Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________

Statistics III
Masters in Management

Nova School of Business and Economics

EXAM - model
XXth October 2015, XX pm

Duration: 1h30

INSTRUCTIONS

Turn off your mobile phone!

Authorized Material: Pen, calculating machine and this assignment.

Write your name and student number on the first page of this assignment.

This assignment must always be stapled.

The answers to the questions should be written in the locations indicated in this
assignment.

You can use the back of each sheet as a draft.

Any situation of plagiarism (such as the use of unauthorized material and/or

communication with colleagues) will have as immediate consequence a drop out in
the course this semester.

You are not allowed to ask questions during the EXAM.

Before starting the EXAM confirm that this assignment has 21 pages numbered 1 to
21.

At the end of this assignment you will find included some key equations and
statistical tables.

You must remain seated in your place by the end of the EXAM.

When the time expires please turn your EXAM over and wait for its collection made
by invigilators.

Nova School of Business and Economics 1

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________

About the EXAM

We want to know more about the chances of getting employed after finishing our studies
in Nova SBE, said Gerrit, Gaia, Luca, Afonso and Jenny, our research team =)
A random sample of 100 graduate students was selected and it was assumed that each
of the observed/measured variables is representative of the respective statistical
population.

For each question in Groups I to III indicate only one answer in the table on page 9
Each correct answer is worth 0,70 values
Each wrong answer is worth 0.20 negative (-0.20).
Each answer blank or poorly marked is worth 0.

Group I

How long, in average, does it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job after
graduation? with a random sample we computed the following indicators (X,
months):
100 100

 x i  341
i 1
 (x
i 1
i  x) 2  253,44

1. Luca computed the margin of error with a 95% confidence level and he got
a) 0,3152
b) 0,3120
c) 0,3136
d) None of the others

2. “We cannot compute the limits of a confidence interval” Gerrit argued. Well,
Gerrit is
a) correct, because we do not have information about the time (X) distribution
b) not correct, because I do not know the sample mean distribution
c) not correct, because the Central Limit Theorem applies
d) correct, because the Central Limit Theorem does not apply

Nova School of Business and Economics 2

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
3. Gaia was worried about the distribution of the time it take a Nova SBE
graduate student to find a job after graduation (X). She asked a statistician to
perform a test in order to try to reject the hypothesis that X distributes
Normally. The statistician texted her “the p-value is 0,87”. This means that,
with a usual confidence level we,
a) believe X does not distribute Normally
b) are not able to reject the hypothesis that X distributes Normally
c) cannot decide
d) none of the others

4. During the group meeting Luca wanted to test the hypothesis that the true
mean time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job after graduation
is equal to 3 months (or less than). “We will perform a one-sided test and the
critical value is, for sure, greater than 3” Jenny said. Jenny is
a) Not correct
b) Correct
c) Correct only if the confidence level is greater than 95%
d) Not correct only if the confidence level is greater than 95%

5. In the end Jenny proposed to test Ho: µ=4 vs H1: µ<4. If we decide to use a
95% confidence level the critical value will be equal to
a) 3,147
b) 3,686
c) 3,737
d) none of the others

6. Based on question 5., if the alternative hypothesis would instead be H1: µ≠4,
with the same confidence level the “lower” critical value would be
a) greater than the one computed in question 5.
b) lower than the one computed in question 5.
c) equal to the one computed in question 5
d) we cannot say

7. The standard error estimate is approximately

a) 0,1608
b) 1,6
c) 0,1600
d) none of the others

Nova School of Business and Economics 3

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Group II
The group decided to perform a Linear Regression Analysis in order to explain
the observed Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job after
graduation. The considered explanatory variables are the Final Grade (FG), Age
and Gender (in this context a dummy variable that identifies women with a 1).
Using Gretl we got the following output (with a sub-sample):

Model 1: OLS, using observations 1-24

Dependent variable: Time (months)

Coefficient Std. Error t-ratio p-value

const −0.634733 3.03674 −0.2090 0.8365
FG −0.126217 0.103417 −1.2205 0.2365
Age 0.207755 0.0621023 3.3454 0.0032 ***
Gender −0.150351 0.329624 −0.4561 0.6532

Mean dependent var 2.500000 S.D. dependent var 1.142080

Sum squared resid 11.00614 S.E. of regression 0.741827
R-squared 0.633129 Adjusted R-squared 0.578098
F(3, 20) 11.50501 P-value(F) 0.000133

1. The theoretical model may be described as follows:

a) Time  0  1FG  2 Age  3Gender
b) Time  a 0  a1FG  a 2 Age  a 3Gender  
c) Time  0  1FG  2 Age  3Gender  
d) I have not enough information to answer the question

2. To assess the overall significance of the model we

a) compare 0,633129 with a usual level of confidence
b) compare 11,50501 with the critical value read in a F-Snedecor distribution
table with 3 and 20 degrees of freedom
c) compare the p-value=0,000133 with a usual level of significance
d) both b) and c)

3. r-squared=0,633129! This means that

a) with 95% confidence level the model is trustful
b) 63% of Time variation is explained by the model
c) 0,63% of Time variation is explained by the model
d) 63% of the Time variation is explained by Age

Nova School of Business and Economics 4

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
4. Afonso is worried with the fact that some p-values are huge…
4.1. e.g.: p=0,6532 for Gender! We believe, with a 95% confidence level, that
the time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job after graduation
is, in average,
a) less for men
b) less for women
c) the same for both genders
d) none of the others
4.2. e.g.: p=0,2365 for the Final Grade! With a 90% confidence level we
believe that the Final Grade
a) is crucial to explain the time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to
find a job after graduation
b) is important to explain the time it take a Nova SBE graduate student
to find a job after graduation
c) is not important to explain the time it take a Nova SBE graduate
student to find a job after graduation
d) none of the others

