Department Of Electronics

Saurashtra University, Rajkot

CERTIFICATE

Uni.Exam No.V

This is to certify that the project work

satisfactorily carried out in the laboratory and hence
recorded in this file is bonafide work of Mr. Ronak Vithlani of
the M.Sc. (ECI) SEM - V class during the academic term
december 2009.

Professor in charge Head of the Department

Date:-

2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:-

We would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to few

people without whom the successful completion of the
project would not have been possible.

We would like to thank Dr.H.N.Pandya, the Head of the

Department. He was always inspired us to approach
systematically and step by step. We are also thankful to
Dr.A.A.Bhaskar, for helping us in PCB making and over
whole project. We are obliged to the entire team of
department for providing us the necessary guidance and
resources for implementing the project.

We also like to thank our Friends who have helped us

to found out the topic information related to it. Their help
has raised the knowledge to a level that would have been
impossible working alone.

Ronak Vithlani

3
 INDEX

 Introduction................................................05
 Design.........................................................08
 Function Generation Using XR2206 .............12
 Component List...........................................19
 Circuit Diagram ...........................................22
 Layout Diagram ..........................................24
 Circuit Description ......................................26
 Construction ...............................................29
 Testing ........................................................31
 Troubleshooting .........................................34
 Precaution ..................................................36
 Project Setup ..............................................38
 Datasheet ...................................................40
 Reference ...................................................59

4
Introduction

5
 The function generator is the essential
equipment for the electronics laboratory. It is a most versatile piece
of the electronics laboratory. It can use for many experiments and
measurement.

The basic block diagram of function generator

is given below. The block diagram contains three main blocks:
oscillator, Filter and Power amplifier.

Waveform
selector

Amplitude Power
OSCILLATOR Filter Output
Adjust Amplifier
stage

Frequency
Adjust

Figure: ̴ Basic Block Diagram of Function Generator

6
Oscillator: ̴
The oscillator is the heart of the function generator. The
waveform of different types and shapes are generated by this block. Basically
oscillator has different blocks for generating the waveform of different types
and shapes.

Amplitude Adjust: ̴
The amplitude of the waveform generated by the oscillator is
adjusted by this block. We connect some potentiometer with oscillator
circuitry for this purpose.

Frequency Adjust: ̴
The frequency of the waveform generated by the oscillator is
adjusted by this block. We connect some resistive-capacitive network with
oscillator circuitry for this purpose.

Waveform Selector: ̴
We can select the type of the waveform by this block. We put
some switches with oscillator different block for getting different type of
waveform to the output.

Filter:
It is a freq. selective network that passes selected band of freq.,
useful to filter the noise and ripple.

Power Amplifier: ̴
Power amplifier is give sufficient power at output to drive the
load circuit.

Output Stage: ̴
We use some buffer amplifier as output stage for providing
lowest output impedance for driving heavy loading circuitry.
7
Design

8
Basic Step: ̴
 First select the range of the function generator.
 Then decide that u can make the function generator by
discrete block using transistor and Op-amp circuits or by using
Different types of ICs.
 After that select the components for filters and amplifier for
your circuitry.
 Design your circuit using these components and run into the
simulator software (Tina pro, Eagle etc.).
 If it is successfully run then test your circuit on the bread
board.
 Construct your circuit on PCB by directly soldering component
on the linear or dotted PCB or making layout of the PCB using
the software (Eagle, Diptrace, Tina pro etc.).

Design of Oscillator: ̴
There are different types of oscillator
available in the market. We made oscillator by using transistor and
op-amp circuit and or we use directly ICs of the oscillator.

Using transistor and op-amp we made

oscillator. Sinusoidal oscillator is made by Hartley oscillator, Colpitt
oscillator, clap oscillator and Wien bridge oscillator. Square wave
signal is we made by different astable multivibrator. Triangular
wave is we made by putting integrator after square wave
generator. There is one problem to design of oscillator using this
circuit is that the frequency stability and the shape of the
waveform is sometime distorted and requirement of order of filter

9
is high and size and component of this different block increase the
cost of the circuit.

We can easily made oscillator by selecting ICs.

There are no. of ICs available namely XR2206, MAX038 and IC 8038.
By selecting it we get all waveforms by one IC and signal is highly
accurate.

Design of Filter: ̴
Designing of filter is very useful for our
circuitry to remove the noise and some distortion from the output
of the oscillator. The filter is made by simple capacitor and also
made by different IC’s for complex application. Depending on our
requirement we made the different types or order of filter.

Function generator IC has internally filter

stage so we don’t require constructing filter separately.

Design of Amplifier: ̴
Amplifier stage is one of the most required in
the function generator circuitry. The output of the oscillator and
filter is sometime haven’t sufficient magnitude of voltage and
current. To fulfill this requirement we require power amplifier
stages. Different types of amplifiers are available depending on
requirement, for current Darlington amplifier is available or for
voltage requirement different voltage amplifiers are available.

10
Design of output stage: ̴
To get output of the function generator
doesn’t load the circuit the we connect, we required buffer
amplifier stage as an output amplifier stage, e.g. class A power
amplifier and emitter follower is work as a Buffer amplifier.

After this we decide to make the function

generator using XR2206 IC.

11
Function Generation
using XR2206

12
General Description: ̴
The XR-2206 is a monolithic function
generator integrated circuit capable of producing high quality sine,
square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms of High-stability and
accuracy. The output waveforms can be both amplitude and
frequency modulated by an external voltage. Frequency of
operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01Hz to more
than 1MHz.

The circuit is ideally suited for

communications, instrumentation, and function generator
applications requiring sinusoidal tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation.
It has a typical drift specification of 20ppm/°C. The oscillator
frequency can be linearly swept over a 2000:1 frequency range with
an external control voltage, while maintaining low distortion.

Block and Pin diagram of XR2206: ̴

13
Pin Description: ̴

PIN Description
1 Amplitude Modulating(AM) Signal Input
2 Sine/Triangular Wave Output
3 Multiplier Output
4 Positive Power Supply
5,6 Timing Capacitor Connection
7,8 Timing Resistor Connection
9 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) input
10 Internal voltage Reference (Biasing voltage
adjustment)
11 Sync. Output(required pull up resistor to Vcc)
12 GND
13,14 Wave form Adjust
15,16 Wave Symmetry Adjust

Function description: ̴
The XR-2206 is comprised of four main
functional blocks as shown in the block diagram. They are:

 A Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

 An Analog Multiplier and Sine-shaper
 Unity Gain Buffer Amplifier
 A set of current switches

14
 The VCO actually produces an output
frequency proportional to an input current, which is produced by a
resistor from the timing terminals to ground. The current switches
route one of the currents to the VCO to produce an output
frequency. Which timing pin current is used, is controlled by the
FSK input (pin 9).

