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PowerPoint Presentation to accompany

Chapter 9
Engineering Alloys
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CO 9a
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CO 9b
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CO 9c
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Figure 9.1 การผลิตเหล็ก

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การผลิตเหล็กกล้าโดยใช้ Oxygen ไปจับกับ C ในเหล็ก

Figure 9.2
FeO + C Fe + CO
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Figure 9.3
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การผลิตแผ่นเหล็กกล้า steel plate by hot rolling

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แผนภาพแสดงขั้นตอนการผลิตเหล็ก
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Figure 9.5b
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Phase diagram of Fe-Fe3C

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Variety of phases in Fe-Fe3C system

Austenite: -γ Fe interstitial solid solution

- Face centered cubic
- high solid solubility for C about 2.08%
(compared with Ferrite)
α Ferrite : -Interstitial solid solution in BCC
-small solid solubility about 0.02% C
δ Ferrite : -Interstitial solid solution in BCC
- Medium solid solubility about 0.09% C
Cementite : -Fe3C intermetallic
- contain C 6.67% and Fe 93.9%
- Hard and Brittle
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Invariant Reactions

Peritectic : at 1495˚C

Liquid (0.53%C) +δ(0.09% C) γ (0.17% C)

Eutectic : at 1148 ˚C

Liquid (4.3%C) γ austenite(2.08%C)

+ Fe3C cementite (6.67%C)

Eutectoid : at 723 ˚C

γ austenite(0.8%C) α Ferrite(0.02%C)
+ Fe3C cementite (6.67%C)
Eutectic steel : steel contain C 0.8%
Hypoeutectic steel : steel contain C less than 0.8%
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Slowly cool down in Eutectoid plain carbon

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Microstructure of Eutectoid plain steel

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Hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel (slowly cool down)

Proeutectoid ferrite

Eutectoid ferrite
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Microstructure of hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel with 0.35%C

When slowly cooled down from Austenite phase
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Hypereutectoid plain carbon steel

Proeutectoid cementite

Eutectoid cementite
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Microstructure of hypereutectoid plain carbon steel with 1.2%C

When slowly cooled down from Austenite phase
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Figure EP9.3
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Hardening by quenching Fe-C martensite

BCT: body centered tetragonal (Martensite)
(supersaturated interstitial solid solution)
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Lath martensite structure in plain carbon steel

(C-content smaller than 0.6%)
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Plate martensite structure plain carbon steel

( C-content larger than 1.0%)
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Lath martensite structure in

Ferrous alloy

Some residual Austenite can

be observed
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Plate martensite
structure in Ferrous
alloy
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BCT Fe unit cell

FCC Fe unit cell BCC Fe unit cell

Martensite transformation in plain carbon steel:

- Diffusionless transformation
- Thermal activation energy is not required!
- Occur very fast
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Hardness and strength of Fe-C martensite steel

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Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite

(Isothermal Transformation diagram)
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Figure 9.21
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IT diagram
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723-550˚C Pearlitic

Lower temperature: Fine pearlite

Quenching from above 723˚C :

martensite

Quenching austenite to 530-250˚C

Followed with isothermal treatment
Martensite and pearlite
mixed structure Bainite
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Microstructure of Upper bainite (quenching to 550-350)

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Microstructure of Lower bainite (quenching to 350-250)

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Figure EP9.4
Problem
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IT diagram of hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel with 0.47%C

( can not obtain complete martensite )
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CT diagram of eutectoidplain carbon steel

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Change in microstructure of eutectoid plain carbon steel

Under various cooling rate
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Annealing and normalizing in plain carbon steel

1. Full annealing
Hyporutectoid, eutectoid: heating up to austenite above
Austenite-ferrite line 40°C followed by furnace cooling
proeutectoid ferrite + perrite
Hypereutectoid : heating up to 40 °C above eutectoid temp
austenite-cementite
2. Process annealing or stress relief: softenning of
Cold-worked low C-content steel by relief the internal stress
i.e. hypoeutectoid steel with C-content less than 0.3%
Process annealing can be carried out at temperature lower
than eutectoid temperature around 550-650 °C
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Normalizing : heating up to temperature above austenetic

temperature followed by air-quenching
i.e. Hypoeutectoid steels after normalizing will contain
fine proeutectoid ferrite and pearite

Purpose of normalizing process

1. Development of grain structure
2. Increase strength of steel
3. Homogenization of composition (decrease segregation of
alloy composition) I.e. after forging and casting process

Merit : economy way because of air quenching

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Tempering process of plain carbon steel

heat-treatment of martensite steel under eutectoid temperature

Resulting in softenning and increasing of ductility

Rapid quenching
Heating up to austenite Pure martensite (without
pearite and cementite)

Tempering below eutectoid temperature

(microstructure changed to iron carbide in ferrite phase)
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Figure 9.29
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Fe3C precipitate in martensite

steel with 0.39% C-content
after 1 hour tempering.
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Spherodite (cementite after tempering at 400-700 deg

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Effect of tempering temperature to strength

of plain carbon steel

When tempering temp increases, C diffuse from

interstitial position (high internal stress) to form Fe3C
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Martempering process ( Marquenching)

Prevent the deformation or crack from non-homogeneous cooling.

Heating to Oil quenching Keep temperature

austenite to temperature constant
temperature few degree (finish before bainite
above Ms formation)
Slowly cooling
down to room Tempering
temperature process

Tempered martensite
(high impact energy)
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Martempering on IT diagram of eutectoid plain carbon steel

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Austempering process

Creat bainite structure by constant temperature

Merit: ductility and strength can be raised comparing
with quenching and normal tempering.

Heating to Oil quenching Keep temperature

austenite to temperature constant until
temperature few degree structure changed to
above Ms bainite
Slowly cooling
down to room
temperature(air
)
Austempered eutectoid plain
carbon steel (Bainite)
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Austempering on IT diagram of eutectoid plain carbon steel

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Figure 9.35
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Figure 9.36
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Figure 9.37
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Figure 9.38
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Figure 9.39
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Figure 9.40
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Figure 9.41
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Figure 9.42
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Figure 9.43
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Figure 9.44
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Figure 9.45
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Figure 9.46a
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Figure 9.46b
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Figure 9.46c
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Figure 9.47
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Figure EP9.5
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Figure 9.48
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Figure 9.49
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Figure 9.50
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Figure 9.51
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Figure 9.52
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Figure 9.53
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Figure 9.54
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Figure 9.55
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Figure 9.56
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Figure 9.57
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Figure 9.58
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Figure 9.59
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Figure 9.60
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Figure 9.61
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Figure 9.62
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Figure 9.63
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Figure 9.64
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Figure 9.65
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Figure 9.66
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Figure 9.67