5. Due to the previous results, Jenny suggested to consider a simpler model:

Model 2: OLS, using observations 1-24

Dependent variable: Time (months)

Coefficient Std. Error t-ratio p-value

const −4.11111 1.14885 −3.5784 0.0017 ***
Age 0.259259 0.0446683 5.8041 <0.0001 ***

Mean dependent var 2.500000 S.D. dependent var 1.142080

Sum squared resid 11.85185 S.E. of regression 0.733976
R-squared 0.604938 Adjusted R-squared 0.586981
F(1, 22) 33.68750 P-value(F) 7.71e-06

5.1. The coefficient of correlation between Time and Age is equal to

a) 0,365960
b) 0,777778
c) 0,604938
d) I have not enough information to compute it
5.2. The sample mean of Age is equal to
a) 25,5
b) 2,5
c) 0,259259
d) none of the others
Nova School of Business and Economics 5
Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________

5.3. What is the expected Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student, aged 25
years old, to find a job after graduation?
a) less than 1 month
b) between 2 and 3 months
c) 1 month
d) None of the others
5.4. The difference between being 23 years old or 33 years old is huge…
a) it will take more than one year to find a job!
b) it will take more 0,26 months to find a job!
c) it will take more 2,6 months to find a job!
d) None of the others

Nova School of Business and Economics 6

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Group III
One of the concerns of the research team was to evaluate if the nationality of the
students play a role on the more or less easy way as a graduate at Nova SBE finds
a job! They gathered data:

 The sample for the Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job
after graduation.
 Referring to students from 5 different countries (Portugal, Germany, Italy,
Spain and Netherlands), 50 women, all aged between 21 and 30 years old.

and computed some indicators (although the complete information got lost in the
way):

Source of variation SS df MSS F p

Nationality 4 18,790
Gender 1 0,876
Error 269
Total 580 99

1. With a 95% confidence level we may state that

a) we have no reasons to believe Gender is a factor that influences the
easiness of finding a job
b) we believe Gender is a factor that influences the easiness of finding a job
c) we reject Ho: µfemale = µmale
d) None of the others
2. If Gender is not considered in the analysis,
2.1. the Error sum of squares will
a) increase
b) decrease
c) still be 269
d) None of the others
2.2 the conclusions about Nationality
a) will change
b) will not change
c) I have not enough data to decide
d) None of the others

Nova School of Business and Economics 7

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
3. To verify the conclusions, Gaia proposed (with the same data) a Contingency
Analysis with Gender and the Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to
find a job after graduation. Afonso, being sure of his knowledge, declared
a) we can do it with the original data and the p-value will be big
b) we can do it with the original data and the p-value will be very small
c) we can do it but we have to classify Time and the p-value will be very small
d) we can do it but we have to classify Time and the p-value will be big

Nova School of Business and Economics 8

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________

Table of responses to questions from Groups I to IV

Mark your answers with an X
Answer
Question a b c d
I.1
I.2
I.3
I.4
I.5
I.6
I.7
II.1
II.2
II.3
II.4.1
II.4.2
II.5.1
II.5.2
II.5.3
II.5.4
III.1
III.2.1
III.2.2
III.3
IV Please answer in the following pages
Questions of Group IV must be answered in the spaces delimited

Nova School of Business and Economics 9

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Group IV (6 values)

1. In the end of the day, the research group gathered and discussed based on the
conclusions. They decided to investigate, more in depth, using only students
from Portugal and Germany. Their belief is that Time it take a Nova SBE
graduate student to find a job after graduation, besides being related with Age,
should be related with the student’ cultural level, the language skills and the
Undergraduate course final grade.
How would you help the team to achieve the objective?
(what technique(s) would you suggest to use and how would you implement it;
suggestion: build an example)

In Group II a Regression Analysis has been conducted where Y – Time and X – Age with a sample
sized 24 allowed a r2=0,60 considered significant at a 95% confidence level.
The purpose is to investigate if Cultural level (categorical), Language skills (categorical), Underg
Final Grade can improve the model. We will define categories for Cultural level (CL), e.g.,
Low, Med, High / Language skills (LS), e.g. Med, Good. We want to explain the variability
found in Y using, besides metric variables, categorical variables. If we code them using dummy
variables we can use regression analysis to investigate if these new variables can improve the
already tested model.
We will get additional data (for the new variables) using the same 24 previous selected students
although we could select another sample (maybe with a greater size, if possible, as the number
of regressors will increase).
To include the categorical variables in the model dummy variables need to be considered: e.g. CL-
Med, CL-High and LS-Good assuming 1 if the corresponding condition is meet, 0 otherwise.
The theoretical model would be:
Time  0  1Age  2 UFG  3CL  Med  3CL  High  3 LS  Good  
n=24, a 95% confidence level will be considered and Ordinary Least Squares method will be used
(using Gretl, Excel or any another specific software).
To test the overall significance of the model, the F statistics will be compared with a critical value
from a F-Snedecor distribution with 5 and 18 degrees of freedom; if F>2,773 then the model
will be significant (r2 will be greater than 0,60 but its significance will still be tested).
All the parameters will be individually tested in order to find out if they are different from zero.
Each t statistics will be compared with a t-Student critical value, with 18 degrees of freedom:
if |t|>2,101 the corresponding variable will be considered significant to improve to initial model.

Nova School of Business and Economics 10

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
The parameters for Age and UFG, if significant, represent the additional Time (to find a job) for
each additional unit (Age or UFG) all the other variables kept constant (ceteris paribus);
The parameters for the CL-Med and CL-High, if significant, represent the mean difference on
Time (to find a job) relative to students with a Low cultural level (ceteris paribus);
The parameter for the LS-Good, if significant, represent the mean difference on Time (to find a
job) relative to students with a Low Language Skills (ceteris paribus).
The final model will depend on the statistical significance of the individual t-tests: we may have
to discard some of the regressors.

