Mehdi YASI

Lyon, France
2011

vUniversity, Melbourne, Australia. B.Sc. (1976-84) and M.Sc.

(1985-88), Irrigation Engineering, Shiraz University, Iran.
vPhD (1992-1997), River Engineering,
Monash

vAssociate Professor of River Engineering.

Ø Department of Water Engineering, Urmia University, Iran.
AREA OF EXPERTISE AND INTEREST
Ø RiverRestoration, Training and Bank Protection.
Ø Physical River Modeling.
Ø Sediment Transport in Rivers.
ØFlow and Bed Mobility in Rivers.

I have been always interested in Water!

 This Presentation
is Focused on 2 Main Parts:

1. Sediment Transport in Rivers.

2. River Groynes.
and
Addresses some Uncertainties in:
v Evaluation of Sediment Load in Rivers.
v Modeling Bed Evolution Behind Groynes.
 RIVER GROYNES
Different Terminologies:
Groynes ; Groins ;
Spurs ; Spur Dikes;
Transverse Dikes ;
Epi.
Also:
Short / Mini Groynes ;
Hard Points.
Definition of Groyne:
Groynes are generally oriented transverse to the flow
direction, extending from the bank into the channel.

River Flow

Groyne

Use of Groynes:
River Training, Stream Bank Protection, Adjustment of
Width and Depth in Navigable Rivers, and Environmental
Purposes.
Function of Groynes:
Groynes provide indirect protection by diverting
potentially erosive currents away from the stream bank
and by guiding the flow in a desired channel course.
The main function of the groynes is to develop a recirculating
area near the streambank, thereby inducing deposition of
sediment downstream and between neighbouring groynes.
By: M. Yasi, et al.
 MODELING
OF
RIVER GROYNES
(Physical Model – Numerical Model)

is important for:
1. To reform the Design Feature and
Optimisation,
And
2. to reduce the risk of River Hazard.
 TYPES OF RIVER MODELS
Fixed-Bed / Mobile-Bed Model

Distorted / Undistorted Model

Steady / Unsteady Flow

Clear-Water / Sediment Transporting Flow

Movable-Bed Model, Rhyne River, Germany
Modeling of River Training Using Groynes, Nazlou River, Iran
 Numerical Modeling
River Training Using Groynes,
Nazlou River, Iran

(Boundary-Fitted Numerical Grid)

 Comparison of Water Surface Level in 2 Training Schemes
1347.5 1348.0

1347.0 1347.5
H(m ): ‫ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﺳ ﻄﺢ آب‬

H(m): ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ آب‬

1346.5
1347.0
1346.0
1346.5
1345.5
Physical Model
1346.0 Physical Model
1345.0 HEC-RAS Model
BRI-STARS Model 1345.5 HEC-RAS Model
1344.5
FAST-2D Model BRI-STARS Model
1344.0 1345.0 FAST-2D Model
1343.5
1344.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
X(m): ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ از ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ دﺳﺖ‬ X(m): ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ از ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ دﺳﺖ‬

Comparison of Mean Velocity in 2 Training Schemes

4.5 6

4.0 Physical Model 5 Physical Model

3.5 HEC-RAS Model
HEC-RAS Model
V(m/s): ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

V(m/s): ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

BRI-STARS Model 4 BRI-STARS Model
3.0 FAST-2D Model
FAST-2D Model
2.5 3

2.0
2
1.5
1
1.0

0.5 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
X(m): ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ از ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ دﺳﺖ‬ X(m): ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ از ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ دﺳﺖ‬
Movable-Bed, Numerical Model, Rhyne River
 MAJOR UNCERTAINTIES
IN
THE SIMULATION OF
BED EVOLUTION
IN
RECIRCULATING FLOW AREA

BEHIND

GROYNES
 Observed Bed Evolution
behind the Groyne
in Test M1
At Equilibrium State of the Bed
Test ( M 1 ) : Day 1 Contour interval= 10 mm
0.6
Y : (m)

