Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that originally was considered to be a

Lactobacillus rhamnosus
subspecies of L. casei, but later genetic research found it to be a species of its
own. It is a short Gram-positive heterofermentative facultative anaerobic non- Scientific classification
spore-forming rod that often appears in chains. Some strains of L. rhamnosus
Domain: Bacteria
bacteria are being used as probiotics, and are particularly useful in treating
female-related infections, most particularly very dif
ficult to treat cases of bacterial Phylum: Firmicutes
vaginosis (or "BV"). The Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. reuteri species are most Class: Bacilli
commonly found in the healthy female genito-urinary tract and are most helpful to
Order: Lactobacillales
supplement in order to regain control over dysbiotic bacterial overgrowth during
an active infection. L. rhamnosus sometimes is used in yogurt and dairy products Family: Lactobacillaceae
such as fermented and un-pasteurized milk and semi-hard cheese. While Genus: Lactobacillus
frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus may not be as
beneficial to certain subsets of the population; in rare circumstances, especially
Species: L. rhamnosus
those primarily involving weakened immune system or infants, it may cause Binomial name
endocarditis.[1]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
(Hansen 1968)
Collins et al. 1989

Contents
Genome
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG(ATCC 53103)
History
Medical research and use
Diarrhea
Acute gastroenteritis
Respiratory tract infections
Irritable bowel syndrome
Atopic dermatitis, eczema
Urogenital tract
Intestinal tract permeability
Gastrointestinal carriage of VRE
Asperger Syndrome and ADHD
Anxiety
Weight loss
Risks

References
Further reading
External links

Genome
Lactobacillus rhamnosus has a wide variety of strains that have been isolated from many different environments including the vagina
and gastrointestinal tract.L. rhamnosus strains have the capacity for strain-specific gene functions that are required to adapt to a large
range of environments.[2] Its core genome contains 2,164 genes, out of 4,711 genes in total (the pan genome).[2] The accessory
genome is overtaken by genes encoding carbohydrate transport and metabolism, extracellular polysaccharides, biosynthesis,
bacteriocin production, pili production, the cassystem, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci,
phages, plasmid genes, and transposons.[2]
and more than 100 transporter functions and mobile genetic elements such as

The genome of the specific strain L. rhamnosus LRB, in this case taken from a human baby tooth, consists of a circular chromosome
of 2,934,954 bp with 46.78% GC content.[3] This genome contains 2,749 total genes with 2,672 that are total protein-coding
sequences.[3] This sample did not contain any plasmids.[3] The most extensively studied strain, L. rhamnosus GG, a gut isolate,
consists of a genome of 3,010,111 bp . Therefore, the LRB genome is shorter than GG’s genome. LRB lacks the spaCBA gene cluster
of GG and is not expected to produce functional pili (6).[3] This difference may help explain why each strain lives in a different
habitat.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy
human being; filed for patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin,[4] and the 'GG' derives from the first letters
of their surnames.[5] The patent refers to a strain of "L. acidophilus GG" with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) accession
number 53103; later reclassified as a strain of L. rhamnosus. The patent claims the L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain is acid-
and bile-stable, has a great avidity for human intestinal mucosal cells, and produces lactic acid. Since the discovery of the L.
rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain, it has been studied extensively on its various health benefits and currently L. rhamnosus GG
(ATCC 53103) strain is the world's most studied probiotic bacterium with more than 800 scientific studies.

The genome sequence ofLactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) has been decoded.[6][7]

History
In 1983, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was isolated from the intestinal tract of a healthy human by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry
Goldin.

Medical research and use

While Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is able to survive the acid and bile of the stomach and intestine,[8] is claimed to
colonize the digestive tract, and to balance intestinal microflora, evidence suggests that Lactobacillus rhamnosus is likely a transient
inhabitant, and not autochthonous.[9] Regardless, it is considered a probiotic useful for treatment of various maladies, as it works on
[10]
many levels. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG binds to the gut mucosa.

Diarrhea
L. rhamnosus GG is beneficial in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children. Prevention and treatment of various types of
diarrhea has been shown in children and in adults.[11][12][13] L. rhamnosus GG can be beneficial in prevention of antibiotic-
associated diarrhea and nosocomial diarrhea and this has been recently supported by European guidelines.[14][15][16] Lactobacillus
[17]
rhamnosus GG may reduces the risk of traveler's diarrhoea.

Acute gastroenteritis
A position paper published by ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics based on a systematic review and
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that L. rhamnosus GG (low quality of evidence, strong recommendation) may be
considered in the management of children with acutegastroenteritis in addition to rehydration therapy.[18]

Respiratory tract infections

L. rhamnosus GG may reduce the risk ofrespiratory tract infections in children who attend daycare.[19][20]
Irritable bowel syndrome
[21]
L. rhamnosus GG may reduce the symptoms of diarrhoea-predominant (IBS-D) Irritable bowel syndrome.

Atopic dermatitis, eczema

L. rhamnosus GG showed potential in treatment and primary prevention ofatopic dermatitis, but the results of intervention trials have
been mixed.[22] A single clinical trial with seven-year follow-up showed L. rhamnosus GG to be useful for preventing atopic
dermatitis in high risk children.[23][24]

Urogenital tract
L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 appear to protect the urogenital tract by excreting biosurfactants to inhibit the adhesion of
vaginal and urinary pathogens.[25]

Intestinal tract permeability

L. rhamnosus has been found to reduce intestinal permeability in children who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome,[26] and to
.[27][28]
counter alcohol-related intestinal permeability

Gastrointestinal carriage of VRE

In 2005, L. rhamnosus GG was used to treat gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in kidney
patients.[29]

Asperger Syndrome and ADHD

A 2015 study concluded that early probiotic supplementation may reduce the risk of neuropsychiatric disorder development later in
childhood. Infants in the longitudinal study were randomised to receive either L. rhamnosus or placebo during their first six months
and were then followed for 13 years. At age 13, 17.1% of the children in the placebo group were diagnosed with Asperger syndrome
or ADHD while none of the children that receivedL. rhamnosus were diagnosed.[30]

Anxiety
A 2011 study reported that L. rhamnosus may have an effect on GABA neurotransmitter receptors. Mice fed L. rhamnosus JB-1 had
less anxiety and different levels of a brain-chemical sensor and stress hormones.[31]

Weight loss
A 2013 study suggested that L. rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 may increase weight loss in dieting women. The research was initiated
after several studies showed that gut bacteria in obese individuals differs significantly from those in thin people. Women in the study
ference was observed in men.[32]
lost nearly twice the weight that the placebo group lost. No dif

Risks
The use of L. rhamnosus GG for probiotic therapy has been linked with rare cases of sepsis in certain risk groups, primarily those
with a weakened immune system and infants.[33] Ingestion of GG is considered to be safe and data show a significant growth in the
Lactobacillus bacteraemia cases.[34]
consumption of L. rhamnosus GG at the population level did not lead to an increase in

References
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Further reading
Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, Poussa T, Saxelin M, Valtonen V, Järvinen A (January 2004). "Lactobacillus bacteremia,
clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 38 (1):
62–9. doi:10.1086/380455. PMID 14679449.

External links
Type strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosusat BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

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