2. Ho: Gender is independent from Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find
a job after graduation. The p-value=0,98!

Propose a set of data that fits to Null hypothesis and final result using 3 categories
for Time it take a Nova SBE graduate student to find a job after graduation.

The 3 categories for Time could be: less than 1 months, between 1 and 2 months and
greater than 2 months.
e.g. for a sample of size 121 (students) if the distribution is the following
Gender/Time <1month 1-2 months >2 months
female 18 29 9 56
male 21 32 12 65
39 61 21 121

If the Null hypothesis is true, each expected frequency (E) is very close to the
56x39
observed: e.g E Female ;1month   18,05 (the observed is 18)
121

The Q 
18  18,052  ...  2,22
18,05

This test statistics is lower than the critical value from a Chi-square distribution with
(2-1)(3-1)=2 degrees of freedom: with a 95% confidence level 5,991.
Thus the p-value is greater than 0,05… maybe close to 0,98 (with the available tables
we are not able to access the correct value!)

Nova School of Business and Economics 11

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
SOME USEFUL FORMULAS

 x

 f (x i )  1 or  P(x i )  1  f (x)dx  1 F(x)   f (x i )

xi  x
F(x)   f (x)dx
i i  

  EX   x i f (x i )   EX   x f (x) dx
i 

 
 2  E ( X   ) 2   ( x i  ) 2 f ( x i )  
 2  E (X   2 )   (x  ) 2 f (x) dx
i 

 XY  E(X   X )(Y   Y )   (x i   X )(y i   Y )f (x i , y i )

i

 XY  E(X   X )(Y   Y )    (x   X )(ý   Y ) f (x , y) dxdy


If a and b are constants:

Ea  a EaX  a EX
Vara  0 VaraX  a2 VarX
EaX  bY  a EX bEY
VaraX  bY  a2 VarX  b2 VarY  2abCOVX, Y

    (1  )
X ~ N(; ) X ~ N(; ) P ~ N ( ; )
n n30 n n 30 n

2
z 
n   /2 
 ME 
N2 N 1 ME2
n n n0  2
2X (N  1)  2 n0 (N  1)  1  z  / 22
(n X  1)S2X  (n Y  1)S2Y
Sp2 
nX  nY  2

nXPX  nYPY
P0 
nX  n Y

Distribuição de X Variáveis fulcrais

X  (n  1) S2 X 
Normal ~ N (0;1) ~  n21 ~ t n 1
  2
S
X   X  
Desconhecida ou não Normal ~ N (0;1) ~ N (0;1)
S n30  n30

Nova School of Business and Economics 12

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________

Parameter Assumption Confidence Interval Endpoints

𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) 
 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼/2
𝜎 2 known √𝑛
𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) 𝑠
 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝑛−1,𝛼/2
𝜎 2 unknown √𝑛
𝑋~? 𝑠
 2
𝜎 unknown 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼/2
Large sample √𝑛

𝑋~Bernoulli  𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
 Large sample 𝑝 ± 𝑧𝛼/2 √
𝑛

𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 )  (n  1)s 2 (n  1)s 2 

 2  2 ; 2 
µ unknown   n1 ; / 2  n1 ;1   /2 
𝑋~𝑁(𝜇𝑋 , 𝜎𝑋2 )
𝑌~𝑁(𝜇𝑌 , 𝜎𝑌2 )  X2  Y2
 X  Y x  y  z / 2 
𝜎𝑋2 , 𝜎𝑌2 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 nx ny
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
s 2p s 2p
𝑋~𝑁(𝜇𝑋 , 𝜎𝑋2 ) x  y  tnx  ny 2, / 2 
 X  Y 𝑌~𝑁(𝜇𝑌 , 𝜎𝑌2 ) nx ny
𝜎𝑋2 = 𝜎𝑌2 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 (nx  1) sx2  (ny  1) s y2
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 s 2p 
nx  ny  2
2
sx2 s y
𝑋~𝑁(𝜇𝑋 , 𝜎𝑋2 ) x  y  tv , / 2 
 X  Y 𝑌~𝑁(𝜇𝑌 , 𝜎𝑌2 ) nx ny
𝜎𝑋2 , 𝜎𝑌2 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛  s2 s2 
2
 s 2  2  s2 
2

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 v x  y  x  /(nx  1)   y  /(ny  1) 
 nx ny   nx   
  ny  
𝑋~? , 𝑌~?
2
 X  Y 𝜎𝑋2 , 𝜎𝑌2
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 sx2 s y
x  y  z / 2 
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 nx ny
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑋~𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 𝑋
𝑌~𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 𝑌 p X (1  p X ) p Y (1  p Y )
X-Y pX pY  z / 2 
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 nX nY
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

Nova School of Business and Economics 13

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Null
Assumption Test Statistic
Hypothesis

𝐻0 : X ~ a 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 a (or as a) 𝑘
(𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑖 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑖 )2
2 2
specified 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜒 =∑ ~𝜒(𝑘−1)
distribution 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑐
𝐻0 : X and Y 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 2
(𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑗 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑖𝑗 )2 2
𝜒 = ∑∑ ~𝜒((𝑟−1)(𝑐−1))
independent 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑖𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
respectively

