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frequencies
- cycles per second (cps) or vibrations per second
(vps) and the compressions and rarefactions are called
www.architectscube.com sound waves
soporific effect
- that effect brought about by a low-steady sound
WAVELENGTH
- distance between two crests of a sound wave
- low frequency sounds have longer
wavelengths than high frequency sounds. The wavelength
is also the distance traveled by sound in one second divided
by the frequency of the wave
- example: One characteristic of sound is that, like light, it can
the wavelength of a 100 cycle wave is a little of bend around an obstruction known as “diffraction of
eleven feet long and a five hundred cycle wave sound”. Low frequency sounds are diffracted more easily
than high frequency sounds
WL = distance traveled by sound
wave in one second / the frequency of
the wave
RESONANCE
Is what happens to a body when another vibrating
VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION body vibrates and initiates. The other body to vibrate in
Sound travels at different velocities, depending upon harmony with it
the medium. On air, at sea level, sound velocity is 344 Resonance can be useful to reinforce sounds at
m/sec or 1130 fps, slow compared to light at 186,000 some specific frequencies
miles per second. Sound travels much faster in liquids and This happens only however, if the resonating body
solids than it does on air. or resonator has a dimension which is a multiple of the
wavelength of the sound wave from the originating body
SOUND PROPAGATION VELOCITY IN VARIOUS MEDIA
VELOCITY
medium meter per second feet per second
Air 344 1130
Water 1410 4625
Wood 3300 10,825
Brick 3600 11,800
Concrete 3700 12,100
Steel 4900 16,000
Glass 5000 16,400
Aluminum 5800 19,000
At 22ºC At 72ºF
Low frequencies have more resonance than the high
SPEED OF SOUND
frequencies because low frequencies have longer
As sound travels much slower than the speed of
wavelengths and therefore more multipliers to the
light, the resulting defects in many rooms are echoes and
dimensions of the room than high frequencies
reverberations
Yet, there are sounds that require less resonance to containing the sound waves. This type of absorber is
give presence to the sounds effective only at the resonant frequency, meaning it can only
absorb some sounds
SOUND ABSORPTION When the sound wave is transformed into heat
The sound phenomenon that happens to sound energy, the sound will no longer be reflected. The sound
when it strikes a surface is that the sound is absorbed by the heard is only the direct sound
surface. Actually, what really happens is, when sound wave This sound absorption efficiency of a material is
strikes an absorbent surface, the sound waves through measured in terms of units known as sobius, in which one
friction on the pores of the surface are transformed into sabin means perfect absorption and 0 means no absorption
heat energy Number 1 absorption
- open window or door
- a line of pillows
THE TYPES OF ABSORBENT SURFACES ARE: - two closets facing each other and
soft and porous surfaces sandwiching a wall
- such as corkboard, foam or Styrofoam or any material
which has this property like draperies on the walls and DECIBEL
carpets on the floor - measurement of the intensity of sound
- abbreviated (db)
panel absorber 40db
- consisting of two layers of materials with an airspace - limit for comfortable hearing
between them. The outer layer, being of porous type and 100-120 db
the inner layer of solid background - can no longer be comfortable, that is painful to the ear
ECHO
- reflected sound
REVERBERATION
- is a series of echoes coming from the same source
REVERBERATION TIME
- is the time in seconds that a reflected sound diminishes for
the case by 60db after the original sound has stopped
- formula
RT = 0.05V
a1s1
where:
V = volume of room in cubic feet
cavity resonator s1 = area of an absorbent surface
- Consisting of an enclosed body a1 = coefficient of absorption of a surface
of air which is connected by a - example
narrow passage with the space
an auditorium with a volume of 80,800 is to TRANSIENT SOUND
be acoustically treated to serve an acceptable - is the term applied to the direct sound which if the
reverberation time with or without audience. originating body stops, vibrating also stops.
The auditorium has been provided with the SOUND FIELDS IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE
following materials such as: When a sound propagated in an enclosed space
materials area in feet coefficient of absorption in reaches a wall or other large (with respect to wavelength)
(s1) absorption sabins (a1) obstruction, part is reflected and part is absorbed.
Wood 6,928 .03 208 The sound at any point in the room is then the
Plaster 7,440 .033 246 combination of direct sound from walls and other
Metal 628 .01 6.3 obstructions.
Glass 408 .025 10.2
Seats 550 .017 93.5 DIFFUSION
504.01 When the reflections are so large that the sound
units in level becomes uniform throughout the room. (no acoustical
sabins shadow).