The frequency is determined by this formula:

𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

Where fo= the frequency in Hertz

R =the resistance at pin 7 in Ohms
C = the capacitance across pin 5 and 6 in Farads

Note that frequency is inversely proportional

to the value of RC. That is, the higher the value of RC, the smaller
the frequency. The resistance between pins 13 and 14 determines
the shape of the output wave on pin 2. No resistor produces a
triangle wave. A 200Ω resistor produces a sine wave.

15
Waveform Generation: ̴

Figure: ̴ Basic Waveform Generator using XR2206

 Sine wave generation: ̴
Figure shows the circuit connection for
generating a sinusoidal output from the XR-2206. The
potentiometer, R1 at Pin 7, provides the desired frequency tuning.
The maximum output swing is greater than Vcc/2, and the typical
distortion (THD) is < 2.5%. If lower sine wave distortion is desired,
additional adjustments can be provided as Resistor RB between pin
15 and 16 and RA between 13 and 14. The adjustment procedure is
as follows:

1. Set RB at midpoint and adjust RA for minimum

distortion.
2. With RA set as above, adjust RB to further reduce
distortion.
16
  Triangle wave generation: ̴
The circuits shown above Figure can be
converted to triangle wave generation, by simply open-circuiting
Pin 13 and 14 (i.e., S1 open). Amplitude of the triangle is
approximately twice the sine wave output

 Square wave generation: ̴

The circuits shown above Figure give square
wave output as parallel with sine/triangle output, there is no
requirement of additional circuitry.

Output Adjustment: ̴
 Output DC Level and Amplitude Control: ̴
The dc level at the output (Pin 2) is
approximately the same as the dc bias at Pin 3. In Figure, Pin 3 is
biased midway between (Vcc) and ground, to give an output dc
level of (Vcc)/2. The output Amplitude is adjust by varying the
resistor connected across pin.3.

 Frequency Adjustment: ̴
The frequency of oscillation𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 is determined
by the external timing capacitor, C, across Pin 5 and 6, and by the
timing resistor, R, connected to either Pin 7 or 8. The frequency
is given as:

𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 =
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
And can be adjusted by varying either R or C.
17
  Duty Cycle Adjustment: ̴

Figure: ̴ Pulse and Sawtooth wave generator

By sorting Pin.11 with Pin.9 we got two

Freq. depending on the polarity on the Pin.11. if it is positive or bias
is connected more than 2V ,R1 at Pin.7 is activated. When Voltage
at Pin.9 is less than 1V R2 at Pin.8 is activated. By changing the
value of R1 and R2 we can set the duty cycle of output waveform.
Changing the bias voltage made same thing.

18
Component List

19
 Resistor: ̴
 R1,R2,R12 :̴ 4.7KΩ
 R3,R4,R7,R9 :̴ 27Ω
 R5,R6,R16 :̴ 1KΩ
 R8,R13 :̴ 2.2KΩ
 R10 :̴ 3.3KΩ
 R11 :̴ 100KΩ
 R14 :̴ 47Ω
 R15 :̴ 10Ω
 VR1,VR5 :̴ 25KΩ
 VR2 :̴ 10KΩ
 VR3 :̴ 100KΩ
 VR4 :̴ 1KΩ

 Capacitor: ̴
 C1,C8 :̴ 1000 µF,16V electrolytic
 C2 :̴ 22 µF ,16V electrolytic
 C3,C7 :̴ 100 µF,16V electrolytic
 C4 :̴ 2.2 µF ,16V electrolytic
 C5 :̴ 1nF ceramic Disk
 C6 :̴ 10 µF ,16V electrolytic
 C8 :̴ 1000 µF,16V electrolytic
 C9 :̴ 0.1 µF ceramic Disk
 C10 :̴ 470 µF ,16V electrolytic

 Diode: ̴
 D1-D4 :̴ 1N4001 Rectifier Diode
 D5 :̴ 1N4148 Zener Diode

20
 Transistor: ̴
 Q1,Q4 :̴ BC327 PNP Transistor
 Q2,Q3 :̴ BC337 NPN Transistor

 IC: ̴
 IC1 :̴ 7812
 IC2 :̴ XR2206
 IC3 :̴ 7805
 IC4 :̴ 74LS13

 Miscellaneous: ̴
 S1 :̴ ON/OFF toggle switch
 S2 :̴ Push to on switch
 S3 :̴ Rotary (1 pole 3 range)
 S4 :̴ Rotary (1 pole 2 range)
 Connector Male/Female
 General purpose Copper PCB

21
Circuit Diagram

22
23
Layout Diagram

24
Figure: ̴ Component diagram of function generator

Figure: ̴ Printing diagram of function generator

25
Circuit Description

26
 When we switched on the supply the
220V AC is step down by transformer and rectified by diode
bridge rectifier (D1-D4). Further it given to IC1 which in
positive voltage regulator, useful to maintain constant dc
voltage at output.

The output of IC1 is connecting with IC2

in different way. Pin.1 of IC2 is connected by voltage divider
pattern via resistor R3 and VR1 and R4 is connecting to
limiting the current. By varying the VR1 we can vary the
R.M.S value of Output waveform. Pin.3 of IC2 is connected
by voltage divider R1 and R2 series with VR2. By varying
VR2 we can vary the amplitude of output waveform.

We can change the frequency output by

changing three capacitors C5-C6 and C9, which are
connected via Switch S1. These are timing capacitor of the
circuit. By changing the switch position we can change the
range of frequency. Two resistors R5 and VR3 are connected
with pin.7, these are timing resistor of the circuit, by varying
this we can vary the frequency in selected range. The
output frequency is given by

𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
27
 Two parallel resistors R6 and VR4 is
connected between Pin.13 and Pin.14 with switch S2. If the
switch is open the output waveform is triangular otherwise
it is sinusoidal. By varying VR4 we can reduce the distortion
in sinusoidal waveform. The resistor connected between
Pin.15 and Pin.16 is useful to get the symmetry to the
output sinusoidal waveform.

The output is taken from Pin.2 is

sine/triangular and Pin.11 is Square. Further this output
from IC2 is given to power amplifier stage. The output of
pin.2 is given to Darlington current amplifier to get high
current by compensating some voltage as same for square
wave output but the power amplifier stage is Emitter
follower or CC amplifier.

Variation of duty cycle is done by

changing the biased voltage at pin. 10, initially it is set to
internal mode by ground by capacitor C4 so it does not
affected by noise.

28
Construction

29
 First read all manual and see circuit diagram which you
have in your project.
 Identify all components like value of resistor which are
identify by using color code, value of capacitor by
seeing value on its surface, diode and transistor by its
number on its surface and IC by its pin and number on
its surface.
 After Reading all this Solder the components on the
circuit board expect LEDs, Switches and Potentiometer.
 Don’t mount the IC directly instead of mounting its
socket.
 Be careful while soldering the Electrolytic Capacitor
because it has polarity so solders it properly.
 Install all other component which we are not soldering
on the box using its LOCKWASHER and NUTS.

30
Testing

31
 The unit may be tested by following the 4 steps listed
below. Should any of these tests fail, refer to the Troubleshooting
Guide.

