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Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 15th November 2012
Revised on 8th February 2013
Accepted on 22nd June 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0666

ISSN 1755-4535

Two-stage micro-grid inverter with high-voltage

gain for photovoltaic applications
Mahrous El-Sayed Ahmed, Mohamed Orabi, Omar Mohamed AbdelRahim
Electrical Engineering Department, APEARC, Aswan Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
E-mail: meahmed7@ieee.org

Abstract: This study proposes a new two-stage high voltage gain boost grid-connected inverter for AC-module photovoltaic (PV)
system. The proposed system consists of a high-voltage gain switched inductor boost inverter cascaded with a current shaping
(CS) circuit followed by an H-bridge inverter as a folded circuit and its switches operate at line frequency. The switched
inductor boost converter (SIBC) has one switch operates like a continuous conduction mode. The maximum power of the PV
module is achieved through the SIBC circuit whereas the grid connection requirements are accomplished using the CS circuit
with the H-bridge inverter. The switch of the CS circuit is controlled with a sine wave modulation control scheme. The main
advantages of the new proposed system are high boosting gain, lower switching losses and reduces the ground leakage
current as all H-bridge switches operate at the line frequency. A 120 W prototype has been built and experimentally tested. It
has been found that experimental results have a good matching with the proposed analysis and simulation results.

1 Introduction 2. Increasing the DC–AC conversion gain ratio by increasing

The use of photovoltaic (PV) modules as a source of renewable
energy is gaining attention nowadays. PV modules may be
operated as an isolated system (standalone) or grid connected.
PV inverters may be classified as single-stage or two-stage.
The typical PV converter is based on a two-stage converter
[1–7]. Two-stage configuration is mainly used because of its
advantages of easy control since maximum power point
tracking (MMPT) control and current injection control are
decoupled at different stages. In addition, this gives the
freedom to push the switching frequency of the DC–DC
converter to an order higher than the inverter (the second
stage) one. As a result, the size and the cost of the converter
are decreased. Normally, the first stage is a DC–DC boost
type converter responsible for both extracting the maximum
power from the panel and boosting the PV voltage to a value
higher than the peak of the grid voltage. The second stage is
a DC–AC inverter that generates a sinusoidal current
complied with the international standards to be either injected
into the grid or to feed local and remote loads.
Normally the DC voltage generated from a single PV
module is a few tenths of voltage. This small DC value is
not suitable to be used alone to generate the required AC
voltage in standalone or in grid connection applications.
These applications need peak AC voltage about 311 V (in
European system). Moreover, higher modulation index (MI)
can make the second stage of the DC–AC system operates
in the saturation region generating higher harmonics. There
are two main solutions to overcome this challenge:
1. Increasing the DC voltage value by cascading many PV
modules or cascading the DC–DC converter outputs of each
module [8];
the DC–DC conversion gain ratio [9, 10].
The first aforementioned solution of cascading PV
modules is not preferred because of its practical limitation
and technology dependence. As a practical side, the
environmental conditions especially shadow has a severe
effect on the performance of the PV string system
configuration. String configuration is very sensitive for
environmental conditions such as shading phenomenon
[11, 12]. If any partial shaded strikes any part of any
module, the system will react and disconnect the whole
chain, however some modules can run if they work
independently. Thus the system generates a lower power
than expected. Cascading the output of the DC–DC
converters will solve this environmental problem, but this
requires central inverter which decreases the system
reliability because of failure issues. Moreover, this solution
does not work with residential solution of small number of
PV panels.
Several topologies have been surveyed and presented to
explain the second aforementioned solution. The direct
solution is to utilise a transformer with high boosting ratio
[10]. In this system, the 24 V DC input can be boosted to
200 V with 8.33 DC–DC conversion gain ratio and
efficiency reaches approximately to 92.5%. On the other
side, surveys of commercial PV inverter topologies in terms
of maximum efficiency, weight and volume are presented in
[1–7]. These surveys show that transformer-less topologies
are more efficient, lighter, less bulky and less costly than
the utilised transformer topologies. However,
transformer-less topologies should pay attention into the
grounding and the leakage ground currents through the PV
parasitic capacitance [10].