Most rooms don’t have such a high level of reflection
-computation that a diffuse field is created:
RT = 0.05V 1. near field – near the source
a1s1 2. free field – at a distance
RT = .05(80,800) 3. reverberant field – near the walls
504
= 4040
504
= 8.0 seconds
add 200 auditors at 4.17 each
200 x 4.17 = 834
+ 504
1338
RT = .05(80,800)
1338
= 3.0 seconds
from table: the ideal RT is from 1 to 1.5
seconds
-corrections
1.5 = .05(80,800)
(1338 + x)
1.5(1338 + x) = .05(80,800)
x = 1355.3
1. ordered
2. disordered
SOUND FIELDS CAN BE RECOGNIZED AS FOLLOWS in an ordered sound, the instantaneous pressure
near field follows a regular pattern
- generally within one wavelength of the lowest in a disordered sound, the peak of acoustic
frequency of sound produced by the source. power occur more or less at random, the periodic
- the maximum wavelength for the male human qualities of ordered sound are lacking.
voice is 3.30mts or 11 ft
THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOUNDS IN A BUILDING
reverberant field 1. noise – unwanted sound
- near large obstructions such as walls 2. music – generally not always made up of ordered sound
- is dominant and approaches a diffused condition 3. speech – consists of both ordered and disordered sound
MUSIC THERAPHY
SOUNDS MAYBE CLASSIFIED AS:
Music makes a powerful impact on the senses. Often 2. If every member of an audience is to hear well, the sound in
touching feelings too deep or too difficult to express in each seat must be loud enough, this being the case, there
words. The approach of music therapy practitioners can be should be a minimum of background noises which
classified into two: will tend to mask the wanted sound.
The response approach 3. Reverberation time should also be reduced to a tolerable
- focuses on the therapeutic power of music level because the reverberations of the previous syllables will
heard from an external source and the body and minds obscure the sound of each syllable.
reaction to such music.
The expression approach
- identifies music’s power to come not only form
its reception but also from its creation.
6. The reflected paths should not exceed 50ft more than the If the reverberation time of the structure is
direct sound path. larger or longer than the acceptable level, then the
only way to remedy the fault is to provide sound
absorbent materials on those surfaces that reflected
sound.
CLOUDS
- pieces of cloth
hung on the ceiling to
absorb sound not less
than 2 ft in depth; 2 ft
because the wavelength
of low frequency sound
is usually 2 ft
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF SOUND Under this condition, the hearing of the natural and the
REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM loudspeaker merely magnifies the sound
1. The audience must hear the words clearly without distortion
and in a reasonable loudness. Another effect to consider is that the listener should be able
2. for realistic effect, the speech should appear to be coming to know the location of the source of sound, that is, that the sound
from the human speaker and not from any loud speaker. appears to come from the original source and not from the
loudspeaker. To achieve this effect, the natural sound should be
MICROPHONES heard first by the listener before the sound of the loudspeaker and
Two types of microphone this is known as time delayed sound in which thru mechanical
1. omnidirectional microphone means, the loudspeaker sound should be made to come out a
- equally sensitive sound to sounds arriving at it from any little bit later than the natural sound, usually at an interval of
direction 0.035 of a second
2. directional microphone
- receives sound from one direction. For speaking purposes,
the directional microphone is better to use because it
reduces the feedback
LOUDSPEAKER
- to give natural as much as possible as well as to
make the sound louder
- diffuses low frequency sounds, projects
directionally high frequency sounds
- should be placed one at the left, the other at the
right
RESILIENCY PRINCIPLE
A greater resistance to vibration includes a greater damage,
therefore the structure should go with the vibration, like in Frank
Llyod Wright’s Imperial Hotel, it survived the earthquake.
THEORY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING
Definition of terms
1. photometry
- the science that deals with the measurement of light
2. candle power
- refers to the unit of intensity of light of one standard
candle whose light is concentrated at a point and the light
source is assumed to be placed at the center of a hollow
sphere of one foot radius
the illumination at any point on the sphere is one
LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION foot candle (abbreviated ft-s), the unit for the power or
Functions of lighting intensity of light.
1. to afford visibility of objects 3. standard candle
2. to secure pleasing and decorative effects -is the brightness of a black body at the temperature of
freezing platinum
Factors to consider in lighting system 4. lumen (abbreviated L)
1. the method that they are used -is the unit of luminous flux, amount f light falling on a
2. the properties and capabilities of various equipment surface from the source
3. the effect of the lighting system on the space where it is
used as well as on the occupants RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LUMEN AND FOOT CANDLE OR
CANDLE POWER
Like acoustics, lighting should be incorporated into the When 1 lumen of flux is uniformly distributed over 1 square
design of the building foot of area, the illumination at any point on the area is one-foot
Light may either be: candle.
a. natural – daylight
b. artificial FORMULA FOR ILLUMINATION
1. incandescent
- stimulating effect, conducive to drinking, induces Illumination (E) = I / D2
sleep. Best for bars and nightclubs
2. fluorescent Where:
- emits a light similar to daylight, conducive to I = the candle power of the source
eating, reading, studying, etc. D=the distance from the source in feet
3. mercury
4. neon For example:
What is the illumination on a surface which is 12 ft
A good architect should use the daylight or natural lighting, from a lamp of 80 candle power (cp)?
as this is the cheapest kind of light. Answer:
E= I / D2
E= 80cp / (12ft)2
= 5 / 9 ft-c or 0.555 ft-c