CONVECTION

1. Air at 200C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing 𝜌 = 0.815 kg/m3; 𝜇 = 24.5 × 10-6 Ns/m2;
over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7, k = 0.0364 W/m K.
plate is 280 mm wide and at 560C, calculate the 3. Air at atmospheric pressure and 400 C flows
following quantities at x = 280 mm given that with a velocity of U = 5 m/s over a 2 m long flat
properties of air at the bulk mean temperature plate whose surface is kept at a uniform
20 + 56 temperature of 1200C. Determine the average
= 380C are:
2
heat transfer coefficient over the 2 m length of
𝜌 = 1.374 kg/m3; k = 0.02732 W/m0C; cp =
the plate. Also find out the rate of heat transfer
1.005 kj/kgK; v = 16.786 × 10-6 m2/s; Pr = 0.7.
between the plate and the air per 1 m width of
(i) Boundary layer thickness,
the plate. [Air at 1 atm. and 800C, v = 2.107 ×
(ii) Local friction coefficient,
10-5 m2/s, k = 0.03025 W/Mk ; = Pr = 0.69651
(iii) Average friction coefficient,
4. Air at 270C and 1 bar flows over a plate at a
(iv) Shearing stress due to friction
speed of 2 m/s.
(v) Thickness of the boundary layer,
(i) Calculate the boundary layer thickness at
(vi) Local convective heat transfer coefficient,
400 mm from the leading edge of the plate.
(vii) Average convective heat transfer
Find the mass flow rate per unit width of
coefficient,
the plate.
(viii) Rate of heat transfer by convection
For air 𝜇 = 19.8 × 10-6 kg/ms at 270C.
(ix) Total drag force on the plate, and
(ii) If the plate is maintained at 600C, calculate
(x) Total mass flow rate through the boundary
the heat transferred per hour. The
2. Air at atmospheric pressure and 2000C flows
properties of air at mean temperature of (27
over a plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The plate
+ 60)/2 = 43.50C are given below:
is 15 mm wide and is maintained at a
V = 17.36 × 10-6 m2/s; k = 0.02749 W/m0C
temperature of 1200C. Calculate the thicknesses
CP = 1006 J/kg K; R= 287 Nm/kg m K; Pr =0.7
of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers
5. Air at 200C is flowing over a flat plate which is
and the local heat transfer coefficient at a
200 mm wide and 500 mm long. The plate is
distance of 0.5 m from the leading edge.
maintained at 1000C. Find the heat loss per hour
Assume that flow is on one side of the plate.

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from the plate if the air is flowing parallel to
500 mm side with 2m/s velocity. What will be
the effect on heat transfer if the flow is parallel
to 200 mm side.
The properties of air at (100 + 20)/2 = 600C are
v = 18.97 × 10 m /s, k = 0.025 W/m C and Pr
-6 2 0
= 0.7.
6. A flat plate, 1m wide and 1.5 m long is to be
maintained at 900C in air with a free stream
temperature of 100C. Determine the velocity
with which air must flow over flat plate along
1.5m side so that the rate of energy dissipation
from the plate is 3.75 Kw. Take the following
properties of air at 500C:
𝜌 = 1.09 kg/m3, k = 0.028 W/m0C, cp = 1.007
kJ/kg0C, 𝜇 = 2.03 × 10-5kg/m-s Pr = 0.7.
7. Air at 300C flows with a velocity of 2.8 m/s
over a plate 1000 mm (length) X 600 mm
(width) ×25 mm (thickness). The top surface of
the plate is maintained at 900C. If the thermal
conductivity of the plate material is 25W/m0C,
calculate:
(i) Heat lost by the plate:
(ii) Bottom temperature of the plate for the
steady state condition
The thermo-physical properties of air at
mean film temperature (90 + 30)/2 = 600C
are:
𝜌 = 1.06 kg/m3, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, k =
0.02894 W/m0C, v = 18.97 × 10-6 m2/s, Pr =
0.696.
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CONVECTION
8. Air at 300C and at atmospheric pressure flows
at a velocity of 2.2 m/s over a plate maintained
at 900C. The length and the width of the plate
are 900 mm and 450 mm respectively. Using
exact solution, calculate the heat transfer rate
from.
(i) first half of the plate
(ii) full plate and
(iii) next half of the plate
The properties of air at mean bulk temperature
(90 + 30)/2 = 600C are:
𝜌 = 1.06 kg/m3, 𝜇 = 7.211 kg/hm, v = 18.97 ×
10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.696, k = 0.02894 W/m0C.
9. For laminar flow in a circular tube of 120 mm
radius, the velocity and temperature distribution
are given by the relations:
u = (2.7r – 3.2 r2): t = 85 (1 – 2.2r)0C
where the distance r is measured from the tube
surface. Calculate the following:
(i) The average velocity and the mean bulk
temperature of the fluid:
(ii) The heat transfer coefficient based on the
bulk mean temperature if the tube surface is
maintainedat a constant uniform temperature
of 900C and there occurs a heat loss of 1000
kJ/h per metre length of the tube.
10. Lubricating oil at a temperature of 600C enters
1 cm diameter tube with a velocity of 3 m/s.
The tube surface is maintained at 400C,
Assuming that the oil has the following average
properties calculate the tube length required to
cool the oil to 450C.

