lobed part in 60q V-block-- indictor reading greatly
exaggerated for small variation of roundness.
 ROUNDNESS OF I NTERNAL DI AMETERS

(NOT RECOMMENDED)
ROUNDNESS OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS

Round holes can be toleranced for roundness in the same manner as external
cylindrical features,

¾If the holes are large enough for insertion of a gaging probe, similar methods
used for external measurement can be used.
¾Indicator gauges used for measurement of internal roundness for bigger hole
diameters.
¾Drawback of this method is same as that of V-blocks
¾For small holes, where suitable gaging probes or indicators cannot be used, it is
recommended that roundness tolerances be replaced by cylindricity tolerances of
zero MMC
 ROUNDNESS ON MMC BASI S

¾It is often desirable to ensure that any errors of roundness do not

cause the periphery of the feature to cross the maximum material
boundary.

¾This shall ensure that the part will assemble satisfactorily with its
mating part.

¾This is accomplished by specifying a roundness tolerance on an MMC

basis.

¾A tolerance on this basis is generally directed to the diametric

dimension, such as the zero MMC tolerance.
 ROUNDNESS ON AN MMC BASI S

ROUNDNESS TOLERANCE ON MMC BASIS

Max. Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 50.00mm

Min. Dia. of Part = 49.88mm
Minor Dia. of Tolerance Zone = 49.76mm
Mean Tolerance Zone = 0.12mm

PART MAY CROSS THE LEAST MATERIAL BOUNDARY

CYLI NDRI CI TY
 Cylindricit y

Cylindricity refers to a condition of a surface,

which forms a cylinder where the surface
elements in cross sections parallel to the axis are
straight and parallel and in cross sections
perpendicular to the axis are round. Cylindricity
thus combines in one term geometrical form
tolerances for roundness, straightness and
parallelism of the surface elements.
 Cylindricit y

¾Cylindricity tolerances can only be applied to cylindrical

surface, such as round holes and shafts.

¾ No specific geometrical tolerances have been devised for other

circular forms, which require the use of several geometrical
tolerances.

¾ A conical surface, for example, must be controlled by a

combination of tolerances for roundness, straightness, and
angularity.
 Cylindricit y

¾Errors of Cylindricity may be caused by out of roundness, like ovality or

lobing

¾Errors of straightness caused by bending or by diametral variation

¾Errors of parallelism like conicity or taper

¾Random irregularities from a true cylindrical form.

 CYLI NDRI CI TY SYMBOL

• Th e ge o m e tric ch ara cte ris tic s ym bo l fo r cylin d ricity co n s is ts

o f a circle w ith tw o tan ge n t lin e s at 6 0 q.
• Th e circle d iam e te r is 6 2 % o f th e h e igh t o f th e fe a tu re
co n tro l s ym bo l fra m e .
 CYLI NDRI CI TY TOLERANCE

CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE DIRECTED TO EITHER VIEW.

• The Cylindricit y t olerance symbol is used in a f eat ure cont rol symbol

• Direct ed t o t he cylindrical surf ace, in eit her t he side view or end view
 CYLI NDRI CI TY TOLERANCE

A Cylindricit y t olerance specif ies a t olerance zone

consist ing of t he annular space bet ween t wo coaxial cylinders,
having a dif f erence in radii equal t o t he specif ied t olerance zone
of 0. 05 on radial dimension.

PERMISSIBLE FORM ERRORS

 CYLI NDRI CI TY TOLERANCE

DIAMETER OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE MAY BE

LARGER THAN MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF THE PART

When t he par t is at t he maximum diamet er limit t he maj or

diamet er of t he Cylindr icit y t oler ance zone would likely be lar ger t han
t he maximum diamet er limit .This may be due t o lobing, and ot her
ir r egular it ies or bending.
 MEASURI NG METHODS

PART IN VEE – BLOCKS FOR CYLINDRICITY TESTS

¾ Checked by revolving in vee-blocks while taking indicator readings on the

top surface, in a manner similar to methods described for the measurement of
roundness
¾ The roundness near both ends is first checked by making indicator readings
directly over blocks of varying angles to ensure that lobing will not
significantly affect the results.
¾ The part is then mounted in identical short length vee-blocks, which are
located at each end of the part
 CYLI NDRI CI TY OF HOLES

Cylindricity tolerances are applicable to internal cylindrical

surfaces, such as round holes.