0.4
Flow

0.2

0.0
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Groyne

X : (m)
 FLOW MODEL
2D (Depth-Averaged), Steady Flow Model (FAST-2D)
Institute for Hydromechanics, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
∂
(
∂ xi
)
Ciφ + Diφ = J Sφ ; i =1, 2
 Computational Grid in the movable-bed test
M2

Grid Size: ( 94×62 )

Groyne length: b= 0.15 m located at X=0.0 m, on RHS)
 Depth-averaged Bed Shear Stress relationship [τb ] was modified
with the inclusion of correction factors for the effects of
Local Spiral Motion (Ks)
and
Local Bed Topography (Kb)

τ b = C f ρ (U + V ){[ Kb ][1 + K ] }
2 2 2 1/2
s

1/ 2
 ∂ Z   v
2 2
 ∂ Zb 
2
v  ∂ Z b  ∂ Z b 
K b = 1 +  b
 +    + 2   
  ∂ x   u   ∂ y  u  ∂ x  ∂ y 

2  Cf 
A= 2 1 - 
k  k 
1
Ks = C c Ah ( )
Rs ∂ v ∂ u  ∂ v ∂u
uv −  + u 2 − v2
1  ∂ y ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y
=
Rs (u 2 + v2 ) 3 / 2
 Contour interval = 0.05 N/m2
4

3
Contour map of
Flow bed-shear stresses
Y/b

2 at the initial stage

without
1 correction factors
Kb and Ks
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Groyne

X/b
Contour interval = 0.05 N/m2
4

Contour map of
3 bed-shear stresses
at the initial stage
Y/b

Flow
2
with
correction factors
1
Kb and Ks
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Groyne

X/b
 Sediment Transport Model
2D, Unsteady Sediment Continuity Equation :

∂Z b 1 ∂qbx ∂qby
+ ( + )=0
∂t (1 − λ ) ∂x ∂y

qbx = q b cos α ; qby = q b sinα

∂Zb
τ b sin δ − S p
∂y V  1 
tan α = δ = arctan  − arctan Ah ( )
∂Zb U 
τ b cos δ − S p  Rs 
∂x

∆Zb 1 (q bx ) e − (qbx ) w (q by ) n − (qby ) s

( ) P ≈ −( )[ + ]
∆t 1− λ xe − xw yn − ys
 Solution Procedure
An uncoupled approach was taken to simulate the flow and bed
evolution.
Modified Steady Flow Model (FAST-2D) is linked to the Unsteady
Sediment Transport Model (STM-2D) for an interactive solution
between the flow parameters and bed variations.

This approach is known as "Qausi-Steady Flow Modeling".

The iterative procedure is repeated to the eventual equilibrium state
of the bed, when the rate of the bed-level changes (∆Zb/∆t) is
negligible.

Øthe calculated maximum bed-level change is 1% of corresponding

local water depth or less than D90 of the bed material, whichever is
greater.
 Flow Chart
For
Simulating
Bed Evolution
Behind
Groynes
 Contour interval = 10 mm
2.5

2.0
Simulated
Bed Deformation
Flow
1.5 around
Y/b

1.0
the Groyne
(using deterministic
0.5
method of van Rijn)

Groyne
0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X/b Contour interval = 10 mm
2.5

2.0 Simulated
Flow
Bed Deformation
1.5
around
Y/b

1.0
the Groyne
(using Stochastic
0.5 method of van Rijn)
Groyne

0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

X/b
 UNCERTAINTIES
ØMean Velocities are not sufficient alone for calculating τb in the
recirculating flows with the groyne present.
ØThe inclusion of correction factors for the effects of the local spiral
motion (Ks) and of the local bed topography (Kb) are necessary.
üDuring the developing stages of the bed scour around the groyne,
the calculated values of τb did not sufficiently reduce to the threshold
value of τc.
üConsequently, the prescribed equilibrium condition for the bed
was not satisfied.
üThe aerial extent of the bed variations (i.e. scour and deposition) does not
progress well with time.

vThe effect of generated downward currents, vortices, and

turbulence intensity must be included in the Turbulence Model and
in the Bed-Shear Stress relationship.
vThe development of A Conceptual Method is necessary to improve
the Bed Evolution Model.