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Based on that, transformer-less two-stage micro-inverters
are a good choice for PV grid connected applications. By
looking to literatures, different module integrated inverters
(micro-grid inverters) for PV applications are introduced
[1, 6, 7, 9, 10]. In these techniques, a DC–AC converter with
high voltage gain is attached at each module. They have a
boost DC–DC converter for every PV module to save its
generated power by tracking its maximum power point
(MPPT). Then a second stage inverter is cascaded with the
DC–DC converter for grid connection requirements. Several
topologies have been proposed in literatures to introduce
high boosting voltage gain solutions [13–20]. The highest
voltage gain reported is five times the input PV voltage
through integrating boost converter and full bridge inverter
[14]. However, this solution suffers from zero crossing
current distortion in addition to insufficient voltage gain. A
dual boost converter circuit with only one active switch is
presented in [21]. The system achieves a simple control and
high efficiency but its boosting ratio is approximately five
which is still low. Recently, multilevel boost converter is
presented as a solution for very large conversion ration [22].
When higher output voltage is required, extra stages can be
added without changing the main configuration of the circuit.
This circuit requires many components such as capacitor and
diodes resulting in overall system complexity, less reliability,
and high cost, especially for low power PV applications.
Therefore both structures, two-stage and single-stage, suffers
from the same problem of limited boosting voltage gain.
In this paper, a two-stage micro-grid inverter topology for
PV applications is proposed based on the primary idea
presented in [3]. Analysis, simulation and experimental
set-up are introduced to verify the proposed system
performances.
frequency with keeping the four switches of the H-bridge
operate at the line frequency. This reduces the leakage
current and resulting in improving the proposed system
grounding capability in addition to reducing the switching
losses and thus the system overall efficiency can be
improved too.
3 Analysis of the proposed system
3.1 Analyses of the SIBC
The SIBC topology [3] and its operational modes are shown
in Figs. 2a–c. It is very similar to the conventional DC–DC
converter. It has also two modes of operations based on the
inductor current operation; store or release energy. The
arrangement of diodes and coils of the switched inductor
enables the two coils to store energy in parallel in a linear
manner with tendency of (vg/L), whereas the two branches
of the coil release energy in a series manner with tendency
of (vg/2L). Thus the instantaneous values of the two
branches of the inductor currents iL1 and iL2 are equal;
iL1(t) = iL2(t) = iL(t). Also, to simplify this analysis, the
SIBC will be discussed assuming a simple resistive load R
is connected across its terminal instead. SIBC modes of
operations are explained as:
Mode 1: Occurs when the switch SW1 is ON, this causes
diodes D1 and D3 to be turned ON and diodes D2 and D4 to
be turned OFF. Thus the two branches of inductors are
charging in parallel. Fig. 2b shows the proposed converter
circuit of mode 1. Let the inductor internal resistance to be
RL, diode voltage drop Vd and switch internal MOSFET

2 Proposed system topology

The proposed micro-inverter is shown in Fig. 1. The proposed
system consists of SIBC cascaded with current shaping
(CS)-folded cascade H-bridge. The SIBC has the advantage
of high-voltage gain as the conventional DC–DC boost
converter coil is replaced with a switched inductor coil [20].
The switched inductor consists of two coils and three
diodes with the shown arrangement in Fig. 1. This
arrangement enables the two coils to be charged in parallel
during the on-state and discharged in series manners during
the off-state. The boost converter switch SW1 is designed
to operate at high frequency to decrease the inductor values
and the overall system size. The CS-folded cascade
H-bridge inverter is composed of switch SW2 and diode
D5 in addition to the bridge SW3–SW6. It has the
advantage of using only SW2 operates at the switching