𝜌 = 865 kg/m3; k = 0.14 W/m K; cp = 1.78
kJ/kg0C.
Assume flow to be laminar (and fully
developed)
𝑁𝑢 = 3.657
11. When 0.5 kg of water per minute is passed
through a tube of 20 mm diameter, it is found to
be heated from 200C to 500C. The heating is
accomplished by condensing steam on the
surface of the tube and subsequently the surface
temperature of the tube is maintained at 850C.
Determine the length of the tube required for
fully developed flow.
Take the thermo-physical properties of water at
0 𝑁𝑢 =
60 C as:
𝜌 = 983.2 kg/m3, cp = 4.178 kJ/kgK, k = 0.659
W/m0C, v = 0.478 ×10-6 m2/s
12. Air flows over a heated plate at a velocity of
50 m/s. The local skin friction co-efficient at a
point on a plate is 0.004. Estimate the local heat
transfer coefficient at this point. The following
property data for air are given:
Density = 0.88 kg/m3;
Viscosity = 2.286 × 10-5 kg m/s;
Specific heat, cp = 1.001 kJ/kg K:
conductivity = 0.035 W/m K.
𝐶𝑓𝑥
Use St Pr1/3 = 2
13. The crankcase of an I.C. engine measuring 80
cm × 20cm may be idealized as a flat plate. The
engine runs at 90 km/h and the crankcase is
cooled by the air flowing past it at the same
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CONVECTION
speed. Calculate the heat loss from the crank
surface maintained at 850C, to the ambient air at
150C. Due to road induced vibration, the
boundary layer becomes turbulent from the
leading edge itself.
14. A flat plate 1 m wide and 1.5m long is to be
maintained at 900C in air when free stream
temperature is 100C. Determine the velocity at
which air must flow over the plate so that the
rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75
kW.
ℎ𝐿
Use :𝑁𝑢 = = 0.664 (ReL)1/2 (Pr)1/3
𝑘
…. for laminar flow
ℎ𝐿
= [0.036 (ReL)0.8 – 836] (Pr)1/3
𝑘
….. for turbulent flow
Take the following air properties at 500C:
𝜌 = 1.0877 kg/m3, k = 0.02813 W/m0C,
C
P = 1007.3 J/kg0C, 𝜇 = 2.029 × 10-5
Kg/ms and Pr = 0.703.
15. A square plate maintained at 950C experience
a force of 10.5 N when forced air at 250C flows
over it at a velocity of 30 m/s. Assuming the
flow to be turbulent and using Colburn analogy
calculate:
(i) The heat transfer coefficient;
(ii) The heat loss from the plate surface
Properties of air are:
𝜌 = 1.06 kg/m3, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, v = 18.97
× 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.696.
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16. A tube 5m long is maintained at 1000C by
steam jacketing. A fluid flows through the tube
at the rate of 2940 kg/h at 300C. The diameter
of the tube is 2 cm. Find out average heat
transfer coefficient.
Take the following properties of the fluid:
𝜌 = 850 kg/m3, cp = 2000 J/kg0C, v = 5.1 × 10-6
m2/s and k = 0.12 W/m0C.
17. In a straight tube of 60 mm diameter, water is
flowing at a velocity of 12 m/s. The tube
0
surface temperature is maintained at 70 C and
the flowing water is heated from the inlet
temperature 150C to an outlet temperature of
450C. Taking the physical properties of water at
its mean bulk temperature, calculate the
following:
(i) The heat transfer coefficient from the tube
surface to the water,
(ii) The heat transferred, and
(iii) The length of the tube.
18. Air entering at 2 bar pressure and bulk
temperature of 2000C isheated as it flows
through a tube with a diameter of 25.4 mm at a
velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer
per unit length of the tube if constant heat flux
condition is maintained at the wall and wall
temperature is 200C above the air temperature
all along the length of the tube. How much
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CONVECTION
would the bulk temperature increase over 3
metres length of the tube?
Take the properties of air as:
𝜌 = 1.493 kg/m3, 𝜇 = 2.57 × 10-5 Ns/m2,
k = 0.0386 W/m0C, cp = 1025 J/kg0C
Use the relation:
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4
19. Compare the heat transfer coefficients under
the following conditions, assuming that there is
no change in the temperature of the liquid and
the tube wall and the flow through the tube is
turbulent in character.
(i) Two-fold increase in the diameter of the
tube; the flow velocity is maintained
constant by a change in the rate of liquid
flow:
(ii) Two-fold increase in the flow velocity, by
varying mass flow rate.
20. Water is heated while flowing through a 1.5
cm × 3.5cm rectangular tube at a velocity of 1.2
m/s. The entering water temperature is 400C and
tube wall is maintained at 850C. Determine the
length of the tube required to raise the
temperature of water by 350C.
Use the following properties of water:
𝜌 = 985.5 kg/m3; k = 0.653 W/m K;
𝑣 = 0.517 × 10-6 m2/s; cp = 4.19 kJ/kg K.
 CONVECTION