Measurement
• Large holes can be assessed by means of indicator or electronic gauges.

• Best method is to assess the holes with a plane round GO gauge of

length at least equal to the full length or depth of the hole and having the
diameter equal to the max. material size minus the specified tolerance
Coplanarit y and Symmet ry
 CORRELATI VE TOLERANCI NG
¾ Correlative geometrical tolerancing refers to tolerancing for the
control of two or more features, intended to be correlated in
position or attitude.
 COPLANARI TY
¾ It refers to the relative position of two or more flat surfaces, which are intended
to lie in the same geometrical plane.
¾ No special symbol exists for co planarity.
¾ Either the symbol for position or the symbol for flatness may be used,
depending on the type of control required.
¾ Fig illustrates a suitable method of tolerancing when one or more surfaces are
required to be coplanar with a principal surface, which is then specified as a
datum feature.
¾ The tolerance controls orientation and flatness of the toleranced surfaces within
the same limits.
¾ But does not control flatness of the datum feature surface.
¾ The position of the surfaces in relation to the base or other features of the part
must be separately dimensioned and toleranced, as shown by the 25mm
dimension.
Application: In Fig, Coplanar surfaces are also required to be
accurately located and parallel to another surface of a part, which
is then designated as a datum feature. In this case, the datum and
the controlled surfaces must be associated by a basic dimension.
¾ Although the positional tolerance applies separately to
each surface, the tolerance zones are of equal width, and are
each parallel to and at equal distances from the datum surface.
This condition results essentially in one tolerance zone within
which the surfaces must lie simultaneously.
¾ The positional tolerance controls orientation and form
(parallelism and flatness) of both surfaces within the same limits.
¾ It is sometimes necessary to reference surfaces to a datum system instead
of to a single datum surface. This occurs when it is necessary to control
coplanar surfaces perpendicular to a datum instead of parallel to it.
¾ Fig shows a case where the coplanar surfaces are required to be
perpendicular to the axis of a hole.

B
 SI MULTANEOUS REQUI REMENTS

¾ If it is necessary to hold co planarity of two or more surfaces

within close limits but permit a greater variation in the position of
the surfaces in relation to other features of the part, two methods
of tolerancing may be used. Both give the same results.
 1 2

¾ The surfaces may be positioned relative to one another, using the symbol for
position, as shown in the Fig 1.
¾ Alternatively they may be treated as one flat surface, using a flatness tolerance and
symbol as shown in the Fig 2. The word SIMULTANEOUS must be added beneath
the feature control symbol.
¾ Otherwise the tolerance would apply separately to each surface, and would control
their flatness but would not ensure that they were in the same plane. A profile symbol
may also be used instead of flatness symbol.
¾ A parallelism tolerance is sometimes used for coplanar surfaces, as shown in
Fig. Such a tolerance only controls parallelism and flatness of the surfaces.
¾ Their positions may vary anywhere within the tolerance zone for position
specified by the toleranced dimension.
 OTHER CORRELATED SURFACES

¾ Many features other than flat surfaces may be correlated if they have line
elements in a single direction in the same straight or circular line.
¾ It is often possible to control such features using controls similar to those
applied to coplanar surfaces. Either a positional tolerance or a simultaneous
form tolerance may be used, depending on the type of control required. Fig
below, gives a few examples.
 SYMMETRY
DEFINITION

¾ Symmetry is a condition in which a feature or features are symmetrically

disposed about a centerline or center plane of another feature. The centerline or
plane of the second feature is usually specified as a datum.