Nova School of Business and Economics 14

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Null
Assumption Test Statistic
Hypothesis
k
n ( x i  x ) 2
i 1
𝐻0 :
F k 1
µ1=µ2=…= µk Xi ~ N (µi , ) kn k
~ Fk 1 ;nk
one-way  (x  x )
i1
i
2
n ( x i  x )
i 1
2

nk
k
nk  ( x i  x ) 2
i 1

F k 1
𝐻0 : kn k h
~ Fk 1 ;(k 1 )(h1 )
µ1=µ2=…= µk  (x  x )
i1
i
2
nk  ( x i  x )  nh  ( x i  x )
i1
2

i1
2

(k  1)(h  1)
Xi ~ N (µi , ) h
nh  ( x i  x ) 2
i 1
𝐻0 :
F h1 ~ Fh1 ;(k 1 )(h1 )
µ1=µ2=…= µh kn k h
two-way  (x  x )
i1
i
2
nk  ( x i  x )  nh  ( x i  x )
i1
2

i1
2

(k  1)(h  1)

k
mnk  ( x i  x ) 2
i 1

F k 1 ~ Fk 1 ;hk(m1 )
kn k h

𝐻0 :  (x  x )
i 1
i
2
mnk  ( x i  x )  mnh  ( x i  x )  SSI
i 1
2

i1
2

µ1=µ2=…= µk
hk (m  1)
h
mnh  ( x i  x ) 2
i 1

F k 1 ~ Fh1 ;hk(m1 )
𝐻0 : kn k h

µ1=µ2=…= µh
Xi ~ N (µi , )
 (x  x )
i 1
i
2
mnk  ( x i  x )  mnh  ( x i  x )  SSI
i 1
2

i1
2

hk (m  1)
SSI
(k  1)(h  1)
F ~ F(k 1 )(h1 );hk(m1 )
𝐻0 : no kn k h

interaction  (x  x )
i 1
i
2
mnk  ( x i  x )  mnh  ( x i  x )  SSI
i1
2

i1
2

two-way with
hk (m  1)
interaction

h k
SSI  m ( x ji  x i  x j  x ) 2 , m-nº of observations per cell
j 1 i1

Nova School of Business and Economics 15

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Simple Linear Regression Model y i   0  1 x i   i
 Estimator of  0 : b 0  y  b1 x
s
 Estimator of 1 : b1  XY
s 2X

Multiple Linear Regression Model: yi  β0  β1x1i  β2 x 2i   βk x ki  εi , i = 1, 2, ..., n

 Error term i:

 E(i) = 0 for all i=1, ..., n.
 Var(i) = 2 for all i=1, ..., n.
 Cov(i , j) = 0 for all i  j .

 Expected value of yi (conditional on the xji): E( yi )  β0  β1x1i  β2 x 2i   βk x ki

Estimated Regression: yˆi  b0  b1x1i  b2 x 2i   bk x ki

 Residuals (estimated error terms): ei  yi  yˆi .

n
 Estimator of Var(i) = 2: se2   ei2 /(n  k  1) . Standard error of the estimate: se  se
2

i 1

 
Distribution of bj: b j ~ N  j , Var(b j ) , j=0, …, k.

 Estimator of Var(bj) is denoted by s 2b . Standard error of bj is s b .

j j

 Confidence intervals for betas: b j  t n k 1,α/2sb j . Degrees of freedom = (n  k  1) .

 Hypothesis tests about the betas: H0 :  j = 0 vs. H1:  j  0

bj  0
 The t-statistic and its distribution under H0: t b j  ~ tn-k-1.
sb j
Measures of variation of the Y variable: SST = SSR + SSE
 Total Sum of Squares = SST =  (yi  y)2 .
 Regression Sum of Squares = SSR =  (yˆ  y) . i
2

 Error (or Residual) Sum of Squares = SSE =  (y  yˆ ) i i

2
.

Measures of fit of the regression:

 Coefficient of determination / r-squared:

SSR Regression Sum of Squares SSE Residual Sum of Squares

R2    1  1
SST Total Sum of Squares SST Total Sum of Squares
SSE / (n  K  1)
 Adjusted Coefficient of determination: R 2  1 
SST / (n  1)

Nova School of Business and Economics 16

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Função DISTRIBUIÇÃO
NORMAL padrão Função densidade Função distribuição
0,60 1,0

0.8508
0,8
0,45 P[Z<1.04]=F(1.04)
P[Z < z]=xxxx
0,6

0,30

0,4

0,15
0,2

0,00 0,0
-3,50 -1,75 0,00 1,75 3,50 -3,50 -1,75 0,00 1,75 3,50

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998

Nova School of Business and Economics 17

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Função DISTRIBUIÇÃO
QUIQUADRADO Função densidade Função distribuição
0,175 1,0
0.975