1) Set the switches and pots as follows: ̴

 On/Off On
 Range 10
 Frequency Maximum (clockwise)
 Amplitude Maximum (clockwise)
 Sine/Triangle Set Sine/Triangle switch to Sine position

2) Output Waveforms: ̴

Connect an oscilloscope probe to the square wave

output. You should see about 8V peak to peak square wave of a
little over 15Hz. Connect the oscilloscope probe to the sine/triangle
wave output. You should see a sine wave of approximately 3V peak
to peak or greater. Set the Sine/Triangle switch to the Triangle
wave position. You should see a triangle waveform of
approximately 3V peak to peak or greater. In both sine and triangle
waves, the frequency is also a little over 15Hz.

3) Frequency Controls: ̴

3range settings, vary the FREQUENCY pot from max to

min and check that the frequency varies according to beloved
Table.

Position Freq.
1 1-100Hz
2 100Hz-10KHz
3 10KHz-1MHz

32
4) Amplitude Controls: ̴

Set the switch and pots as in Step 1. Connect the

oscilloscope to the sine/triangle wave output and vary the
AMPLITUDE pot. The sine wave amplitude should vary from near
zero to approximately 3V peak to peak or greater.

33
TROUBLESHOOTING

34
1) No Sine/Triangle or Square Wave Output: ̴
 Check the soldering on power supply switch
 Check battery and battery snap.
 Check jack.
 Check the soldering on IC2.
 Check for +12V on IC1 pin 4.
 Check that IC1 is not installed wrongly.
 Check all of the values Resistor and Capacitor
2) Wrong Frequency On Any Range Setting: ̴
 This indicates a wrong value capacitor in the bad
range position.

3) Sine/Triangle Switch Doesn’t Work: ̴

 Check the soldering on switch S2 and R6.
 Check the value of R6.
 Check pin 13 and 14 of IC1.

4) Amplitude Control Doesn’t Work: ̴

 Check the soldering on VR1, VR2 and R3.
 Check the values of the above mentioned
components.

5) Frequency Control Doesn’t Work: ̴

 Check the soldering on VR3 and R5.
 Check the values of the above two resistors.

35
Precaution

36
 Wear eye protection when soldering.
 Locate soldering iron in an area where you do not have
to go around it or reach over it.
 Do not holds solder material in your mouth. Solder
contains lead and is a toxic substance. Wash your hands
thoroughly after handling solder.
 Be sure that there is adequate ventilation present
 As some part of the circuit are at mains potential take
due care while connecting and testing the circuit.
 Be careful while connecting mains Polarity of live and
neutral.
 Referred Datasheet of each component and mount it
by shown its pin description on the PCB.
 Doesn’t Mount the IC directly, first mount its socket
then put it on the socket.
 Don’t touch the IC by your hand or by any other device
like probe of Multimeter etc. It causes to damage the
IC.
 Don’t touch soldering iron to the LED, Transistor and IC
for long time, it will cause to damage them.
 Rating of the similar Components should be same
otherwise some problem occurs in the circuitry will
take time to troubleshoot them.

37
Project Setup

38
39
Datasheet

40
 XR-2206
Monolithic
...the analog plus company TM Function Generator

June 1997-3
FEATURES APPLICATIONS

Waveform Generation

Low-Sine Wave Distortion, 0.5%, Typical

Excellent Temperature Stability, 20ppm/°C, Typ.
Sweep Generation

Wide Sweep Range, 2000:1, Typical
AM/FM Generation

Low-Supply Sensitivity, 0.01%V, Typ.

V/F Conversion

Linear Amplitude Modulation

FSK Generation

TTL Compatible FSK Controls

Wide Supply Range, 10V to 26V
Phase-Locked Loops (VCO)

Adjustable Duty Cycle, 1% TO 99%

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XR-2206 is a monolithic function generator
integrated circuit capable of producing high quality sine,
square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms of
high-stability and accuracy. The output waveforms can be
both amplitude and frequency modulated by an external
voltage. Frequency of operation can be selected
externally over a range of 0.01Hz to more than 1MHz.
The circuit is ideally suited for communications,
instrumentation, and function generator applications
requiring sinusoidal tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation. It
has a typical drift specification of 20ppm/°C. The oscillator
frequency can be linearly swept over a 2000:1 frequency
range with an external control voltage, while maintaining
low distortion.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Operating
Part No. Package Temperature Range
XR-2206M 16 Lead 300 Mil CDIP -55°C to +125°C
XR-2206P 16 Lead 300 Mil PDIP –40°C to +85°C
XR-2206CP 16 Lead 300 Mil PDIP 0°C to +70°C
XR-2206D 16 Lead 300 Mil JEDEC SOIC 0°C to +70°C

Rev. 1.03
1972
EXAR Corporation, 48720 Kato Road, Fremont, CA 94538  (510) 668-7000  (510) 668-7017
1
XR-2206

VCC GND BIAS

4 12 10
11 SYNCO
TC1 5
Timing
Capacitor VCO
TC2 6

TR1 7
Timing
Resistors Current Multiplier
8 Switches And Sine
TR2 +1 2 STO
Shaper

FSKI 9

AMSI 1 3 MO

WAVEA1 13

WAVEA2 14

SYMA1 15

SYMA2 16

Figure 1. XR-2206 Block Diagram

Rev. 1.03
2
 XR-2206

AMSI 1 16 SYMA2 AMSI 1 16 SYMA2

STO 2 15 SYMA1 STO 2 15 SYMA1
MO 3 14 WAVEA2 MO 3 14 WAVEA2
VCC 4 13 WAVEA1 VCC 4 13 WAVEA1
TC1 5 12 GND TC1 5 12 GND
TC2 6 11 SYNCO TC2 6 11 SYNCO
TR1 7 10 BIAS TR1 7 10 BIAS
TR2 8 9 FSKI TR2 8 9 FSKI

16 Lead PDIP, CDIP (0.300”) 16 Lead SOIC (Jedec, 0.300”)

PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin # Symbol Type Description
1 AMSI I Amplitude Modulating Signal Input.
2 STO O Sine or Triangle Wave Output.
3 MO O Multiplier Output.
4 VCC Positive Power Supply.
5 TC1 I Timing Capacitor Input.
6 TC2 I Timing Capacitor Input.
7 TR1 O Timing Resistor 1 Output.
8 TR2 O Timing Resistor 2 Output.
9 FSKI I Frequency Shift Keying Input.
10 BIAS O Internal Voltage Reference.
11 SYNCO O Sync Output. This output is a open collector and needs a pull up resistor to VCC.
12 GND Ground pin.
13 WAVEA1 I Wave Form Adjust Input 1.
14 WAVEA2 I Wave Form Adjust Input 2.
15 SYMA1 I Wave Symetry Adjust 1.
16 SYMA2 I Wave Symetry Adjust 2.

Rev. 1.03
3
 XR-2206
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Test Conditions: Test Circuit of Figure 2 Vcc = 12V, TA = 25°C, C = 0.01F, R1 = 100k
, R2 = 10k
, R3 = 25k

Unless Otherwise Specified. S1 open for triangle, closed for sine wave.