KEY
1. 9.
(i) 𝛿 = 0.00626 m or 6.26 mm
(i) R = 68.290C
(ii) 𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 0.002969
(ii) h = 16.97 W/m2oC
(iii) 𝐶 𝑓 = 0.005939
10. L = 312.7 m
(iv) 𝜏0 = 0.01519 N/m2
11. L = 2.76m
(v) 𝛿𝑡ℎ = 0.00705, m or 7.05 mm
2o
12. hx = 116.9 W/m2 K
(vi) hx = 6.43 W/m C
13. Q = 868.56 W
(vii) ℎ = 12.86 W/m2oC
14. U = 15.5 m/s
(viii) Qconv.= 36.29 W
15.
(ix) FD = 0.00119 N
(i) ℎ = 70.32 W/ m2oC
(x) m = 0.01335 kg/s
(ii) Q = 30.226 kW
2.
(i) 𝛿 = 8.669 mm 16. ℎ = 1052.8 W/m2oC or 1.0528 kW/m2oC
(ii) 𝛿𝑡ℎ = 9.763 mm 17.
(iii) ℎ𝑥 = 6.189 W / m K
2
(i) ℎ = 23959.6 W/m2C
3. (ii) Q = 4230345 W
(i) ℎ = 6.133 W/m3K
(ii) 𝑄 = 981.28 W (iii) L = 23.4 m

4. 18.
(i) 𝛿 = 8.57 mm, (i) Q = 100.22W
Mx = 0.01242 kg/s (ii) (∆𝑡)𝑏 = 38.770C
(ii) Q = 416.74 kJ/h 19.
5. (i) 0.87
(i) Q = 54.14 W
(ii) 1.74
(ii) ℎ = 10.7 W / m2 oC
20. L = 6.57 m
Q = 85.6 W
6. U = 100 m/s
7.
(i) Q = 235. 5 W
(ii) Tb = 90.390C
8.
(i) Q1 = 105 W
(ii) Q2 = 148.54 W
(iii) Q2 – Q1 = 43.54 W

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