0,8
0,131
P[gl < q]=xxx
P[q12<23.337]=F(23.337)
0,6

0,087

0,4

0,044
0,2

0,000 0,0
0,00 6,25 12,50 18,75 25,00 0,00 6,25 12,50 18,75 25,00

gl \ xxx 0,005 0,010 0,025 0,050 0,100 0,250 0,500 0,750 0,900 0,950 0,975 0,990 0,995
1 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,004 0,016 0,102 0,455 1,323 2,706 3,841 5,024 6,635 7,879
2 0,010 0,020 0,051 0,103 0,211 0,575 1,386 2,773 4,605 5,991 7,378 9,210 10,597
3 0,072 0,115 0,216 0,352 0,584 1,213 2,366 4,108 6,251 7,815 9,348 11,345 12,838
4 0,207 0,297 0,484 0,711 1,064 1,923 3,357 5,385 7,779 9,488 11,143 13,277 14,860
5 0,412 0,554 0,831 1,145 1,610 2,675 4,351 6,626 9,236 11,070 12,832 15,086 16,750
6 0,676 0,872 1,237 1,635 2,204 3,455 5,348 7,841 10,645 12,592 14,449 16,812 18,548
7 0,989 1,239 1,690 2,167 2,833 4,255 6,346 9,037 12,017 14,067 16,013 18,475 20,278
8 1,344 1,647 2,180 2,733 3,490 5,071 7,344 10,219 13,362 15,507 17,535 20,090 21,955
9 1,735 2,088 2,700 3,325 4,168 5,899 8,343 11,389 14,684 16,919 19,023 21,666 23,589
10 2,156 2,558 3,247 3,940 4,865 6,737 9,342 12,549 15,987 18,307 20,483 23,209 25,188
11 2,603 3,053 3,816 4,575 5,578 7,584 10,341 13,701 17,275 19,675 21,920 24,725 26,757
12 3,074 3,571 4,404 5,226 6,304 8,438 11,340 14,845 18,549 21,026 23,337 26,217 28,300
13 3,565 4,107 5,009 5,892 7,041 9,299 12,340 15,984 19,812 22,362 24,736 27,688 29,819
14 4,075 4,660 5,629 6,571 7,790 10,165 13,339 17,117 21,064 23,685 26,119 29,141 31,319
15 4,601 5,229 6,262 7,261 8,547 11,037 14,339 18,245 22,307 24,996 27,488 30,578 32,801
16 5,142 5,812 6,908 7,962 9,312 11,912 15,338 19,369 23,542 26,296 28,845 32,000 34,267
17 5,697 6,408 7,564 8,672 10,085 12,792 16,338 20,489 24,769 27,587 30,191 33,409 35,718
18 6,265 7,015 8,231 9,390 10,865 13,675 17,338 21,605 25,989 28,869 31,526 34,805 37,156
19 6,844 7,633 8,907 10,117 11,651 14,562 18,338 22,718 27,204 30,144 32,852 36,191 38,582
20 7,434 8,260 9,591 10,851 12,443 15,452 19,337 23,828 28,412 31,410 34,170 37,566 39,997
21 8,034 8,897 10,283 11,591 13,240 16,344 20,337 24,935 29,615 32,671 35,479 38,932 41,401
22 8,643 9,542 10,982 12,338 14,041 17,240 21,337 26,039 30,813 33,924 36,781 40,289 42,796
23 9,260 10,196 11,689 13,091 14,848 18,137 22,337 27,141 32,007 35,172 38,076 41,638 44,181
24 9,886 10,856 12,401 13,848 15,659 19,037 23,337 28,241 33,196 36,415 39,364 42,980 45,558
25 10,520 11,524 13,120 14,611 16,473 19,939 24,337 29,339 34,382 37,652 40,646 44,314 46,928
26 11,160 12,198 13,844 15,379 17,292 20,843 25,336 30,435 35,563 38,885 41,923 45,642 48,290
27 11,808 12,878 14,573 16,151 18,114 21,749 26,336 31,528 36,741 40,113 43,195 46,963 49,645
28 12,461 13,565 15,308 16,928 18,939 22,657 27,336 32,620 37,916 41,337 44,461 48,278 50,994
29 13,121 14,256 16,047 17,708 19,768 23,567 28,336 33,711 39,087 42,557 45,722 49,588 52,335
30 13,787 14,953 16,791 18,493 20,599 24,478 29,336 34,800 40,256 43,773 46,979 50,892 53,672
40 20,707 22,164 24,433 26,509 29,051 33,660 39,335 45,616 51,805 55,758 59,342 63,691 66,766
60 35,534 37,485 40,482 43,188 46,459 52,294 59,335 66,981 74,397 79,082 83,298 88,379 91,952

Nova School of Business and Economics 18

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Função DISTRIBUIÇÃO
t-Student Função densidade Função distribuição
0,500 1,0

0.95

P[t15<1.753]=F(1.753) 0,8
0,375
P[tgl < t]=xxx
0,6

0,250

0,4

0,125
0,2

0,000 0,0
-3,50 -1,75 0,00 1,75 3,50 -3,50 -1,75 0,00 1,75 3,50

gl \ xxx 0,999 0,995 0,990 0,975 0,950 0,900 0,850 0,800 0,700 0,600 0,500
1 318,3 63,656 31,821 12,706 6,314 3,078 1,963 1,376 0,727 0,325 0,000
2 22,328 9,925 6,965 4,303 2,920 1,886 1,386 1,061 0,617 0,289 0,000
3 10,214 5,841 4,541 3,182 2,353 1,638 1,250 0,978 0,584 0,277 0,000
4 7,173 4,604 3,747 2,776 2,132 1,533 1,190 0,941 0,569 0,271 0,000
5 5,894 4,032 3,365 2,571 2,015 1,476 1,156 0,920 0,559 0,267 0,000
6 5,208 3,707 3,143 2,447 1,943 1,440 1,134 0,906 0,553 0,265 0,000
7 4,785 3,499 2,998 2,365 1,895 1,415 1,119 0,896 0,549 0,263 0,000
8 4,501 3,355 2,896 2,306 1,860 1,397 1,108 0,889 0,546 0,262 0,000
9 4,297 3,250 2,821 2,262 1,833 1,383 1,100 0,883 0,543 0,261 0,000
10 4,144 3,169 2,764 2,228 1,812 1,372 1,093 0,879 0,542 0,260 0,000
11 4,025 3,106 2,718 2,201 1,796 1,363 1,088 0,876 0,540 0,260 0,000
12 3,930 3,055 2,681 2,179 1,782 1,356 1,083 0,873 0,539 0,259 0,000
13 3,852 3,012 2,650 2,160 1,771 1,350 1,079 0,870 0,538 0,259 0,000
14 3,787 2,977 2,624 2,145 1,761 1,345 1,076 0,868 0,537 0,258 0,000
15 3,733 2,947 2,602 2,131 1,753 1,341 1,074 0,866 0,536 0,258 0,000
16 3,686 2,921 2,583 2,120 1,746 1,337 1,071 0,865 0,535 0,258 0,000
17 3,646 2,898 2,567 2,110 1,740 1,333 1,069 0,863 0,534 0,257 0,000
18 3,610 2,878 2,552 2,101 1,734 1,330 1,067 0,862 0,534 0,257 0,000
19 3,579 2,861 2,539 2,093 1,729 1,328 1,066 0,861 0,533 0,257 0,000
20 3,552 2,845 2,528 2,086 1,725 1,325 1,064 0,860 0,533 0,257 0,000
21 3,527 2,831 2,518 2,080 1,721 1,323 1,063 0,859 0,532 0,257 0,000
22 3,505 2,819 2,508 2,074 1,717 1,321 1,061 0,858 0,532 0,256 0,000
23 3,485 2,807 2,500 2,069 1,714 1,319 1,060 0,858 0,532 0,256 0,000
24 3,467 2,797 2,492 2,064 1,711 1,318 1,059 0,857 0,531 0,256 0,000
25 3,450 2,787 2,485 2,060 1,708 1,316 1,058 0,856 0,531 0,256 0,000
26 3,435 2,779 2,479 2,056 1,706 1,315 1,058 0,856 0,531 0,256 0,000
27 3,421 2,771 2,473 2,052 1,703 1,314 1,057 0,855 0,531 0,256 0,000
28 3,408 2,763 2,467 2,048 1,701 1,313 1,056 0,855 0,530 0,256 0,000
29 3,396 2,756 2,462 2,045 1,699 1,311 1,055 0,854 0,530 0,256 0,000
30 3,385 2,750 2,457 2,042 1,697 1,310 1,055 0,854 0,530 0,256 0,000
40 3,307 2,704 2,423 2,021 1,684 1,303 1,050 0,851 0,529 0,255 0,000
60 3,232 2,660 2,390 2,000 1,671 1,296 1,045 0,848 0,527 0,254 0,000
120 3,160 2,617 2,358 1,980 1,658 1,289 1,041 0,845 0,526 0,254 0,000
 3,090 2,576 2,326 1,960 1,645 1,282 1,036 0,842 0,524 0,253 0,000

