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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
CLASS: 4MPT(2017)
Content Page
Introduction 3
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 7
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 10
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 11
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 12
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 13
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 14
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys 15
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers 16
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 17
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 17
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused 18
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics 18
9.6 Composite material 22
Conclusion 24
References 25
INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
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Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured
substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of
chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It
also gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in
the laboratories.
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3. It is soluble in water.
4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.
5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.
6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile Diprotic
acid acid
Properties of
Highly sulphuric acid Dense
corrosive
Oily Viscous
liquid colourless
liquid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
7) To manufacture pesticides
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a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
Manufacture As an
Remove electrolyte in
metal oxides pesticides
lead-acid
from metal accumulators
surfaces
before
electroplating
Manufacture
detergents Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
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Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry
S
+ O2 →
SO2
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5. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO3.
2 SO2 + O2 →
2 SO3
6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
H2SO4+ SO3 →
H2S2O7
b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4.
H2S2O7+ H2O → 2
H2SO4
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of
a liquid
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Sulphur or metal sulphide
burned in air
Oleum, H2S2O7
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1. Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels
such as coal or oil are burned.
2. Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the
presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid.
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released.
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9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
Extremely
Weak soluble in
alkali water
Properties of ammonia
Colorless Pungent
smell
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5.The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers is determined by the percentage of
nitrogen by mass in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is
more effective.
Mass of nitrogen
X 100%
Molar mass of fertilizers
C + H2O → CO +
H2
b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of
methane)
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9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1.Pure metals have the following physical properties
a)Good conductor of electricity
b)Malleable
c)Ductile
d)High melting and boiling point
e)High density
2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and
organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c) There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal
atoms. Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. When
hammered or pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new
positions in the empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be
made into different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to
overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4.The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
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Good conductor of electricity
Properties of
metals High density
Malleable
Ductile
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2. in the process of alloying, one or more foreign elements are added to a
molten metal. When the alloy hardens, the positions of some of the metal
atoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign elements, which size may be
bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms.
4. Hence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over each
other easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.
5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
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4. A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the relative
molecular mass of a polymer is large.
5. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.
6. Polymers can be divided into two types:
a) Naturally occurring polymers
1. This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the plants and
animals.
2. Examples of naturally occuring polymers are:
a) Protein
b) Carbohydrate
c) Natural rubber
3. Naturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by
polymerization.
b)Synthetic polymers
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in the
laboratories.
2.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3.The types of synthetic polymers include:
a) Plastics
b) Fibres
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC),
polypropene (polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5.Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They are produced
by condensation polymerization.
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9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
a) Strong and light
b) Cheap
c) Able to resist corrosion
d) Inert to chemical reactions
e) Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
f) Can be made to have special properties
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It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
High refractive index
5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the
main constituent of aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
Glass
1. Glass is made up from sand.
2. The major component of glass is SiO2.
3. There are four types of glass which are as follows:
Fused glass
Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate glass
Lead crystal glass
Chemical
Name of glass Properties Examples of uses
composition
Fused glass
Very high softening Telescope mirrors,
SiO2 (99%) Lenses
point (1700 °C) Ba2 O 3 (1%) Optical fibres
hence, highly heat Laboratory glass
resistant wares
Transparent to
ultraviolet and
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infrared light
Difficult to be made
into different shapes
Does not crack when
temperature changes
(very low thermal
expansion coefficient)
Very resistant to
chemical reactions
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
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Low softening point SiO2 (55%) Decorative items
PbO( 30%) Crystal glass-
(600 °C)
K2O (10%)
High density wares
Lead crystal Na2O ( 3%)
High refractive index Lens
Al2 O 3 ( 2%)
glass Reflects light rays Prisms
and appears spar Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
very hard and strong but brittle
inert to chemical reaction
has a very high melting point
good electric and heat insulator
able to withstand compression
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Composite material Component Properties of Properties of composite
component
Concrete Hard but brittle, Stronger, higher tensile
With low tensile strength, not so brittle,
strength does not corrode easily,
Steel Hard with high tensile
Reinforced concrete can withstand higher
strength but expensive
applied forces and loads,
and can corrode
relatively cheaper
Glass of low Transparent, does not Reflect light rays and
refractive index reflect light rays. allow light rays to travel
Glass of high Heavy, strong but
Fibre optics along the fibre
refractive index brittle and non-
flexible
Glass Heavy, strong but Light, strong, tough,
brittle and non- resilient and flexible,
Fibreglass flexible with high tensile strength
Polyester plastic Light, flexible, elastic
and not flammable
but weak and
inflammable
Glass Transparent and not Sensitive to light:
sensitive to light darkness when light
Silver chloride, or Sensitive to light
Photochromic glass intensity is high,
silver bromide
becomes clear when
light intensity is low
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CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
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use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
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