¾ A symmetry tolerance specifies the width of a tolerance zone. This width is the
area between two parallel lines or the space between two parallel planes equally
disposed about the datum axis or median plane.

¾ Symmetry is therefore a special case of position. The advantage of using the

symmetry symbol rather than the position symbol is that it indicates that the true
position is symmetrical and often eliminates the need for basic dimensions to
correlate the position of features.
 SYMMETRY
SYMBOL

The geometric characteristic symbol for symmetry

consists of three horizontal lines, as shown in Fig. The
dimensions refer to percentages of the feature control symbol
frame height.

60 %
SYMMETRY APPLI CATI ONS – RFS
¾ Fig shows a simple example in which a slot is intended to be symmetrical
with the overall width of the part, which in turn is specified as the datum.
¾ Note that it is not necessary to show a true position dimension for the slot or
equal dimensions from the sides of the slot to the sides of the part, which
might be deemed necessary if a positional tolerance, were used.
¾ The interpretation, shown in Fig below, shows the tolerance zone equally
disposed about the centerline or median plane of the datum feature.
¾ Theoretically this centerline or median plane of the datum feature is perfectly
straight and true, being based only on the high spots of the feature resting on
the datum surfaces.
¾ The centerline of each controlled feature is influenced by any errors of form or
orientation of the surfaces. However, the width of the tolerance zone remains
the same for each part, regardless of the actual size of the feature or of the
datum feature.
 MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE
Example – 1

¾ One surface of the datum feature is laid directly on a surface plate, as shown
in Fig. Measurements are made from the datum surface to one side of the slot.
The highest and lowest readings are noted.

¾ The part is then revolved 180°, so that the other surface of the datum feature
rests on the surface plate and measurements are made to the other surface of
the slot.

¾ The difference between the highest and lowest of all of the measurements
constitutes the symmetry error, which must not exceed the specified tolerance.
Example - 2

¾ The Fig above shows with two slots, one of which is designated as a
datum feature. For measuring purpose the part is supported on one side
of the datum slot while the measurements are made to the other slot.
 MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE OF SYMMETRY
Example - 3

Fig.1 shows a part in which a hole is required to be symmetrical with

the sides of the part as well as perpendicular to the face of the part.

2
 MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE OF SYMMETRY
Example – 3 cont. Measurement can be made, by fitting the hole with a close
fitting mandrel and supporting the part against an angle plate, representing datum
A, as shown in Fig.1. The part must also touch the surface plate along its length.
The height is then measured from the surface plate over the mandrel.
Readings are taken at two points on the mandrel, separated by a distance
W, equal to the width of the part, as shown in Fig.2. Height measurements for the
hole are then calculated from the formulae shown below, paying particular
attention to the mathematical signs in each case.
For example, if E is larger than F, (F-E) becomes a negative quantity, and
the second formula becomes D=C – (E-F). The part is then revolved 180° and
measurements repeated with surface resting on the surface plate. The maximum
difference between any of the four measurements represents the symmetry error.

2
 Example - 4

¾ Symmetry can also be applied to parts with circular datums as shown in the Fig
above.
¾ For measuring purpose the small hole is fitted with a suitable mandrel.
¾ Measurements are then made between the mandrel and the sides of the datum
hole, such as by inserting gage pins as shown in Fig. The difference between the
sizes B&C gives the symmetric error.
¾ This measurement shall be precise only if the datum hole has no roundness
errors, which might increase and decrease the apparent symmetry error
 APPLI CATI ON ON AN MMC BASI S

¾ When ever possible symmetry should be specified on an MMC basis.

Such specification solves most of the measurement problems by
permitting use of suitable functional GO gages. Some examples of parts
toleranced on this basis, with suitable gaging principles, are shown below.