Nova School of Business and Economics 19

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
Função DISTRIBUIÇÃO
F-Snedecor Função densidade Função distribuição
1,500 1,0

0.95

0,8
1,125

P[f m,n < f]=xxx P[F5,6<4.4]=F(4.4)

0,6

0,750

0,4

0,375
0,2

0.95
0,000 0,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

xxx n\m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 30 60 120 

0,900 39,86 49,50 53,59 55,83 57,24 58,20 58,91 59,44 59,86 60,19 60,71 61,22 61,74 62,26 62,79 63,06 63,33
0,950 161,4 199,5 215,7 224,6 230,2 234,0 236,8 238,9 240,5 241,9 243,9 245,9 248,0 250,1 252,2 253,3 254,3
0,975 1 648 799 864 900 922 937 948 957 963 969 977 985 993 1001 1010 1014 1018
0,990 4052 4999 5404 5624 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6107 6157 6209 6260 6313 6340 6366
0,995 16212 19997 21614 22501 23056 23440 23715 23924 24091 24222 24427 24632 24837 25041 25254 25358 25466
0,900 8,53 9,00 9,16 9,24 9,29 9,33 9,35 9,37 9,38 9,39 9,41 9,42 9,44 9,46 9,47 9,48 9,49
0,950 18,51 19,00 19,16 19,25 19,30 19,33 19,35 19,37 19,38 19,40 19,41 19,43 19,45 19,46 19,48 19,49 19,50
0,975 2 38,51 39,00 39,17 39,25 39,30 39,33 39,36 39,37 39,39 39,40 39,41 39,43 39,45 39,46 39,48 39,49 39,50
0,990 98,50 99,00 99,16 99,25 99,30 99,33 99,36 99,38 99,39 99,40 99,42 99,43 99,45 99,47 99,48 99,49 99,50
0,995 198,5 199,0 199,2 199,2 199,3 199,3 199,4 199,4 199,4 199,4 199,4 199,4 199,4 199,5 199,5 199,5 199,5
0,900 5,54 5,46 5,39 5,34 5,31 5,28 5,27 5,25 5,24 5,23 5,22 5,20 5,18 5,17 5,15 5,14 5,13
0,950 10,13 9,55 9,28 9,12 9,01 8,94 8,89 8,85 8,81 8,79 8,74 8,70 8,66 8,62 8,57 8,55 8,53
0,975 3 17,44 16,04 15,44 15,10 14,88 14,73 14,62 14,54 14,47 14,42 14,34 14,25 14,17 14,08 13,99 13,95 13,90
0,990 34,12 30,82 29,46 28,71 28,24 27,91 27,67 27,49 27,34 27,23 27,05 26,87 26,69 26,50 26,32 26,22 26,13
0,995 55,55 49,80 47,47 46,20 45,39 44,84 44,43 44,13 43,88 43,68 43,39 43,08 42,78 42,47 42,15 41,99 41,83
0,900 4,54 4,32 4,19 4,11 4,05 4,01 3,98 3,95 3,94 3,92 3,90 3,87 3,84 3,82 3,79 3,78 3,76
0,950 7,71 6,94 6,59 6,39 6,26 6,16 6,09 6,04 6,00 5,96 5,91 5,86 5,80 5,75 5,69 5,66 5,63
0,975 4 12,22 10,65 9,98 9,60 9,36 9,20 9,07 8,98 8,90 8,84 8,75 8,66 8,56 8,46 8,36 8,31 8,26
0,990 21,20 18,00 16,69 15,98 15,52 15,21 14,98 14,80 14,66 14,55 14,37 14,20 14,02 13,84 13,65 13,56 13,46
0,995 31,33 26,28 24,26 23,15 22,46 21,98 21,62 21,35 21,14 20,97 20,70 20,44 20,17 19,89 19,61 19,47 19,32
0,900 4,06 3,78 3,62 3,52 3,45 3,40 3,37 3,34 3,32 3,30 3,27 3,24 3,21 3,17 3,14 3,12 3,11
0,950 6,61 5,79 5,41 5,19 5,05 4,95 4,88 4,82 4,77 4,74 4,68 4,62 4,56 4,50 4,43 4,40 4,37
0,975 5 10,01 8,43 7,76 7,39 7,15 6,98 6,85 6,76 6,68 6,62 6,52 6,43 6,33 6,23 6,12 6,07 6,02
0,990 16,26 13,27 12,06 11,39 10,97 10,67 10,46 10,29 10,16 10,05 9,89 9,72 9,55 9,38 9,20 9,11 9,02
0,995 22,78 18,31 16,53 15,56 14,94 14,51 14,20 13,96 13,77 13,62 13,38 13,15 12,90 12,66 12,40 12,27 12,14
0,900 3,78 3,46 3,29 3,18 3,11 3,05 3,01 2,98 2,96 2,94 2,90 2,87 2,84 2,80 2,76 2,74 2,72
0,950 6 5,99 5,14 4,76 4,53 4,39 4,28 4,21 4,15 4,10 4,06 4,00 3,94 3,87 3,81 3,74 3,70 3,67
0,975 6 8,81 7,26 6,60 6,23 5,99 5,82 5,70 5,60 5,52 5,46 5,37 5,27 5,17 5,07 4,96 4,90 4,85
0,990 13,75 10,92 9,78 9,15 8,75 8,47 8,26 8,10 7,98 7,87 7,72 7,56 7,40 7,23 7,06 6,97 6,88
0,995 18,63 14,54 12,92 12,03 11,46 11,07 10,79 10,57 10,39 10,25 10,03 9,81 9,59 9,36 9,12 9,00 8,88
0,900 3,59 3,26 3,07 2,96 2,88 2,83 2,78 2,75 2,72 2,70 2,67 2,63 2,59 2,56 2,51 2,49 2,47
0,950 5,59 4,74 4,35 4,12 3,97 3,87 3,79 3,73 3,68 3,64 3,57 3,51 3,44 3,38 3,30 3,27 3,23
0,975 7 8,07 6,54 5,89 5,52 5,29 5,12 4,99 4,90 4,82 4,76 4,67 4,57 4,47 4,36 4,25 4,20 4,14
0,990 12,25 9,55 8,45 7,85 7,46 7,19 6,99 6,84 6,72 6,62 6,47 6,31 6,16 5,99 5,82 5,74 5,65
0,995 16,24 12,40 10,88 10,05 9,52 9,16 8,89 8,68 8,51 8,38 8,18 7,97 7,75 7,53 7,31 7,19 7,08