XR-2206M/P XR-2206CP/D
Parameters Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions
General Characteristics
Single Supply Voltage 10 26 10 26 V
Split-Supply Voltage +5 +13 +5 +13 V
Supply Current 12 17 14 20 mA R1  10k

Oscillator Section
Max. Operating Frequency 0.5 1 0.5 1 MHz C = 1000pF, R1 = 1k

Lowest Practical Frequency 0.01 0.01 Hz C = 50F, R1 = 2M

Frequency Accuracy +1 +4 +2 % of fo fo = 1/R1C
Temperature Stability +10 +50 +20 ppm/°C 0°C
TA
70°C
Frequency R1 = R2 = 20k

Sine Wave Amplitude Stability2 4800 4800 ppm/°C
Supply Sensitivity 0.01 0.1 0.01 %/V VLOW = 10V, VHIGH = 20V,
R1 = R2 = 20k

Sweep Range 1000:1 2000:1 2000:1 fH = fL fH @ R1 = 1k

fL @ R1 = 2M

Sweep Linearity
10:1 Sweep 2 2 % fL = 1kHz, fH = 10kHz
1000:1 Sweep 8 8 % fL = 100Hz, fH = 100kHz
FM Distortion 0.1 0.1 % +10% Deviation
Recommended Timing Components
Timing Capacitor: C 0.001 100 0.001 100 F Figure 5
Timing Resistors: R1 & R2 1 2000 1 2000 k

Triangle Sine Wave Output1 Figure 3
Triangle Amplitude 160 160 mV/k
Figure 2, S1 Open
Sine Wave Amplitude 40 60 80 60 mV/k
Figure 2, S1 Closed
Max. Output Swing 6 6 Vp-p
Output Impedance 600 600

Triangle Linearity 1 1 %
Amplitude Stability 0.5 0.5 dB For 1000:1 Sweep
Sine Wave Distortion
Without Adjustment 2.5 2.5 % R1 = 30k

With Adjustment 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 % See Figure 7 and Figure 8

Notes
1 Output amplitude is directly proportional to the resistance, R , on Pin 3. See Figure 3.
3
2 For maximum amplitude stability, R should be a positive temperature coefficient resistor.
3
Bold face parameters are covered by production test and guaranteed over operating temperature range.

Rev. 1.03
4
 XR-2206
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONT’D)

XR-2206M/P XR-2206CP/D
Parameters Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions
Amplitude Modulation
Input Impedance 50 100 50 100 k

Modulation Range 100 100 %
Carrier Suppression 55 55 dB
Linearity 2 2 % For 95% modulation
Square-Wave Output
Amplitude 12 12 Vp-p Measured at Pin 11.
Rise Time 250 250 ns CL = 10pF
Fall Time 50 50 ns CL = 10pF
Saturation Voltage 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 V IL = 2mA
Leakage Current 0.1 20 0.1 100 A VCC = 26V
FSK Keying Level (Pin 9) 0.8 1.4 2.4 0.8 1.4 2.4 V See section on circuit controls
Reference Bypass Voltage 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.5 3 3.5 V Measured at Pin 10.

Notes
1 Output amplitude is directly proportional to the resistance, R , on Pin 3. See Figure 3.
3
2 For maximum amplitude stability, R should be a positive temperature coefficient resistor.
3
Bold face parameters are covered by production test and guaranteed over operating temperature range.

Specifications are subject to change without notice

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26V Total Timing Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6mA

Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750mW Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . -65°C to +150°C
Derate Above 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5mW/°C

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The XR-2206 is comprised of four functional blocks; a
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), an analog multiplier
and sine-shaper; a unity gain buffer amplifier; and a set of
current switches.
The VCO produces an output frequency proportional to
an input current, which is set by a resistor from the timing
terminals to ground. With two timing pins, two discrete
output frequencies can be independently produced for
FSK generation applications by using the FSK input
control pin. This input controls the current switches which
select one of the timing resistor currents, and routes it to
the VCO.

Rev. 1.03
5
XR-2206
VCC

1mF

4
1 Symmetry Adjust
16
5
Mult. 25K
S1 = Open For Triangle
C And 15
VCO = Closed For Sinewave
Sine 14
6 Shaper
S1
13 THD Adjust
9
FSK Input 500
R1 7 Current Triangle Or
2 Sine Wave
R2 8 Switches +1
Output
11 Square Wave
Output
10 12 3 XR-2206
R3 10K
25K
1mF
+ VCC
1mF

VCC
5.1K 5.1K

Figure 2. Basic Test Circuit

6
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
26
Triangle 70°C Max.

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Package
Peak Output Voltage (Volts)

5 Dissipation

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
22
1KW

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
4
Sinewave
2KW
ICC (mA)

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
3 18

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ 10KW

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
2
14

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
1 30KW

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
0 20 40 60
R3 in (KW)
80 100
10
8 12 16 20
VCC (V)
24 28

Figure 3. Output Amplitude Figure 4. Supply Current vs

as a Function of the Resistor, Supply Voltage, Timing, R
R3, at Pin 3

Rev. 1.03
6
 XR-2206

10M
ÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁ
MAXIMUM TIMING R
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

Normal Output Amplitude

4V 4V

ÁÁÁÁÁ
1M

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Timing Resistor ( W )

ÁÁÁÁÁ
1.0

100K
NORMAL RANGE
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÁÁÁÁÁ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÁÁÁÁÁ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
TYPICAL VALUE 0.5
10K

ÁÁÁÁÁ ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
1K

ÁÁÁÁÁ
10-2
MINIMUM TIMING R

10 102 104 106

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
0
VCC / 2

Frequency (Hz) DC Voltage At Pin 1

Figure 5. R versus Oscillation Frequency. Figure 6. Normalized Output Amplitude

versus DC Bias at AM Input (Pin 1)

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
5

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
5

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ ÁÁÁ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
4

ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
4

ÁÁÁÁ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
C = 0.01mF R=3KW
Trimmed For Minimum
Distortion (%)

VOUT =0.5VRMS Pin 2

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ ÁÁÁÁ
Distortion At 30 KW
Distortion (%)

3 RL=10KW
3

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
2 2

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
1 1

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
0
1.0 10

Timing R K(W)
100 103
0
10 100 1K 10K
Frequency (Hz)
100K 1M

Figure 7. Trimmed Distortion versus Figure 8. Sine Wave Distortion versus

Timing Resistor. Operating Frequency with
Timing Capacitors Varied.