Fig. 2 SIBC circuit and its operational modes

a SIBC circuit
b Circuit during mode 1 operation
Fig. 1 Schematic circuit of the proposed micro-grid inverter c Circuit during mode 2 operation

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on-resistance to be Ron. The inductor voltage vL(t), capacitor
current ic(t), and the input current iin(t), in this mode are given
by the following equations
vL (t) = vin (t) − 2iL (t)Ron − Vd − iL RL
vo (t)
ic (t) = −
R calculated as follows
iin (t) = 2iL (t)
where vin(t), vo(t) and R are the input voltage, output voltage
of the SIBC and the resistor that represents the load connected
across the SIBC, respectively.
Mode 2: Occurs when the switch SW1 is OFF, this causes
diodes D1 and D3 to be turned OFF and diodes D2 and D4 to
be turned ON and thus the two branches of the inductor
discharge in series. Fig. 2c shows the proposed converter
circuit of mode 2. Similarly, the inductor voltage, the
capacitor current and the input current in this mode are
given by the following equations


vL (t) = 0.5 vin (t) − 2Vd − 2iL RL − vo (t)
vo (t)
ic (t) = iL (t) −
R against duty cycle for various values of input voltages,
iin (t) = 2iL (t)
Then, applying inductor volt second balance and capacitor
charge balance [23], (2)–(6) yield the following equations
for the proposed converter model
 
kvL (t)lT = d(t) vin (t) − 2iL (t)Ron − Vd − iL RL


+ [1 − d(t)] 0.5 vin (t) − 2Vd − 2iL RL − vo (t)
   
v (t) v (t)
kic (t)l = d(t) − o + (1 − d(t)) iL (t) − o
R R
kiin (t)l = (i + d(t))iL (t)
From the DC analyses, the DC operating point of the
proposed converter with a constant duty ratio d = D can be
determined by equating the right-hand sides of (7) and (8)
to zero and solving the two resulting algebraic equations for
iL and vo, resulting in
Vo
iL =
R(1 − D)
 
R(1 − D) 0.5(1 + D)Vin − Vd
Vo =
RL + 2Ron D + 0.5R(1 − D)2
Then, the voltage boosting gain of the proposed converter is
found as
 
Vo R(1 − D) (1 + D) − 2Vd /Vin
G= = (12)
Vin 2RL + 4Ron D + R(1 − D)2
The DC component of the input current is obtained from (9)
to (11) as
 
vo (1 + D) 0.5(1 + D)Vin − Vd
Lin = (1 + D) =
R RL + 2Ron D + 0.5R(1 − D)2
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Also, the input power of the system Pin which represents the
PV extracted power PPV is derived as
 
