A

Seminar Report
On

IRIS RECOGNITION
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

B. Nikhil (14R01A0473)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Ms. R. Anusha
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad and Accredited by NBA New Delhi)
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad – 501 401

2017-2018
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Date: 20 -02-2018

Certificate
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “IRIS Recognition” is the bonafide
work done and submitted by

B. Nikhil (14R01A0473)

towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad .

Guide Head of Department

Ms. R. Anusha Dr. M. GurunadhaBabu
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the technical seminar entitled “IRIS Recognition” is carried out
by me during the academic year 2017–2018 in partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from CMR Institute of
Technology affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad. I have not
submitted the same to any other university or organization for the award of any other degree.

B. NIKHIL (14R01A0473)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply indebted to Ms. R. Anusha, Assistant Professor, Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering, the guiding force behind this technical seminar,
I want to thank her for guiding me. In spite of her schedules in the Department, she was
always available to share with me her deep insights, wide knowledge and extensive
experience. Her advices have value lasting much beyond this seminar.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to the technical Seminar coordinators, Mr.
Md. Shabhaz Khan, Mr. Nagaraja kumar Pateti, Ms. R. Anusha & Ms. M. Preethi for
providing me an opportunity to work and guiding in our college.

I express my respects to Dr. M. Gurunadha Babu, Head of Department, Electronics

and Communication Engineering (ECE), for encouraging me throughout the seminar and for
his support.

I am very thankful to Dr. M. Janga Reddy, Principal of CMR Institute of

Technology for providing me with the opportunity and facilities required to accomplish my
seminar.

Also I would like to thank all teaching and non-teaching members of ECE
Department for their generous help in various ways for the completion of this report. They
have been great sources of inspiration to me and I thank them from the bottom of my heart.

Last but not least I would like to thank my parents. They are my first teachers when I
came into this world, who taught me the value of hard work by their own example and to my
friends whose support was very valuable in completion of the seminar.

B.NIKHIL (14R01A0473)

i
 ABSTRACT

Iris recognition is a biometric technology for identifying humans by capturing and

analyzing the unique patterns of the iris in the human eye. A biometric system provides
automatic identification of an individual based on a unique feature or characteristic possessed
by the individual. Unlike other biometric such as fingerprints and face recognition, the
distinct aspect of iris comes from randomly distributed features. Iris recognition is regarded
as the most reliable and accurate biometric identification system available. This seminar work
shows how Iris recognition work, its comparison with other biometric device and some of its
application areas such as Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Tracking Prisoner Movement,
National Border Control, Ticketless air travel and Premises access control. Finally, some
advantages include protection, speed, accuracy, scalability and stability, and some
disadvantages are blindness, infection, and expensive equipment etc. In conclusion, it
provides an accurate and secure method of authenticating users onto company systems.

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 INDEX

Topics Page No

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 1

1 Introduction to Iris Recognition 1

CHAPTER-II LITEREATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 History of Iris Recognition 3