Rev. 1.03
7
XR-2206

C=0.01F
2
R=1M

R=2K

Frequency Drift (%)

1
R=200K
R=10K

R=200K

0
R=10K
IC IT
Pin 7
R=2K
R=1M
Rc or 8
-1 Sweep
Input +
R=1K
VC IB
- +
-2 3V
R=1K
R

ÁÁ
-
12
-3
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125

Ambient Temperature (C°)

Figure 9. Frequency Drift versus Figure 10. Circuit Connection for Frequency Sweep.
Temperature.
VCC

1F

4
1 16
5
Mult. S1 Closed For Sinewave
C 15
VCO And
Sine 14
6 Shaper S1
13 200
9
7 Current
2 Triangle Or
8 Switches +1 Sine Wave Output
2M R1 1K
11 Square Wave
Output
R 10 12 3 XR-2206
R3 10K
+ 50K
1F
+ VCC
10F

VCC
5.1K 5.1K

Figure 11. Circuit tor Sine Wave Generation without External Adjustment.
(See Figure 3 for Choice of R3)

Rev. 1.03
8
 XR-2206
VCC

1
F
4 Symmetry Adjust
1 16
5
Mult. 25K RB
C And 15 S1 Closed For Sinewave
1 VCO
F= Sine 14
RC 6 Shaper S1
13 RA
9
500
7 Current 2 Triangle Or
2M R1 8 Switches +1 Sine Wave Output
1K
11 Square Wave
Output
R 10 12 3 XR-2206
R3 10K
+ 50K
1
F
+ VCC
10
F
VCC
5.1K 5.1K

Figure 12. Circuit for Sine Wave Generation with Minimum Harmonic Distortion.
(R3 Determines Output Swing - See Figure 3)

VCC

1
F
4
1 16
5
Mult. 15
>2V F1 C VCO And 14
Sine
F2 6 Shaper
<1V
13 200
9
FSK Input
R1 7 Current 2
R2 8 Switches +1 FSK Output
11

F1=1/R1C
F2=1/R2C 10 12 3 XR-2206
R3
+ 50K
1
F
+
10
F

VCC
5.1K 5.1K

Figure 13. Sinusoidal FSK Generator

Rev. 1.03
9
 XR-2206
VCC

1
F f 2 1
C R1
R2

4
1 R1
5 16 Duty Cycle =
R1
R2
Mult.
C VCO And 15
Sine 14
6
Shaper
9 13
R1 7 Current
R2 2 Sawtooth Output
8 Switches +1
11
Pulse Output

10 12 3 XR-2206
R3 5.1K
+ 24K
1
F
+ VCC
10
F

VCC
5.1K 5.1K

Figure 14. Circuit for Pulse and Ramp Generation.

Frequency-Shift Keying APPLICATIONS INFORMATION

The XR-2206 can be operated with two separate timing
resistors, R1 and R2, connected to the timing Pin 7 and 8,
respectively, as shown in Figure 13. Depending on the
polarity of the logic signal at Pin 9, either one or the other
of these timing resistors is activated. If Pin 9 is
open-circuited or connected to a bias voltage  2V, only
R1 is activated. Similarly, if the voltage level at Pin 9 is
1V, only R2 is activated. Thus, the output frequency can
be keyed between two levels. f1 and f2, as:
f1 = 1/R1C and f2 = 1/R2C
For split-supply operation, the keying voltage at Pin 9 is
referenced to V-.
Output DC Level Control
Sine Wave Generation
Without External Adjustment
Figure 11 shows the circuit connection for generating a
sinusoidal output from the XR-2206. The potentiometer,
R1 at Pin 7, provides the desired frequency tuning. The
maximum output swing is greater than V+/2, and the
typical distortion (THD) is < 2.5%. If lower sine wave
distortion is desired, additional adjustments can be
provided as described in the following section.
The circuit of Figure 11 can be converted to split-supply
operation, simply by replacing all ground connections
with V-. For split-supply operation, R3 can be directly
connected to ground.

The dc level at the output (Pin 2) is approximately the

same as the dc bias at Pin 3. In Figure 11, Figure 12 and
Figure 13, Pin 3 is biased midway between V+ and
ground, to give an output dc level of  V+/2.

Rev. 1.03
10
 XR-2206
With External Adjustment: PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

Description of Controls
The harmonic content of sinusoidal output can be
reduced to -0.5% by additional adjustments as shown in Frequency of Operation:
Figure 12. The potentiometer, RA, adjusts the
The frequency of oscillation, fo, is determined by the
sine-shaping resistor, and RB provides the fine
external timing capacitor, C, across Pin 5 and 6, and by
adjustment for the waveform symmetry. The adjustment
the timing resistor, R, connected to either Pin 7 or 8. The
procedure is as follows:
frequency is given as:
1. Set RB at midpoint and adjust RA for minimum
distortion.
f 0 + 1 Hz
RC
2. With RA set as above, adjust RB to further reduce
distortion.
and can be adjusted by varying either R or C. The
recommended values of R, for a given frequency range,
as shown in Figure 5. Temperature stability is optimum
Triangle Wave Generation
for 4k
< R < 200k
. Recommended values of C are from
1000pF to 100F.
The circuits of Figure 11 and Figure 12 can be converted
to triangle wave generation, by simply open-circuiting Pin Frequency Sweep and Modulation:
13 and 14 (i.e., S1 open). Amplitude of the triangle is Frequency of oscillation is proportional to the total timing
approximately twice the sine wave output. current, IT, drawn from Pin 7 or 8:

320I T (mA)
f+ Hz
FSK Generation C(
F)

Figure 13 shows the circuit connection for sinusoidal FSK
signal operation. Mark and space frequencies can be
independently adjusted by the choice of timing resistors,
R1 and R2; the output is phase-continuous during
transitions. The keying signal is applied to Pin 9. The
circuit can be converted to split-supply operation by
simply replacing ground with V-.
Timing terminals (Pin 7 or 8) are low-impedance points,
and are internally biased at +3V, with respect to Pin 12.
Frequency varies linearly with IT, over a wide range of
current values, from 1A to 3mA. The frequency can be
controlled by applying a control voltage, VC, to the
activated timing pin as shown in Figure 10. The frequency
of oscillation is related to VC as:

Pulse and Ramp Generation ǒ V

f+ 1 1 ) R 1 – C
RC RC 3
ǒ ǓǓHz
Figure 14 shows the circuit for pulse and ramp waveform where VC is in volts. The voltage-to-frequency conversion
generation. In this mode of operation, the FSK keying gain, K, is given as:
terminal (Pin 9) is shorted to the square-wave output (Pin
11), and the circuit automatically frequency-shift keys
itself between two separate frequencies during the K + ēfńēV C + – 0.32 HzńV
R CC
positive-going and negative-going output waveforms.
The pulse width and duty cycle can be adjusted from 1%
to 99% by the choice of R1 and R2. The values of R1 and CAUTION: For safety operation of the circuit, IT should be
R2 should be in the range of 1k
to 2M
. limited to
3mA.