(1 + D) 0.5(1 + D)Vin − Vd
(1) Pin = PPV = Vin (14)
RL + 2Ron D + 0.5R(1 − D)2
(2) From (10) to (14), the efficiency of the DC–DC SIBC is
(3)
v2o /R v (1 − D)
hSIBC = =G o =G (15)
Vin Iin RIin (1 + D)
To study the performances of the SIBC, the aforementioned
derived analysis has been used advantageously. The effect
of the SIBC circuit parameters has been considered for the
converter boosting gain and its efficiency. The used
parameters in this test are Vin = 20 V, RL = 0.01 Ω, Ron =
0.01 Ω, R = 200 Ω and Vd = 1.5 V.
Fig. 3a shows a comparison between the gain of the SIBC
and conventional boost converter in ideal case. This figure
shows that, the gain of the SIBC is theoretically higher than
(4) the conventional boost converter by a factor of (1 + D).
Applying the practical conditions of the circuit parameters,
Figs. 3b and c gives the gain and the efficiency of the SIBC
(5)
respectively. The first observation yields from these two
(6) curves is that, the converter enters the unstable region
beyond duty cycle 0.9. Therefore it should keep the duty
cycle below 0.9. The effect of changing the input voltage
on the gain is small because as the input voltage increases
results in slight increase on the gain for the same duty cycle
as shown in Fig. 3b. On the other hand, the effect of
changing the input voltage on the SIBC efficiency is very
(7)
noticeably. As the input voltage decreases, it results in
deterioration of the converter efficiency as shown in
Fig. 3c. It can be concluded that, the used input voltage for
(8) this technique should not be less than 20 V to obtain an
acceptable efficiency.
(9) Figs. 3d and e illustrate the gain and the efficiency of the
SIBC against duty cycle for various values of switch
on-resistance, respectively. Figs. 3d and e reveal that, the
effect of the switch on-resistance on both the converter gain
and also the efficiency is very trivial especially for low
values of duty cycle (below 0.6). However, the converter
efficiency starts to deteriorate as the duty cycle becomes
closer to 0.8. Therefore it limits the upper limit for the duty
cycle operation.
(10) The calculated efficiency of (14) has been plotted against
the output power for various values of input voltage as
shown in Fig. 3f. The main observation is that, as the input
(11) voltage increases, the converter efficiency is improved for
the same output power. It is worth to note that for input
voltage less than 20 V, the converter efficiency decreases
vary rapidly lower than 90% which means the converter is
economically failed.
3.2 Analyses of the CS-cascaded H-bridge circuit
The CS-cascaded H-bridge circuit composed of a CS circuit
and a folded cascade H-bridge inverter. The CS circuit
consists of single controlled switch SW2, single diode D5
and filter inductance Lf. The CS circuit utilises the charging
and discharging increments of boost inductor current to
(13) shape a sinusoidal rectified current [24, 25]. Then the
folded cascade H-bridge inverter reforms this rectified
3
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Fig. 3 Performances of the SIBC gain and efficiency at differing operating and circuit parameters
a Comparison between the proposed SIBC and the boost converter boosting gain ratio
b Effect of the input voltage on the SIBC gain
c Efficiency of the SIBC for various values of input voltage
d Gain of the SIBC for various values of switch on-resistance
e Efficiency of the SIBC for various values of switch on-resistance
f Efficiency of the SIBC against input power for various values of input voltage

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sinusoidal current to a sine wave current that can be injected
into the grid. It is worth noting that the inductor that connects
the proposed system via the grid is omitted because its
function is performed by the CS circuit inductor.
This CS H-bridge circuit has two modes of operations
based on the controlled switch SW2 for its ON and OFF
states as shown in Figs. 4a and b, respectively. It should be
noted that the power transfer is unidirectional from the
SIBC to the grid. Therefore when the switch is ON the
diode D5 is OFF and the power is transferred to the grid
from the power conditioning stage, Vo. When the switch is
OFF, the diode D5 operates as a freewheeling to allow the
continuous energy transfer to the grid.
The grid CS is performed by controlling the amplitude of
the inductor current, and this in turns is done through the
modulation function of switching pulses as shown in
Fig. 4c. When the switch is turned ON, the inductor current
tends to rise because of charging of the inductor Lf, and
when the switch is turned OFF, the inductor current decays
down by discharging through the boost capacitor. The rise
increment is given by (14) [24]. These up and down
increments of the boost inductor current Dilf are the key of
the CS as shown in Fig. 4c
√
2vo (t)D
Dilf = (16)
Lf fs2
where fs2 is the switching frequency of the CS circuit.
Fig. 4 CS circuit during different operation modes
a CS circuit operation during mode 1
b CS circuit operation during mode 2
c Sinusoidal modulation of the CS circuit
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The decoupling capacitance Cf controls the double line
frequency over the PV power conditioning stage. Therefore
to assure a low current ripple over the PV side, a designed
decoupling capacitor is selected as
P
Cf = (17)
2pfr vo DV
where fr is the double line frequency, P is the system power
(equals PPV with ignoring losses), and ΔV is the allowed
voltage ripple.
3.3 Proposed control
A new control method based on sine wave modulation control
technique has been employed as shown in Fig. 5. It uses four
sensors for the PV voltage VPV, the PV current iPV, the grid
voltage VG, and the grid current IG. The PV voltage and
current are sensed and fed into the MPPT to generate the
SIBC switch (SW1) pulses required to catch the maximum
power from the PV. It should be noted that a
high-switching frequency of 40 kHz is adopted for the
SIBC switch; SW1. The grid reference current |IGref| is
estimated through dividing the maximum power generated
from the PV by the root-mean square (RMS) grid voltage,
220 V in this case. Therefore the rectified grid reference
current waveform can be obtained by multiplying |IGref|
with the normalised grid reference signal waveform as
shown in Fig. 5. The rectified grid current and the grid
5
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Table 1 Simulation circuit parameters
Components Capacitor Capacitor Inductors Inductor
Cp Cf Cp L 1 = L 2 Lf