2.2 Related Work 3

CHAPTER-III FINDINGS 6

3.1 Iris Recognition 6

3.2 Iris Characteristics 6

3.2.1 Iris characteristics that make it appealing for authentication are: 7

3.2.2 Characteristics of the Iris Recognition Devices are 7

3.3 Uniqueness of Iris 8

3.4 Comparison with others Biometric System 8

3.4.1 Iris Recognition Vs Facial Recognition 8

3.4.2 Iris Recognition Vs Fingerprint 9

3.4.3 Iris Recognition Vs Retina Recognition 9

3.4.4 Iris Recognition Vs Hand Geometry 9

CHAPTER-IV ARCHITECTURE AND WORKING 10

4.1 Architecture of Iris Recognition 10

4.2 Component of Iris Recognition 11

4.2.1 Image Preprocessing 11

4.2.2 Features Extraction 12

4.2.3 Pattern Matching 12

4.3 Working of Iris Recognition 12

4.3.1 Capturing the Image 13

4.3.2 Defining the Location of the Iris and Optimizing the image 13

4.3.3 Storing and Comparing the Image 14

4.4 Iris Recognition Process 15

4.5 Devices used for Iris recognition 17

CHAPTER-V APPLICATIONS&ADVANTAGES 18

5.1 Application Area 18

5.1.1 Atm’s and Iris Recognition 18

5.1.2 Tracking Prisoner Movement 19

5.1.3 National Border Controls using Iris Recognition 20

5.2 Advantages of Iris Recognition 21

CHAPTER-VI CONCLUSION 22

REFERENCES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Name Page No.

Figure 1 The Human Iris 6

Figure 2 Iris Recognition system 10
Figure 3 Localization of Iris 11
Figure 4 An Iris scan model 2100 iris scanner 13
Figure 5 Circular Iris Location 14
Figure 6 Optimizing the image 14
Figure 7 Iris Recognition Process 15
Figure 8 Devices used for iris recognition 17
Figure 9 Mobiles Phones with Iris Scanning feature 17
Figure 10 ATM and Iris Recognition 18
Figure 11 Iris Recognition used in prison 19
Figure 12 Iris Recognition used in border 20

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 Iris Recognition

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION TO IRIS RECOGNITION

In today’s information technology world, security for systems is becoming more and
more important. The number of systems that have been compromised is ever increasing and
authentication plays a major role as a first line of defense against intruders. The three main types
of authentication are something you know (such as a password), something you have (such as a
card or token), and something you are (biometric). Passwords are notorious for being weak and
easily crackable due to human nature and our tendency to make passwords easy to remember or
writing them down somewhere easily accessible. Cards and tokens can be presented by anyone
and although the token or card is recognizable, there is no way of knowing if the person
presenting the card is the actual owner. Biometrics, on the other hand, provides a secure method
of authentication and identification, as they are difficult to replicate and steal.

Iris recognition is a biometric technology for identifying humans by capturing and

analyzing the unique patterns of the iris in the human eye. Iris recognition can be used in a wide
range of applications in which a person’s identity must be established or confirmed. For
example, these include passport control, border control, frequent flyer service, premises entry,
access to privilege information, computer login or any other transaction in which personal
identification and authentication relies on knowledge-based or token-based passwords.
Nevertheless, one of the most dangerous security threats in today’s world is impersonation, in
which somebody claims to be someone else. Through impersonation, a high-risk security area
can be at risk. An unauthorized person may get access to confidential data or important
documents can be stolen. Normally, impersonation is tackled by identification and secure
authentication, however, the traditional knowledge-based (password) or possession-based (ID,
Smart Card) methods are not sufficient since they can be easily hacked or compromised. Hence,
there is an essential need for personal characteristics-based (biometric) identification due to the
fact that it can provide the highest protection against impersonation.

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Iris recognition systems are already in operation worldwide, including an expellee

tracking system in the United Arab Emirates, a welfare distribution program for Afghan refugees
in Pakistan, a border-control immigration system at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands, and a
frequent traveler program for preapproved low risk travelers crossing the US-Canadian border.

Iris recognition efficacy is rarely impeded by glasses or contact lenses. Iris technology
has the smallest outlier (those who cannot use/enroll) group of all biometric technologies.
Because of its speed of comparison, iris recognition is the only biometric technology well suited
for one-to-many identification. A key advantage of iris recognition is its stability, or template
longevity, as, barring trauma, a single enrollment can last a lifetime.