Rev. 1.03
11
 XR-2206
Output Amplitude:
Maximum output amplitude is inversely proportional to
the external resistor, R3, connected to Pin 3 (see
Figure 3). For sine wave output, amplitude is
approximately 60mV peak per k
of R3; for triangle, the
peak amplitude is approximately 160mV peak per k
of
R3. Thus, for example, R3 = 50k
would produce
approximately 13V sinusoidal output amplitude.
Amplitude Modulation:
Output amplitude can be modulated by applying a dc bias
and a modulating signal to Pin 1. The internal impedance
at Pin 1 is approximately 100k
. Output amplitude varies
linearly with the applied voltage at Pin 1, for values of dc
bias at this pin, within 14 volts of VCC/2 as shown in
Figure 6. As this bias level approaches VCC/2, the phase
of the output signal is reversed, and the amplitude goes
through zero. This property is suitable for phase-shift
keying and suppressed-carrier AM generation. Total
dynamic range of amplitude modulation is approximately
55dB.
CAUTION: AM control must be used in conjunction with a
well-regulated supply, since the output amplitude now becomes
a function of VCC.

VR VCC 11 15 V2 5 14 16 6 13 1 3 2

VCC
7
6
5

8
10
VCC
VR
V1
4
VR
Int’nI.
Reg. V1
VR
V2
12
9

Figure 15. Equivalent Schematic Diagram

Rev. 1.03
12
 XR-2206

16 LEAD CERAMIC DUAL-IN-LINE

(300 MIL CDIP)
Rev. 1.00

16 9

1 8

D E1

Base A1
Plane A

Seating L
Plane
e c
B B1 α

INCHES MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL MIN MAX MIN MAX

A 0.100 0.200 2.54 5.08

A1 0.015 0.060 0.38 1.52
B 0.014 0.026 0.36 0.66
B1 0.045 0.065 1.14 1.65
c 0.008 0.018 0.20 0.46
D 0.740 0.840 18.80 21.34
E1 0.250 0.310 6.35 7.87
E 0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC
e 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
L 0.125 0.200 3.18 5.08
α 0° 15° 0° 15°
Note: The control dimension is the inch column

Rev. 1.03
13
XR-2206

16 LEAD PLASTIC DUAL-IN-LINE

(300 MIL PDIP)
Rev. 1.00

16 9
E1
1 8

D E

A2
Seating A
Plane L C
A1 α
B
e B1 eA
eB

INCHES MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL MIN MAX MIN MAX

A 0.145 0.210 3.68 5.33

A1 0.015 0.070 0.38 1.78
A2 0.115 0.195 2.92 4.95
B 0.014 0.024 0.36 0.56
B1 0.030 0.070 0.76 1.78
C 0.008 0.014 0.20 0.38
D 0.745 0.840 18.92 21.34
E 0.300 0.325 7.62 8.26
E1 0.240 0.280 6.10 7.11
e 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
eA 0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC
eB 0.310 0.430 7.87 10.92
L 0.115 0.160 2.92 4.06
α 0° 15° 0° 15°

Note: The control dimension is the inch column

Rev. 1.03
14
 XR-2206

16 LEAD SMALL OUTLINE

(300 MIL JEDEC SOIC)
Rev. 1.00

16 9

E H

1
8

C
A
Seating
Plane α
e B
A1

INCHES MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL MIN MAX MIN MAX

A 0.093 0.104 2.35 2.65

A1 0.004 0.012 0.10 0.30
B 0.013 0.020 0.33 0.51
C 0.009 0.013 0.23 0.32
D 0.398 0.413 10.10 10.50
E 0.291 0.299 7.40 7.60
e 0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC
H 0.394 0.419 10.00 10.65
L 0.016 0.050 0.40 1.27

α 0° 8° 0° 8°
Note: The control dimension is the millimeter column

Rev. 1.03
15
XR-2206

NOTICE

EXAR Corporation reserves the right to make changes to the products contained in this publication in order to im-
prove design, performance or reliability. EXAR Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuits de-
scribed herein, conveys no license under any patent or other right, and makes no representation that the circuits are
free of patent infringement. Charts and schedules contained here in are only for illustration purposes and may vary
depending upon a user’s specific application. While the information in this publication has been carefully checked;
no responsibility, however, is assumed for inaccuracies.

EXAR Corporation does not recommend the use of any of its products in life support applications where the failure or
malfunction of the product can reasonably be expected to cause failure of the life support system or to significantly
affect its safety or effectiveness. Products are not authorized for use in such applications unless EXAR Corporation
receives, in writing, assurances to its satisfaction that: (a) the risk of injury or damage has been minimized; (b) the
user assumes all such risks; (c) potential liability of EXAR Corporation is adequately protected under the circum-
stances.

Copyright 1972 EXAR Corporation

Datasheet June 1997
Reproduction, in part or whole, without the prior written consent of EXAR Corporation is prohibited.

Rev. 1.03
16
 1N4001-1N4007
Discrete POWER & Signal
Technologies

1N4001 - 1N4007

Features
• Low forward voltage drop. 1.0 min (25.4)

Dimensions in
• High surge current capability. inches (mm)

0.205 (5.21)
0.160 (4.06)
DO-41
COLOR BAND DENOTES CATHODE
0.107 (2.72)
0.080 (2.03)

0.034 (0.86)
0.028 (0.71)
1.0 Ampere General Purpose Rectifiers

Absolute Maximum Ratings* TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Value Units

IO Average Rectified Current 1.0 A
.375 " lead length @ TA = 75°C
if(surge) Peak Forward Surge Current
8.3 ms single half-sine-wave 30 A
Superimposed on rated load (JEDEC method)
PD Total Device Dissipation 2.5 W
Derate above 25°C 20 mW/°C
RθJA Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient 50 °C/W
Tstg Storage Temperature Range -55 to +175 °C
TJ Operating Junction Temperature -55 to +150 °C

*These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired.

Electrical Characteristics TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

Parameter Device Units

4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007
Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 V
Maximum RMS Voltage 35 70 140 280 420 560 700 V
DC Reverse Voltage (Rated VR) 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 V
Maximum Reverse Current
@ rated VR TA = 25°C 5.0 µA
TA = 100°C 500 µA
Maximum Forward Voltage @ 1.0 A 1.1 V
Maximum Full Load Reverse Current, 30 µA
Full Cycle TA = 75°C
Typical Junction Capacitance 15 pF
VR = 4.0 V, f = 1.0 MHz

1998 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

 1N4001-1N4007
General Purpose Rectifiers
(continued)

Typical Characteristics

Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Characteristics

1.6 20
1.4 10
FORWARD CURRENT (A)

FORWARD CURRENT (A)

1.2 4
2
1
1
0.8 SINGLE PHASE
HALF WAVE 0.4
0.6 60HZ
RESISTIVE OR
0.2
0.4 INDUCTIVE LOAD 0.1 T J = 25ºC
.375" 9.0 mm LEAD Pulse Width = 300µS
LENGTHS 0.04
0.2 2% Duty Cycle
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0.01
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ( º C) 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
FORWARD VOLTAGE (V)

Non-Repetitive Surge Current Reverse Characteristics

30 1000
FORWARD SURGE CURRENT (A) pk

REVERSE CURRENT (µ A)

