High-Level Forum on Official Statistics’

Response to the Rio+20 Mandate for Broader

Measures of Progress

Measuring China's Progress:

Research on Monitoring the Advancement of

Building a Xiaokang Society

Dr. Shi Fengdan

Research Institute of Statistical Sciences
National Bureau of Statistics of China
25 February, 2013
 Outlines

• What is a Xiaokang society?

• The System of Xiaokang Indicators
• Monitoring results of China’s Progress
in Building a Xiaokang Society

2
 What is a Xiaokang society?
• Xiaokang : well-off and moderate prosperity
• Goals of Building a Xiaokang Society of
China
– by 1990： end food and clothing shortages
– by 2000： a Xiaokang society at a
preliminary stage
– by 2020： a Xiaokang society in all aspects

3
 What is a Xiaokang society?
• Goal of building a Xiaokang society in all aspects:
to build a moderately prosperous society for the
entire Chinese population that features:
– accelerated economic development,
– enhanced democracy,
– advanced science and education,
– prosperous culture,
– harmonious society,
– higher living standard,
– more efficient use of resources and friendly
environment. 4
System of Xiaokang Indicators
I: Economic 23 Indicators
Development
(5)
VI: Resource
II: Society
and
Harmony
Environment
(5)
(3)
The System
of Xiaokang
Indicators
V: Culture
III: Quality
and
of Life
Education
(5)
(3)
IV:
Democracy
and Law
(2)
5
 System of Xiaokang Indicators
Ⅰ: Economic Development

Economic growth Per capita GDP

Technical innovation Share of R&D expenses in GDP

Share of value-added of the tertiary industry

Industrial structure
in GDP

Demographic structure Proportion of urban population

Employment
Urban unemployment rate
6
 System of Xiaokang Indicators I：
Economic Development
1. Per capita GDP
– It is a comprehensive, aggregate and
representative indicator.
– Economic development forms the basis of social
progress.
2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP
– Reflects the input in technology.
3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry
in GDP
– Reflects the economic structure.
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 System of Xiaokang Indicators I：
Economic Development
4. Proportion of urban population
– Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of
industrialization and modernization.
– The proportion of urban population directly
reflects a country’s urbanization level.
5. Urban unemployment rate
– Unemployment rate is one of the most important
indicators to reflect the status of economic
development.

8
 System of Xiaokang Indicators
II: Social Harmony

Income gap Gini Coefficient

Urban-rural divide Urban-rural resident income ratio

Regional economic development disparity

Regional divide
coefficient

Social security Basic social security coverage

Gender disparity Gender disparity coefficient of senior high

school graduates
9
 System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
6. Gini Coefficient
– It is a classical indicator commonly recognized and widely
used in the world.
– Reflects the gap of income distribution.

7. Urban-rural resident income ratio

– Reflects the gap of urban and rural incomes.
– Estimates the imbalance of China’s economic development.

10
 System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
8. Regional economic development disparity coefficient
– Dispersion coefficient of per capita GDP of n regions.
– Reflects the gap of regional economic development.
– Formula：
1 n 2
 ( PCYi  PCY )
n i 1
V 
PCY
Of which：
n : number of regions within a certain area
PCYi : per capita GDP of region i
PCY : mean of per capita GDP of n regions
V : Regional economic development disparity coefficient
11
 System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
9. Basic social security coverage
– Basic endowment insurance and medical insurance are
selected to reflect the conditions of social security.

Number of people Number of people

covered by basic covered by
endowment insurance basic medical
Basic social insurance
security = × 50%+ × 50%
coverage Number of people that Number of
should be covered by people that
basic endowment should be
insurance covered by
basic medical
insurance

12
 System of Xiaokang Indicators II：
Social Harmony
10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high
school graduates
– Reflects the gap of gender.
– Formula:

Sex ratio of senior high

Gender Disparity school graduates
Coefficient of Senior High = × 100%
School Graduates Sex ratio of population of the
same age group

13
 System of Xiaokang Indicators
III: Quality of Life

Income level Per capita disposable income

Consumption structure Engel’s coefficient

Housing conditions Per capita usable floor space

Health care Under-five mortality rate

Health conditions Life expectancy

14
 System of Xiaokang Indicators III：
Quality of Life
11. Per capita disposable income
– It reflects people’s living level.
– Different from per capita GDP.
12. Engel’s coefficient
– The proportion of food expenditure in total
spending.
– Reflects household’s total consumption and its
structure.
13. Per capita usable floor space
– It is an important indicator that measures people’s
living standard.

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 System of Xiaokang Indicators III：
Quality of Life
14. Under-five mortality rate
– Indirectly reflects the health care
conditions of a society.
15. Life expectancy
– The improvement of life expectancy is the
result of improved quality of life and
enhanced medical and health care.