6.0

Exam ple 1
 5.95

6.0 s 6.0 s

Exam ple 2
6.0 s
Exam ple 3

Exam ple 4
Exam ple 5

Exam ple 6
Concent ricit y And Coaxialit y
 CONCENTRI CI TY AND COAXI ALI TY

¾ Concentricity is a condition in which two or more features, such as

circles, spheres, cylinders, cones, or hexagons, share a common
center or axis.
¾ An example would be a round hole through the center of a cylindrical part.

¾ Coaxiality is a very similar condition in which two or more circular

or similar features are arranged with their axes in the same straight
line.
¾ Examples might be a counter bored hole or a shaft having parts along its
length turned to different diameters.
¾ Both these terms are often used interchangeably. For geometrical
tolerancing the same symbol is used for both conditions.
 SYMBOL

¾ The geometric characteristic symbol for both concentricity and

coaxiality consists of two concentric circles, having diameters equal to 75%
and 50% respectively of the feature control symbol frame height

CONCENTRICITY SYMBOL
 CONCENTRI CI TY TOLERANCI NG

CONCENTRICITY OF CIRCLES

• D iam e te r A is th e D atu m Circle

• Co n ce n tricity To le ran ce is applie d to th e o u te r circle
• Th e Circle w ith 0 .12 D ia. is th e to le ran ce zo n e
 ENLARGED PROFI LE OF PART

¾The datum center is the center of the largest perfect circle, which
can be inscribed within the datum feature.
¾The tolerance zone is concentric with this datum center.
¾The center points of the controlled circle are established from the
periphery of the feature and their position will be affected by
irregularities or errors of form of the periphery.
Note : This is illustrated by the enlarged profiles. The center point of
diameter A-A is a point a, and the center point of diameter B-B is point
b. These and all other center points must lie within the tolerance zone.
CYLI NDRI CAL PART WI TH CYLI NDRI CI TY TOLERANCE

¾ A co m m o n typ e o f p art w h e re th e o u te r d ia m e te r is re qu ire d to

be co n ce n tric w ith th e ce n te r bo re , w h ich is de s ign ate d as a
d a tu m fe a tu re .
 MEASURI NG PRI NCI PLE

• To fit a s u itable m an d re l in th e d atu m fe atu re

• Se t tw o in d icato rs w ith Mas te r Gage s to Ze ro re ad in g
• Ro tate th e m an d re l w ith co m p o n e n t in V-blo ck
• Th e d iffe re n ce o f th e re ad in g give s th e co n ce n tricity
EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRI CI TY

¾ Figur e A t heor et ical Per f ect f or m

¾ Bot h indicat or s r ead Zer o-Zer o as t he par t is r evolved
¾ Figur e B r epr esent s eccent r ic par t
¾ The upper indicat or r ead –0.05 and lower indicat or r ead
+0.05 when r evolved by 90deg bot h indicat or s r et ur n t o zer o
 EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF CONCENTRI CI TY

¾ Figure C represent s a oval part

¾ Bot h indicat ors read 0. 12
¾ when revolve by 90deg. Bot h indicat ors ret urn t o zero
¾ Figure D represent s a t hree lobed part
¾ The upper indicat or reads zero W hile t he lower reads 0. 1
(cent er is high by 0. 05)
¾ when revolve by 60deg. The upper indicat or reads –0. 1 and lower one reads
zero (cent er is 0. 05 low)
TWO- FEATURE DATUM
MEASURI NG W I TH VEE- BLOCK

MEASURI NG WI TH VEE- BLOCK

CONCENTRI CI TY REFERENCED TO DATUM SYSTEM

¾ Toler ance zone is per pendicular t o dat um A and also concent r ic wit h
t he axis of dat um B in t he plane of dat um A
¾ The par t is mount ed on dat um A and cent er ed on dat um B, and t he j ob is
r evolved while t he cont r olled f eat ur e is cont act ed by t wo opposing
indicat or s.
¾ I t should be not ed t hat t his t oler ance aut omat ically cont r ols t he
st r aight ness of t he cent er line of t he 25mm por t ion and it s
per pendicular it y wit h dat um A wit hin t he same t oler ance.
Runout
 Correlat ive Tolerances – Runout
Runout is t he deviat ion in posit ion of a surf ace of revolut ion
as a part is revolved about a dat um axis.