description 100 µF 220 µF 3.3 mH 3.3 mH

Table 2 Electrical characteristics of BP485 PV module

Electrical characteristics BP 485

maximum power (Pmax) 85 W

voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.8 V
current at Pmax (Imp) 4.9 A
short-circuit current (Isc) 5.4 A
open-circuit voltage (Voc) 22.0 V
temperature coefficient of Isc (0.065 ± 0.015)%/°C
temperature coefficient of Voc − (80 ± 10) mV/°C
temperature coefficient of power − (0.5 ± 0.05)%/°C
Fig. 5 Proposed control technique of the proposed inverter

measured current are fed to the PI controller to generate the
sine wave MI which compared with a carrier signal to
generate the signal for the CS circuit switch SW1. A 10
kHz switching frequency carrier is employed for the CS
switch SW2. The folded cascade H-bridge inverter circuit
switches signals operate at the line frequency switching and
they can be generated by comparing the normalised grid
voltage to zero voltage value as shown in Fig. 5. During the
positive half cycle; switches SW3 and SW6 are always ON
whereas switches SW4 and SW5 are always OFF and vice
versa.
4 Simulation result
The proposed system has been simulated using PSIM
software to verify the performance of the proposed
configuration. Two PV modules of the BP485 85 W PV
module are used [26]. The circuit parameters of the
proposed system and the electrical characteristics of the PV
module are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Grid
voltage and grid frequency are 220 V and 50 Hz,
respectively. In this paper, the conventional
perturb-and-observe (P&O) for MPPT algorithm [27] has
been adopted.
Some selected simulation results have been chosen to
demonstrate the performance of the proposed system. The
PV module outputs; voltage, current and power are
illustrated in Fig. 6. The simulation has been done at
normal environmental condition. As a result of that, PV
generates almost its normal values 35 V, 5 A, and 170 W.
CS switch SW2 signal and H-bridge inverter switches
signals are illustrated in Figs. 7a and b. It should be noted
that, the CS switch operates at 10 kHz switching frequency
and all switches of the H-bridge operate at the grid line
frequency. The current of the CS circuit switch is shown in
Fig. 7c. It is similar to a rectified sine waveform and this is
attributed to the proposed employed sinusoidal modulation
control technique. Therefore the folded cascade H-bridge
circuit switches operate at the grid frequency to reforms this
rectified sine to a sine waveform in phase with the grid
voltage. In addition, the output inductor before the grid is
omitted because of its function is performed by the CS
circuit. The grid voltage and the grid current are shown in
Fig. 7d which indicates that the injected current into the
grid is almost sinusoidal and in phase with the grid voltage.