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CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORY OF IRIS RECOGNITION

The iris recognition technology captures and analyzes the unique features of iris in the
human eye to perform identification. In 1936, ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed the
concept of using iris patterns as a method to recognize an individual, the idea appeared in James
Bond films, but it still remained science fiction and conjecture. The first claim that no two irises
are identical was made by Dr. Leonard Flom and Dr. Aran Safir, both ophthalmologists in mid
1980s. The claim was based on their clinical research that every iris is different and was seen to
remain unchanged in clinical photographs. This claim made the human iris as a good candidate
for a biometric solution and after substantial research the patent of using iris as a means for
identifying persons was awarded to them in 1987. Dr. Flom approached Harvard Professor Dr.
John Daugman to develop an algorithm to automate identification of the human iris. Later in
1989 Dr. John Daugman developed algorithms for recognizing persons by iris recognition. In
1993, the Defense Nuclear Agency began work to test and deliver a prototype unit, which was
successfully completed by 1995 due to the combined efforts of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman.
In 1994, Dr. Daugman was awarded a patent for his automated iris recognition algorithms. In
1995, the first commercial products became available.

2.2 RELATED WORK

According to his introduction, (Elgamal, 2013) Automatic reliable personnel
identification systems using biometrics have received a great importance in the past few years.
Biometrics refers to a science of analyzing human physiological or behavioural characteristics
for security purposes. Biometric technologies are being utilized across a variety of applications.
There are many biometric technologies which commonly be used in government, forensics and
commercial area (Ross, 2004) such as iris recognition, fingerprints, hand geometry, and DNA
(Ghatol, 2007).

According to Masek (2003), the iris is a thin color circular diaphragm, which can be
found between the cornea and the lens of the human eye and close to the pupil. Position of the

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iris is bounded by the pupil and the sclera (white of the eye) on their surroundings. Iris has much
visual information in the texture (Murty, Reddy, and Babu, 2009).

The pattern of iris forms from the third month of gestation and complete these pattern
structures in five months, and their pigment accretion can continue until two(2) years old age
(Daugman, 2001). In iris recognition there is no change in iris features during a person’s lifetime
after two(2) years old age and size of iris can be varying from 10% to 80% with the average
diameter is 12mm (Daugman, 2001).

In 1936, ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed iris pattern for personal recognition.
Then in 1987 two ophthalmologists, Aran Safir and Leonard Flom, patented this idea, and they
ask John Daugman to create algorithms for iris recognition in 1989 (Daugman, 2001).

Iris provides one of the most stable biometric signals for identification, with a distinctive
texture that is formed before age one and remains constant throughout life unless there is an
injury to the eye (Ives, 2004). Iris recognition can easily be considered as the most reliable form
of biometric technology, compared with other biometric technologies, such as face, and
fingerprint recognition (Nasser A. Biqami, 2013).

Most of the currently deployed commercial algorithms for iris recognition (by John
Daugman) have a very low false acceptance rate compared to the other biometric identifiers.

Some of the biometric identifiers have problems with replay attacks, for instance
fingerprints. Replay attacks with the iris biometric can be check by detecting the aliveness of the
eye. The pupil changes its size when light is shone into the eye. The algorithms are able to
measure this change in pupil size. The process of capturing the iris image is not intrusive. Iris
images can be computer matched more accurately than a face image, and it’s acknowledged that
iris recognition is more accurate than any other biometric technique.

According to (Rishabh and Sandeep J. 2012), Iris recognition is considered to be most

secure biometric approach as it is non-invasive and stable throughout life. For the purpose of

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research and development of Iris recognition technology there are few public and freely available
databases to have sample images. These iris databases contributes rich amount of iris images
which were taken in different environments. In this paper they discuss and compare the main
characteristics of the public and freely available iris image databases to find the suitable one to
test feature extraction method of iris recognition in non-cooperative environment.

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CHAPTER-III

FINDINGS
3.1 IRIS RECOGNITION

Iris recognition is a type of pattern recognition of a person’s iris recorded in a database

for future attempts to determine or recognize a person’s identity when the eye is viewed by a
reader. The iris usually has a brown, blue, gray, or greenish color, with complex patterns that are
visible upon close inspection. Because it makes use of a biological characteristic, iris recognition
is considered a form of biometric verification.

