Hypothesis Testing

Population Mean
Definitions
•A null hypothesis is a statement of equality or no
difference.

•An alternative hypothesis is an opposing

statement believed to be true whenever the null
hypothesis is rejected.
Definitions
•A directional alternative hypothesis involves
quantifier < or >.

•A non-directional alternative hypothesis involves

the quantifier “not equal to”.
Definitions
•A statistical test of hypothesis is a method or
tool used to decide whether or not to reject a
statistical hypothesis.
Definitions
•A one-tailed test is used to test a null hypothesis
against a directional alternative hypothesis.

•A two-tailed test is used to test a null hypothesis

against a non-directional alternative hypothesis.
Definitions
•Type 1 error is an error of rejecting a null
hypothesis when in fact it is true.

•Type 2 error is an error of accepting a null

hypothesis when in fact it is false.
Consequences of Hypothesis Testing

Decision Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis

True False
Do not reject Correct Type 2 error
Null Hypothesis Decision
Reject Null Type 1 Error Correct
Hypothesis Decision
Definitions
•Level of significance is the probability of
committing a type 1 error.
•A test statistic is a numerical value computed
from the sample data.
•A significance probability or p-value is the lowest
level of significance at which the test statistic
value is significant.
Steps
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Collect data and decide on an appropriate statistical
testing procedure.
3. Compute the test-statistic or the probability value (p-
value).
4. Determine the critical region, also called the rejection
region.
5. Make a decision and a conclusion about the hypotheses.
Summarizing Results (Bluman, 2014)
𝜎 is known
Automotive engineers tested the gas mileage (in
kilometers per liter or km/L) of a passenger car model
from a certain car company. A random sample of 35
cars resulted to a mean gas mileage of 15km/L and a
standard deviation of 2.5 km/L. The car company claims
that the passenger car model has an average gas
mileage of 16 km/L. Test if the claim is valid at 5% level
of significance.
Exercise
A factory manufacturing light-emitting diode (LED)
bulbs claims that their light bulbs last for 50 000 hours
on the average. To confirm if this claim is valid, a quality
control manager got a sample of 50 LED bulbs and
obtained a mean lifespan of 40 000 hours. The standard
deviation of the manufacturing process is 1000 hours.
Do you think that the claim of the manufacturer is valid
at the 5% level of significance?
Exercise
The Mathematics Department in a certain university is
conducting a study to determine how long it takes its
graduates to find a job. A sample of 36 graduates was
surveyed and it was found that the average time it has
taken a graduate to find a new job is 3.5 months, with a
standard deviation of 1.5 months. Is there sufficient
evidence to conclude that the graduates of this
department take on the average more than three
months to find a job at 10% level of significance?
Exercise
A manufacturer produces paper that has a mean
length of 11 in. and a standard deviation of 0.02
in. The 20 sheets sampled have a mean paper
length of 10.98 in. Assuming that the lengths of
the produced papers are normally distributed,
can you conclude that the mean length of papers
produced by this company is less than 11 inches?
Use 1% level of significance.
𝜎 is unknown
Pauline heard that the average grade in mathematics of
her class is at least 88%. She was not convinced by this,
and so decided to use hypothesis testing to check if this
claim was true. She got a random sample of 10
classmates who gave their grades in mathematics as
follows:
90, 93, 85, 77, 88, 80, 78, 83, 95, 90
Assume that the distribution of the grades is normal.
Based on this sample data, what would Pauline’s
conclusion be on the average grade in mathematics of
her class at 5% level of significance?
Exercise
When certain air pollutants react with rainwater, acid
rain that corrodes exposed metals is produced.
Suppose that water samples from 8 instances of rainfall
are collected and analyzed for power of hydrogen (pH)
levels:
3.7, 3.9, 4.0, 3.5, 4.2, 4.5, 4.1, 3.8
Do you think that there is a reason to believe that the
pH of rainwater is now greater that 3.5? Assume that
the pH level of water samples are normally distributed.
Use 5% level of significance.
Exercise
Physicians say that the normal temperature of a
person’s body is 37 degrees Celsius. In a class, the
temperatures (in degrees Celsius) of 10 students were
collected. These were:
36.8, 37.3, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 37.1, 36.7, 37, 37.1, 36.9
Test the hypothesis that the students in this class have
normal body temperatures. Assume that body
temperature is normally distributed. Use 1% level of
significance.
Population Proportion
A survey is conducted to determine the opinions of people on global
warming. In a random sample of 150 people, 108 think that global
warming is a serious world problem. Is there sufficient evidence that
the proportion of people who regard global warming as a serious
problem is significantly higher than 60%? Use 1% level of significance.
Exercise
A presidential candidate asks a polling organization to conduct a
nationwide survey to determine the percentage of potential voters who
would vote for him over his rival presidential candidate. Out of 2500
respondents in the sample, 925 said they would vote for him. If 40% of
the potential voters vote for his rival, is this significantly different from
the percentage of potential voters of the candidate who requested the
survey? Use 5% level of significance.
Exercise
In a survey on TV show ratings, 1000 viewers were asked if they
regularly watch a certain singing competition. Of the 1000 surveyed,
338 answered “Yes”. The network considers canceling the show if less
than one-third of the population regularly watch it. Can you help the
network decide using hypothesis testing at 10% level of significance?
Exercise
Beefy Burger, a fast-food restaurant claims that 85% of the burger
fanatics prefer to eat in their place. To test the claim, a random sample
of 90 burger customers are selected at random and asked what they
prefer. If 76 of the 90 burger fanatics said they prefer to eat at Beefy
Burger, what conclusion do we draw? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
Exercise
Haus of Gaz claims that more than two-thirds of the houses in a certain
subdivision use their brand. Do we have reason to doubt this claim if in
a random sample of 40 houses in this subdivision, it is found that 25
use the company’s brand. Use a 0.01 level of significance.
Exercise
A congressman is hoping that his bill is favored by his constituents to
increase his chance of getting reelected in the next election. He asked
his research office to conduct a survey on this matter to verify whether
or not he can get support from his constituents so that if he gets a 90%
support for the bill, he would certainly start with his campaign. A
random sample of 150 respondents yielded 128 who are in favor of his
bill. Test the hypothesis that p=0.9 against the alternative p<0.9 at 0.05
level of significance.
Exercise
MED Drug Company designed a new drug to prevent colds. The
company states that this drug is about 95% effective. To test this claim,
they chose a sample of 200 subjects and found out that 15 of these
subjects caught a cold. Based on these findings, can we reject the
company’s claim that the drug is 95% effective? Use a 0.01 level of
significance.