Fig. 6 From top to bottom PV output, PV output current and PV Power, respectively

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Fig. 7 Proposed circuit waveforms

a Signal of the current shape switch SW1
b Switches signals for H-bridge inverter switches SW3–SW6
c Switch SW2 current of the CS circuit
d Grid voltage and grid current

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5 Experimental results
To verify the operation of the proposed system, a 120 W
prototype has been built in the laboratory and
experimentally tested. SIBC were built using two units of 3
mH inductors, single unit of IXFT36N50P switch, three
units of RURG8060 diodes, and single unit of 1N50 diode
and 220 µF capacitor. The CS circuit is built using single
unit of IXFT36N50P switch, single unit of RURG8060 and
single unit of 3 mH inductor. The H-bridge inverter
switches are built using four units of IXFT36N50P switches
types.
First the SIBC system has been tested alone using DC
power supply and a resistive load. Main parameters of the
tested case are, the input voltage of the SIBC is 30 V, the
load resistance is 660 Ω and 80% constant duty cycle. The
SIBC is operated in the continuous conduction mode
(CCM) with switching frequency of 40 kHz.
Fig. 8 shows the input and output voltage of the SIBC
under this test condition. The output voltage has been found
to be ∼ 241 V with boosting gain of about eight which
proves the proposed idea and matches with the provided
calculation and simulation results. Then, the CS and the
cascaded H-bridge inverter circuits are added and the
overall system has been tested experimentally. Fig. 9 shows
a comparison between the calculated and experimental
overall system efficiency. The experimental system
efficiency has been recorded using the measured input and
output powers from the oscilloscope signals which is
obtained by multiplying their corresponding voltage and
current. High efficiency is noticed because there are only
two switches SW1 and SW2 operating at 40 and 10 kHz,
respectively. Whereas the rest of the switches operate at the
grid frequency. For load power of 120 W, the measured
system efficiency reaches about 92%.
A second test has been carried out where a single PV
module has been applied instead of the DC source. Fig. 10a
shows the PV module outputs voltage, current and power at
environmental condition near 4 PM in Aswan city, Egypt.
Generated PV values are found to be approximately 12.9 V,
4.76 A and 59.56 W, respectively. Therefore the grid
connection has been done using an autotransformer because
12.9 V is very low to be boosted to 311 DC voltage
required for the grid connection minimum required voltage.
Fig. 10b shows the grid voltage and grid current before the
transformer with nearly unity power factor. The injected
RMS current and the RMS output voltage have been found
to be about 1.31 A and 41.7 V, respectively. The injected

Fig. 8 Experimental waveforms of SIBC input and output voltage at 0.8 duty cycle

Fig. 9 Proposed system overall calculated and experimental efficiency at Vin = 30 V

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Fig. 10 Experimental waveforms for the PV grid-connected proposed micro-inverter

a Single PV module outputs (voltage, current and power) at 4 PM
b CH1 is the grid voltage and CH2 is the grid current for single PV module at 4 PM
c FFT of grid current

grid current harmonic spectra is shown in Fig. 10c which experimental efficiency of the proposed system in this case
indicates that harmonics are only distributed around the reaches about 82% (as the input voltage is less than 13 V
switching frequency of the CS circuit 10 kHz. The injected because of test limitation) which is matched with the
power to the grid is found to be about 54.8 W. The aforementioned analyses.

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6 Conclusion
This paper introduces a micro-grid inverter for PV
applications. The proposed system is a two-stage converter
with a high-boosting voltage gain. The first stage is a SIBC
that has a higher gain than the conventional boost converter
to enable reducing the number of series connected PV
modules. The second stage is a CS circuit stage which is
composed of a single controlled switch with folded cascade
H-bridge. A MPPT control algorithm has been implemented
to extract the maximum power from the PV module through
the SIBC. Besides, a judicious sine wave control scheme
has been implemented for the CS circuit to produce an
output current that has a shape similar to a rectified sine
wave which is then reflected to a sinusoidal waveform in
phase with the grid voltage using the folded cascade inverter.
Analyses, simulation and experimental results have been
provided to validate the proposed system idea. A Spartan 3
FPGA xc3s200 kit was used to implement the control
system. More than 90% efficiency is obtained over the
design PV power range.
7 Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully thank the ministry of Science,
Egyptian science and technology development funds
(STDF), for supporting this research.
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