Nova School of Business and Economics 20

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Nº: _________
continuação
xxx n\m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 30 60 120 
0,900 3,46 3,11 2,92 2,81 2,73 2,67 2,62 2,59 2,56 2,54 2,50 2,46 2,42 2,38 2,34 2,32 2,29
0,950 5,32 4,46 4,07 3,84 3,69 3,58 3,50 3,44 3,39 3,35 3,28 3,22 3,15 3,08 3,01 2,97 2,93
0,975 8 7,57 6,06 5,42 5,05 4,82 4,65 4,53 4,43 4,36 4,30 4,20 4,10 4,00 3,89 3,78 3,73 3,67
0,990 11,26 8,65 7,59 7,01 6,63 6,37 6,18 6,03 5,91 5,81 5,67 5,52 5,36 5,20 5,03 4,95 4,86
0,995 14,69 11,04 9,60 8,81 8,30 7,95 7,69 7,50 7,34 7,21 7,01 6,81 6,61 6,40 6,18 6,06 5,95
0,900 3,36 3,01 2,81 2,69 2,61 2,55 2,51 2,47 2,44 2,42 2,38 2,34 2,30 2,25 2,21 2,18 2,16
0,950 5,12 4,26 3,86 3,63 3,48 3,37 3,29 3,23 3,18 3,14 3,07 3,01 2,94 2,86 2,79 2,75 2,71
0,975 9 7,21 5,71 5,08 4,72 4,48 4,32 4,20 4,10 4,03 3,96 3,87 3,77 3,67 3,56 3,45 3,39 3,33
0,990 10,56 8,02 6,99 6,42 6,06 5,80 5,61 5,47 5,35 5,26 5,11 4,96 4,81 4,65 4,48 4,40 4,31
0,995 13,61 10,11 8,72 7,96 7,47 7,13 6,88 6,69 6,54 6,42 6,23 6,03 5,83 5,62 5,41 5,30 5,19
0,900 3,29 2,92 2,73 2,61 2,52 2,46 2,41 2,38 2,35 2,32 2,28 2,24 2,20 2,16 2,11 2,08 2,06
0,950 4,96 4,10 3,71 3,48 3,33 3,22 3,14 3,07 3,02 2,98 2,91 2,85 2,77 2,70 2,62 2,58 2,54
0,975 10 6,94 5,46 4,83 4,47 4,24 4,07 3,95 3,85 3,78 3,72 3,62 3,52 3,42 3,31 3,20 3,14 3,08
0,990 10,04 7,56 6,55 5,99 5,64 5,39 5,20 5,06 4,94 4,85 4,71 4,56 4,41 4,25 4,08 4,00 3,91
0,995 12,83 9,43 8,08 7,34 6,87 6,54 6,30 6,12 5,97 5,85 5,66 5,47 5,27 5,07 4,86 4,75 4,64
0,900 3,18 2,81 2,61 2,48 2,39 2,33 2,28 2,24 2,21 2,19 2,15 2,10 2,06 2,01 1,96 1,93 1,90
0,950 4,75 3,89 3,49 3,26 3,11 3,00 2,91 2,85 2,80 2,75 2,69 2,62 2,54 2,47 2,38 2,34 2,30
0,975 12 6,55 5,10 4,47 4,12 3,89 3,73 3,61 3,51 3,44 3,37 3,28 3,18 3,07 2,96 2,85 2,79 2,72
0,990 9,33 6,93 5,95 5,41 5,06 4,82 4,64 4,50 4,39 4,30 4,16 4,01 3,86 3,70 3,54 3,45 3,36
0,995 11,75 8,51 7,23 6,52 6,07 5,76 5,52 5,35 5,20 5,09 4,91 4,72 4,53 4,33 4,12 4,01 3,90
0,900 3,07 2,70 2,49 2,36 2,27 2,21 2,16 2,12 2,09 2,06 2,02 1,97 1,92 1,87 1,82 1,79 1,76
0,950 4,54 3,68 3,29 3,06 2,90 2,79 2,71 2,64 2,59 2,54 2,48 2,40 2,33 2,25 2,16 2,11 2,07
0,975 15 6,20 4,77 4,15 3,80 3,58 3,41 3,29 3,20 3,12 3,06 2,96 2,86 2,76 2,64 2,52 2,46 2,40
0,990 8,68 6,36 5,42 4,89 4,56 4,32 4,14 4,00 3,89 3,80 3,67 3,52 3,37 3,21 3,05 2,96 2,87