¾A r un out t oler ance r epr esent s t he maximum per missible

var iat ion of posit ion of a sur f ace, measur ed at a f ixed point ,
when t he par t is r evolved wit hout axial movement t hr ough 360 °
about t he dat um axis.
¾The t oler ance zone is t he ar ea or space, of unif or m t hickness,
bet ween t wo shapes coaxial wit h t he dat um axis and par allel
t o t he t r ue pr of ile of t he cont r olled sur f ace.
¾The r unout var iat ion is measur ed nor mal t o t he sur f ace being
cont r olled by cont act ing t he sur f ace wit h an indicat or gage
while t he par t is r evolved on it dat um axis
¾The r unout er r or is t he f ull movement of t he indicat or
 Circular Runout and Tot al Run Out

Circular Runout Tot al Runout

¾Cir cular Runout Concer ns Runout of each Cir cular element or Cr oss Sect ion

¾Tot al Runout pr ovides composit e cont r ol of all sur f ace element s

 CI RCULAR RUNOUT OF CYLI NDRI CAL FEATURES

¾ Cir cular Runout is measur ed at Sever al posit ions along t he sur f ace
¾ At each posit ion t he indicat or movement dur ing one r evolut ion of
par t must not exceed t he specif ied t oler ance(0.1mm)
¾ For Cylindr ical f eat ur e r unout er r or is caused by eccent r icit y and
er r or s of r oundness
¾ Cir cular Runout is not af f ect ed by a t aper (conicit y) or er r or s of
st r aight ness of t he st r aight line element s such as bar r el shaping
 ANGULAR RUNOUT AND TOLERANCE ZONE

¾ Cir cular Runout may be applied t o sur f ace of r evolut ion which ar e
any desir ed angle in t he r elat ion t o t he dat um axis
¾ Measur ement s ar e made at each cr oss-sect ion of t he complet e
pr of ile.
¾ I ndicat or t o be nor mal t o t he sur f ace of measur ement
 RUNOUT PERPENDI CULAR TO AXI S

¾ Er r or will be shown if t he sur f ace is not f lat but not per pendicular
t o axis (wobbling)
¾ No Er r or be indicat ed if t he sur f ace convex or concave but
ot her wise per f ect
 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

¾ Measur ement s ar e always made nor mal t o t he cur ved sur f ace
 RUNOUT OF CURVED SURFACE

RUNOUT IN SPECIFIED DIRECTION

¾ All measur ement s ar e made in t he same dir ect ion of 45 O t o t he

axis if specif ied in t he dr awing
 TOTAL RUNOUT

Tot al runout TOLERANCE ZONE FOR TOTAL RUNOUT

¾ Tot al r un out concer ns t he r unout of a complet e sur f ace, not mer ely
t he r unout of each cir cular element .
¾ For measur ement pur poses t he checking indicat or must t r aver se t he
f ull lengt h or ext ent of t he sur f ace while t he par t is r evolved about
it s dat um axis
¾ Measur ement s ar e made over t he whole sur f ace wit hout r eset t ing
t he indicat or .
¾ Tot al r unout is t he dif f er ence bet ween t he lowest indicat or r eading
in any posit ion, and t he highest r eading in t hat or in any ot her
posit ion on t he same sur f ace.
 TOTAL RUNOUT

MEASURI NG TOTAL RUNOUT ON CONI CAL PART

¾ For conical sur f aces t he dat um axis can be t ilt ed t o t he t aper angle
so t hat t he measur ed sur f ace becomes par allel t o a sur f ace plat e