24 100 TJ = 150ºC

18 10

TJ = 100ºC
12 1

6 0.1 T J = 25ºC

0 0.01
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
NUMBER OF CYCLES AT 60Hz RATED PEAK REVERSE VOLTAGE (%)

KA78XX/KA78XXA
3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
Internal Block Digram
©2001 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
www.fairchildsemi.com
Description
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive
regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and
with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a
wide range of applications. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate
heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
TO-220
1
D-PAK
1
1. Input 2. GND 3. Output
Rev. 1.0.0
KA78XX/KA78XXA

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Input Voltage (for VO = 5V to 18V) VI 35 V
(for VO = 24V) VI 40 V
°
Thermal Resistance Junction-Cases (TO-220) RθJC 5 C/W
Thermal Resistance Junction-Air (TO-220) RθJA 65 °C/W

°
Operating Temperature Range (KA78XX/A/R) TOPR 0 ~ +125 C
°
Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 C

Electrical Characteristics (KA7805/KA7805R)

(Refer to test circuit ,0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500mA, VI =10V, CI= 0.33µF, CO=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)

KA7805
Parameter Symbol Conditions Unit
Min. Typ. Max.
TJ =+25 oC 4.8 5.0 5.2
Output Voltage VO 5.0mA ≤ Io ≤ 1.0A, PO ≤ 15W
V
VI = 7V to 20V 4.75 5.0 5.25
VO = 7V to 25V - 4.0 100
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline TJ=+25 oC mV
VI = 8V to 12V - 1.6 50
IO = 5.0mA to1.5A - 9 100
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload TJ=+25 oC mV
IO =250mA to 750mA - 4 50
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 oC - 5.0 8.0 mA
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 0.03 0.5
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ mA
VI= 7V to 25V - 0.3 1.3
Output Voltage Drift ∆VO/∆T IO= 5mA - -0.8 - mV/ oC
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz, TA=+25 oC - 42 - µV/VO
f = 120Hz
Ripple Rejection RR 62 73 - dB
VO = 8V to 18V
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ =+25 oC - 2 - V
Output Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 15 - mΩ
Short Circuit Current ISC VI = 35V, TA =+25 oC - 230 - mA
o
Peak Current IPK TJ =+25 C - 2.2 - A

Note:
1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in Vo due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.

2
KA78XX/KA78XXA

Electrical Characteristics (KA7812/KA7812R)

(Refer to test circuit ,0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500mA, VI =19V, CI= 0.33µF, CO=0.1µF, unless otherwise specified)

KA7812/KA7812R
Parameter Symbol Conditions Unit
Min. Typ. Max.
TJ =+25 oC 11.5 12 12.5
Output Voltage VO 5.0mA ≤ IO≤1.0A, PO≤15W
V
VI = 14.5V to 27V 11.4 12 12.6
VI = 14.5V to 30V - 10 240
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline TJ =+25 oC mV
VI = 16V to 22V - 3.0 120
IO = 5mA to 1.5A - 11 240
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload TJ =+25 oC mV
IO = 250mA to 750mA - 5.0 120
Quiescent Current IQ TJ =+25 oC - 5.1 8.0 mA
IO = 5mA to 1.0A - 0.1 0.5
Quiescent Current Change ∆IQ mA
VI = 14.5V to 30V - 0.5 1.0
Output Voltage Drift ∆VO/∆T IO = 5mA - -1 - mV/ oC
Output Noise Voltage VN f = 10Hz to 100KHz, TA =+25 oC - 76 - µV/Vo
f = 120Hz
Ripple Rejection RR 55 71 - dB
VI = 15V to 25V
Dropout Voltage VDrop IO = 1A, TJ=+25 oC - 2 - V
Output Resistance rO f = 1KHz - 18 - mΩ
Short Circuit Current ISC VI = 35V, TA =+25 oC - 230 - mA
Peak Current IPK TJ = +25 oC - 2.2 - A

Note:
1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.

7
 BC327/328
BC327/328

Switching and Amplifier Applications

• Suitable for AF-Driver stages and low power output stages
• Complement to BC337/BC338

1 TO-92
1. Collector 2. Base 3. Emitter
PNP Epitaxial Silicon Transistor
Absolute Maximum Ratings Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter Value Units
VCES Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC327 -50 V
: BC328 -30 V
VCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC327 -45 V
: BC328 -25 V
VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage -5 V
IC Collector Current (DC) -800 mA
PC Collector Power Dissipation 625 mW
TJ Junction Temperature 150 °C
TSTG Storage Temperature -55 ~ 150 °C

Electrical Characteristics Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units
BVCEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC= -10mA, IB=0
: BC327 -45 V
: BC328 -25 V
BVCES Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC= -0.1mA, VBE=0
: BC327 -50 V
: BC328 -30 V
BVEBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage IE= -10µA, IC=0 -5 V
ICES Collector Cut-off Current
: BC327 VCE= -45V, VBE=0 -2 -100 nA
: BC328 VCE= -25V, VBE=0 -2 -100 nA
hFE1 DC Current Gain VCE= -1V, IC= -100mA 100 630
hFE2 VCE= -1V, IC= -300mA 40
VCE (sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC= -500mA, IB= -50mA -0.7 V
VBE (on) Base-Emitter On Voltage VCE= -1V, IC= -300mA -1.2 V
fT Current Gain Bandwidth Product VCE= -5V, IC= -10mA, f=20MHz 100 MHz
Cob Output Capacitance VCB= -10V, IE=0, f=1MHz 12 pF

hFE Classification
Classification 16 25 40
hFE1 100 ~ 250 160 ~ 400 250 ~ 630
hFE2 60- 100- 170-

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. B1, August 2002

 BC327/328
Typical Characteristics

-500 -20
µA
- 80
IB= µA
- 70
mA I =
IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

- 5.0 A

IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

I B = - 4.5m
B
µA P
-400 -16 - 60 T =6
I B = 4.0mA IB= 00
mW
- A
I B = - 3.5m A µA
I B = - 3.0m A - 50
I B = - 2.5m IB=
-300 IB = mA -12 µA
- 2.0 - 40
IB =
mA
IB=
1.5
IB = -
30µA
-200 -8
IB = -
IB = - 1.0mA PT = 60
0mW
0µA
IB = - 2
IB = - 0.5mA
-100
-4

IB = - 10µA
IB = 0
-0 IB = 0
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
-10 -20 -30 -40 -50

VCE[V], COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE VCE[V], COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE

Figure 1. Static Characteristic Figure 2. Static Characteristic

VBE(sat), VCE(sat)[V], SATURATION VOLTAGE

1000 -10
PULSE
IC = 10 IB
PULSE
V CE = - 2.0V
hFE, DC CURRENT GAIN

V CE(sat)
100 -1

- 1.0V

10 -0.1

V BE(sat)

1 -0.01
-0.1 -1 -10 -100 -1000 -0.1 -1 -10 -100 -1000

IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

Figure 3. DC current Gain Figure 4. Base-Emitter Saturation Voltage

Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage

-1000 1000

VCE = -5.0V
fT[MHz], GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT

VCE = -1V
IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

PULSE
-100

-10 100

-1

-0.1 10
-0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -1 -10 -100

VBE[V], BASE-EMITTER VOLTAGE IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

Figure 5. Base-Emitter On Voltage Figure 6. Gain Bandwidth Product

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. B1, August 2002

 BC327/328
Package Dimensions

TO-92
+0.25
4.58 –0.15

4.58 ±0.20

0.46 ±0.10
14.47 ±0.40

+0.10
1.27TYP 1.27TYP 0.38 –0.05
[1.27 ±0.20] [1.27 ±0.20]

3.60 ±0.20
3.86MAX

(0.25)
+0.10
0.38 –0.05
1.02 ±0.10

(R2.29)

Dimensions in Millimeters

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. B1, August 2002

 TRADEMARKS

The following are registered and unregistered trademarks Fairchild Semiconductor owns or is authorized to use and is not
intended to be an exhaustive list of all such trademarks.