16
 System of Xiaokang Indicators

IV: Democracy and Law

Citizens’ satisfaction of
democratic rights

Social safety index

17
 System of Xiaokang Indicators IV：
Democracy and Law
16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights
– The satisfaction of citizens about whether their political,
economic and cultural rights and interests are respected and
guaranteed.
17. Social safety index
– Involving the overall changes of the major aspects of social
order( public security, traffic security, living safety, and
publication safety) within a certain period.
Criminals in 10,000 persons Traffic deaths in 10,000
in 2000 persons in 2000

Criminals in 10,000 persons × 40% + Traffic deaths in 10,000 × 20% +

in the current year persons in the current
year
Social safety
=
index

Fire deaths in 10,000 persons Work injury deaths in 10,000

in 2000 persons in 2000
×20%+ × 20%
Fire deaths in 10,000 persons Work injury deaths in 10,000
in the current year persons in the current 18
year
 System of Xiaokang Indicators

V: Culture and Education

Culture industry
Share of value-added of cultural
industry in GDP

Share of household’s expenses on cultural,

Social service educational and recreational services in total
expenses

Education Average years of education

19
 System of Xiaokang Indicators V：
Culture and Education
18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP
– Reflects the prosperity and development of a country’s
cultural industry.
19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural,
educational and recreational services in total expenses
– Reflects the diversity of the people’s spiritual life and
improvement of their education.
20. Average years of education
– Reflects the education level of the entire population.

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 System of Xiaokang Indicators

VI: Resources and Environment

Utilization efficiency Per unit GDP energy consumption

Resource protection Arable land area index

Environment Environmental quality index

21
 System of Xiaokang Indicators VI：
Resources and Environment
21. Per unit GDP energy consumption
– Reflects the efficiency of resources utilization.
22. Arable land area index
– Reflects the protection of arable land.

Arable land area in the

Arable land area index = reporting period × 100%
Arable land area of the base
period (2000)

22
 System of Xiaokang Indicators VI：
Resources and Environment
23. Environmental quality index
Environmental Urban air quality
= × 40%+
quality index conformity rate

Surface water Land greening

× 40%+ × 20%
conformity rate conformity rate

23
 System of Xiaokang Indicators
Aspect Indicator Weight Target

1. Per capita GDP﹡ 12 ≥31400RMB

2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP 4 ≥2.5%

Economic
Development 3. Share of value-added of the tertiary
4 ≥50%
(29) industry in GDP
4. Proportion of urban population 5 ≥60%
5. Urban unemployment rate 4 ≤6%
6. Gini Coefficient 2 ≤0.4

7. Urban-rural resident income ratio 2 ≤2.80

Social 8. Regional economic development
Harmony 2 ≤60%
disparity coefficient
(15)
9. Basic social security coverage 6 ≥90%
10. Gender disparity coefficient of
3 =100%
senior high school graduates
24
﹡Per capita GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000
 System of Xiaokang Indicators

Aspect Indicator Weight Target

11. Per capita disposable income﹡ 6 ≥15000RMB

Quality of 12. Engel’s coefficient 3 ≤40%

Life
13. Per capita usable floor space 5 ≥27m2
(19)
14. Under-five mortality rate 2 ≤12‰

15. Life expectancy 3 ≥75 years old

16. Citizens’ satisfaction of

Democracy 5 ≥90%
and Law democratic rights
(11) 17. Social safety index 6 ≥100%

﹡Per capita disposable Income is calculated use constant prices in 2000

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 System of Xiaokang Indicators

Aspect Indicator Weight Target

18. Share of value-added of cultural
6 ≥5%
industry in GDP
Culture and
19. Share of household’s expenses on
Education
cultural, educational and recreational 2 ≥16%
(14)
services in total expenses
20. Average years of education 6 ≥10.5 years
≤0.84 tons of
21. Per unit GDP energy
4 SCE per
Resources and consumption﹡
10,000 RMB
Environment
(12) 22. Arable land area index 2 ≥94%
23. Environmental quality index 6 =100%

﹡Per unit GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000

26
 1.Per capita GDP 2010
2000
2.Share of R&D expenses in GDP

3.Share of value-added of the

tertiary industry in GDP

4.Proportion of urban population

5.Urban unemployment rate

6.Gini Coefficient

7.Urban-rural resident income

ratio
8.Regional economic development
disparity coefficient

9.Basic social security coverage

10.Gender disparity coefficient of

senior high school graduates

11.Per capita disposable income

12.Engel’s coefficient

13.Per capita usable floor space

14.Under-five mortality rate

15.Life expectancy

16.Citizens’ satisfaction of
democratic rights

17.Social safety index

18.Share of value-added of
cultural industry in GDP
19.Share of household’s expenses
on cultural, educational and

20.Average years of education

21.Per unit GDP energy consumption

22.Arable land area index

23.Environmental quality index

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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Monitoring results of China’s Progress in
Building a Xiaokang Society
2010 vs. Annualized
2010 2000
2000 growth
Economic
Development
76.1% 50.3% 25.8% 2.58%

Social Harmony 82.5% 57.5% 25.0% 2.50%

Quality of Life 86.4% 58.3% 28.1% 2.81%

Democracy and
Law
93.6% 84.8% 8.8% 0.88%
Culture and
Education
68.0% 58.5% 9.7% 0.97%
Resources and
Environment
78.2% 65.4% 12.8% 1.28%

Total 80.1% 59.6% 20.5% 2.05%

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Monitoring results of China’s Progress in
Building a Xiaokang Society(2010)

HLJ

JL

XJ LN
NMG BJB TJ
GS
HB
NX SX SD
QH
SHX HN JS SHH
XZ AH
HUB
SC CQ ZJ
HUN JX
GZ FJ
T
>90% YN GD W
80%-90%
GX
70%-80%
60%-70%
HAIN 29
Not monitoring
 Thank you
for your attention!

E-mail: shifd@gj.stats.cn
30