0,995 10,80 7,70 6,48 5,80 5,37 5,07 4,85 4,67 4,54 4,42 4,25 4,07 3,88 3,69 3,48 3,37 3,26
0,900 2,97 2,59 2,38 2,25 2,16 2,09 2,04 2,00 1,96 1,94 1,89 1,84 1,79 1,74 1,68 1,64 1,61
0,950 4,35 3,49 3,10 2,87 2,71 2,60 2,51 2,45 2,39 2,35 2,28 2,20 2,12 2,04 1,95 1,90 1,84
0,975 20 5,87 4,46 3,86 3,51 3,29 3,13 3,01 2,91 2,84 2,77 2,68 2,57 2,46 2,35 2,22 2,16 2,09
0,990 8,10 5,85 4,94 4,43 4,10 3,87 3,70 3,56 3,46 3,37 3,23 3,09 2,94 2,78 2,61 2,52 2,42
0,995 9,94 6,99 5,82 5,17 4,76 4,47 4,26 4,09 3,96 3,85 3,68 3,50 3,32 3,12 2,92 2,81 2,69
0,900 2,88 2,49 2,28 2,14 2,05 1,98 1,93 1,88 1,85 1,82 1,77 1,72 1,67 1,61 1,54 1,50 1,46
0,950 4,17 3,32 2,92 2,69 2,53 2,42 2,33 2,27 2,21 2,16 2,09 2,01 1,93 1,84 1,74 1,68 1,62
0,975 30 5,57 4,18 3,59 3,25 3,03 2,87 2,75 2,65 2,57 2,51 2,41 2,31 2,20 2,07 1,94 1,87 1,79
0,990 7,56 5,39 4,51 4,02 3,70 3,47 3,30 3,17 3,07 2,98 2,84 2,70 2,55 2,39 2,21 2,11 2,01
0,995 9,18 6,35 5,24 4,62 4,23 3,95 3,74 3,58 3,45 3,34 3,18 3,01 2,82 2,63 2,42 2,30 2,18
0,900 2,79 2,39 2,18 2,04 1,95 1,87 1,82 1,77 1,74 1,71 1,66 1,60 1,54 1,48 1,40 1,35 1,29
0,950 4,00 3,15 2,76 2,53 2,37 2,25 2,17 2,10 2,04 1,99 1,92 1,84 1,75 1,65 1,53 1,47 1,39
0,975 60 5,29 3,93 3,34 3,01 2,79 2,63 2,51 2,41 2,33 2,27 2,17 2,06 1,94 1,82 1,67 1,58 1,48
0,990 7,08 4,98 4,13 3,65 3,34 3,12 2,95 2,82 2,72 2,63 2,50 2,35 2,20 2,03 1,84 1,73 1,60
0,995 8,49 5,79 4,73 4,14 3,76 3,49 3,29 3,13 3,01 2,90 2,74 2,57 2,39 2,19 1,96 1,83 1,69
0,900 2,75 2,35 2,13 1,99 1,90 1,82 1,77 1,72 1,68 1,65 1,60 1,55 1,48 1,41 1,32 1,26 1,19
0,950 3,92 3,07 2,68 2,45 2,29 2,18 2,09 2,02 1,96 1,91 1,83 1,75 1,66 1,55 1,43 1,35 1,25
0,975 120 5,15 3,80 3,23 2,89 2,67 2,52 2,39 2,30 2,22 2,16 2,05 1,94 1,82 1,69 1,53 1,43 1,31
0,990 6,85 4,79 3,95 3,48 3,17 2,96 2,79 2,66 2,56 2,47 2,34 2,19 2,03 1,86 1,66 1,53 1,38
0,995 8,18 5,54 4,50 3,92 3,55 3,28 3,09 2,93 2,81 2,71 2,54 2,37 2,19 1,98 1,75 1,61 1,43
0,900 2,71 2,30 2,08 1,94 1,85 1,77 1,72 1,67 1,63 1,60 1,55 1,49 1,42 1,34 1,24 1,17 1,00
0,950 3,84 3,00 2,60 2,37 2,21 2,10 2,01 1,94 1,88 1,83 1,75 1,67 1,57 1,46 1,32 1,22 1,00
0,975  5,02 3,69 3,12 2,79 2,57 2,41 2,29 2,19 2,11 2,05 1,94 1,83 1,71 1,57 1,39 1,27 1,00
0,990 6,63 4,61 3,78 3,32 3,02 2,80 2,64 2,51 2,41 2,32 2,18 2,04 1,88 1,70 1,47 1,32 1,00
0,995 7,88 5,30 4,28 3,72 3,35 3,09 2,90 2,74 2,62 2,52 2,36 2,19 2,00 1,79 1,53 1,36 1,00

Nova School of Business and Economics 21