ACEx™ FACT™ ImpliedDisconnect™ PACMAN™ SPM™

ActiveArray™ FACT Quiet series™ ISOPLANAR™ POP™ Stealth™
Bottomless™ FAST® LittleFET™ Power247™ SuperSOT™-3
CoolFET™ FASTr™ MicroFET™ PowerTrench® SuperSOT™-6
CROSSVOLT™ FRFET™ MicroPak™ QFET™ SuperSOT™-8
DOME™ GlobalOptoisolator™ MICROWIRE™ QS™ SyncFET™
EcoSPARK™ GTO™ MSX™ QT Optoelectronics™ TinyLogic™
E2CMOS™ HiSeC™ MSXPro™ Quiet Series™ TruTranslation™
EnSigna™ I2C™ OCX™ RapidConfigure™ UHC™
Across the board. Around the world.™ OCXPro™ RapidConnect™ UltraFET®
The Power Franchise™ OPTOLOGIC® SILENT SWITCHER® VCX™
Programmable Active Droop™ OPTOPLANAR™ SMART START™

DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN;
NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION.
As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component is any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be
or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to
result in significant injury to the user.

PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS

Definition of Terms

Datasheet Identification Product Status Definition

Advance Information Formative or In This datasheet contains the design specifications for
Design product development. Specifications may change in
any manner without notice.

Preliminary First Production This datasheet contains preliminary data, and

supplementary data will be published at a later date.
Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make
changes at any time without notice in order to improve
design.

No Identification Needed Full Production This datasheet contains final specifications. Fairchild
Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at
any time without notice in order to improve design.

Obsolete Not In Production This datasheet contains specifications on a product

that has been discontinued by Fairchild semiconductor.
The datasheet is printed for reference information only.

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. I1

 BC337/338
BC337/338

Switching and Amplifier Applications

• Suitable for AF-Driver stages and low power output stages
• Complement to BC327/BC328

1 TO-92
1. Collector 2. Base 3. Emitter
NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor
Absolute Maximum Ratings Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter Value Units
VCES Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC337 50 V
: BC338 30 V
VCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage
: BC337 45 V
: BC338 25 V
VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage 5 V
IC Collector Current (DC) 800 mA
PC Collector Power Dissipation 625 mW
TJ Junction Temperature 150 °C
TSTG Storage Temperature -55 ~ 150 °C

Electrical Characteristics Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units
BVCEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC=10mA, IB=0
: BC337 45 V
: BC338 25 V
BVCES Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC=0.1mA, VBE=0
: BC337 50 V
: BC338 30 V
BVEBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage IE=0.1mA, IC=0 5 V
ICES Collector Cut-off Current
: BC337 VCE=45V, IB=0 2 100 nA
: BC338 VCE=25V, IB=0 2 100 nA
hFE1 DC Current Gain VCE=1V, IC=100mA 100 630
hFE2 VCE=1V, IC=300mA 60
VCE (sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC=500mA, IB=50mA 0.7 V
VBE (on) Base Emitter On Voltage VCE=1V, IC=300mA 1.2 V
fT Current Gain Bandwidth Product VCE=5V, IC=10mA, f=50MHz 100 MHz
Cob Output Capacitance VCB=10V, IE=0, f=1MHz 12 pF

hFE Classification
Classification 16 25 40
hFE1 100 ~ 250 160 ~ 400 250 ~ 630
hFE2 60- 100- 170-

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. A2, August 2002

 BC337/338
Package Dimensions

TO-92
+0.25
4.58 –0.15

4.58 ±0.20

0.46 ±0.10
14.47 ±0.40

+0.10
1.27TYP 1.27TYP 0.38 –0.05
[1.27 ±0.20] [1.27 ±0.20]

3.60 ±0.20
3.86MAX

(0.25)
+0.10
0.38 –0.05
1.02 ±0.10

(R2.29)

Dimensions in Millimeters

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. A2, August 2002

 TRADEMARKS

The following are registered and unregistered trademarks Fairchild Semiconductor owns or is authorized to use and is not
intended to be an exhaustive list of all such trademarks.

ACEx™ FACT™ ImpliedDisconnect™ PACMAN™ SPM™

ActiveArray™ FACT Quiet series™ ISOPLANAR™ POP™ Stealth™
Bottomless™ FAST® LittleFET™ Power247™ SuperSOT™-3
CoolFET™ FASTr™ MicroFET™ PowerTrench® SuperSOT™-6
CROSSVOLT™ FRFET™ MicroPak™ QFET™ SuperSOT™-8
DOME™ GlobalOptoisolator™ MICROWIRE™ QS™ SyncFET™
EcoSPARK™ GTO™ MSX™ QT Optoelectronics™ TinyLogic™
E2CMOS™ HiSeC™ MSXPro™ Quiet Series™ TruTranslation™
EnSigna™ I2C™ OCX™ RapidConfigure™ UHC™
Across the board. Around the world.™ OCXPro™ RapidConnect™ UltraFET®
The Power Franchise™ OPTOLOGIC® SILENT SWITCHER® VCX™
Programmable Active Droop™ OPTOPLANAR™ SMART START™

DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN;
NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION.
As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component is any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be
or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to
result in significant injury to the user.

PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS

Definition of Terms

Datasheet Identification Product Status Definition

Advance Information Formative or In This datasheet contains the design specifications for
Design product development. Specifications may change in
any manner without notice.

Preliminary First Production This datasheet contains preliminary data, and

supplementary data will be published at a later date.
Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make
changes at any time without notice in order to improve
design.

No Identification Needed Full Production This datasheet contains final specifications. Fairchild
Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at
any time without notice in order to improve design.

Obsolete Not In Production This datasheet contains specifications on a product

that has been discontinued by Fairchild semiconductor.
The datasheet is printed for reference information only.

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. I1

Reference:-
 www.AllDatasheet.com
 www.Datasheet4U.com
 www.Electronics4U.com
 www.Wikipedia.com
 www.Philips.com
 www.Electronicslab.com1
 www.Electronicsclub.com
 www.answer.yahoo.com
 www.Books.google.com

59