Iris recognition combines computer vision, pattern recognition, statistics, and the human
machine interface.

3.2 IRIS CHARACTERISTICS

The human iris is a colored oval – to round-shaped ring surrounding the pupil of the eye.
Figure 1 shows a sample iris, it consists of muscles that adjust the size of the pupil. The iris is the
only internal body organ that is visible externally. One of the most distinctive characteristics is
its stability. The iris pattern stabilizes by the second year of birth and remains unchanged
throughout person’s lifetime unless injured or damaged by accident or disease.

Figure 1: The Human Iris

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3.2.1 Iris characteristics that make it appealing for authentication are:

The iris pattern is more complex and more random than other biometric patterns and
hence offer a highly precise methods for individual authentication with a false acceptance error
rate of less than one in two million records.

The iris located in the human eye is protected behind the eyelid, cornea and aqueous.
This helps it to keep the damage and abrasion minimal.

The iris pattern remains stable and unchanged after the age of two year and does not
degrade over time or with the environment.

The probability of two irises producing the same numerical code is almost zero.

A distinctive iris pattern is not liable to theft, loss or compromise.

Each iris is different, even between identical twins or between left and right iris of an individual.

Since the iris is an extremely complex structure, modification of the iris would require
sophisticated intricate microsurgery. This could result in individual loss of sight or an obvious
artificiality that can be easily seen visually.

3.2.2 Characteristics of the Iris Recognition Devices are:

 HARMLESS: - Acquiring your iris image through the optical units is completely safe.
Capturing the iris image is just like taking a picture.
 CONVENIENT OPERATION:- You just enroll your iris for registration and recognition.
The identification process can be performed perfectly, regardless of wearing eyeglasses,
most sunglasses, or soft contact lenses.
 ACCURACY: - Iris recognition is based on the most mathematically unique biometric –
the iris of the eye. The human iris is unique, even between twins or an individual’s right
and left eyes.
 SCALABILITY: - This can handle sizable database entries and there is not any negative
impact on the accuracy as the database size increase.
 SPEEDY IDENTIFICATION: - Identification can be made within 1 to 2 seconds.

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3.3 UNIQUENESS OF IRIS

Research shows the iris is one of the most unique data rich physical structures on the
human body. An iris has 256 independent measurable characteristics, or degrees of freedom,
nearly six times as many as a finger print. Thus, the probability of two irises producing the same
code is approximately 1 in 1078. , With the population of the earth being approximately 1010
people.

Thus, the performance of iris recognition is at a much higher level of scientific certainty
and has many greater capabilities than any other form of Human recognition, including finger
prints, Facial or voice recognition, and retinal recognition. This recognition technology is
relatively new with many significant advantages, such as speed, accuracy, hardware, simplicity,
and applicability.

Accurately identifying individuals is a major concern for governmental agencies, police

department, medical institutions, banking and legal institutions, and corporation, to name just a
few. The importance lies in the necessity for the control of fraud, competence in administration,
and benefits to users of various systems.

3.4 COMPARISON WITH OTHERS BIOMETRIC SYSTEM

3.4.1 IRIS RECOGNITION vs FACIAL RECOGNITION

 Lighting, age, glasses, and head/face coverings all impact false reject rates in facial
recognition whereas iris recognition poses no difficulty in enrolling people that wear
glasses or contact lenses.
 Face recognition has Privacy concerns: people do not always know when their
picture/image is being taken and being searched in a database or worse, being enrolled in
a database whereas in Iris Recognition subjects agree to enroll and participate, reducing
privacy concerns.
 Iris recognition is more reliable than facial recognition.

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3.4.2 IRIS RECOGNITION vs FINGERPRINT

 Based on occupation, trauma or disease, individual fingerprints may be obscured,

damaged or changed meaning some people may need to enroll multiple times over the
course of their lives. Fingerprint readability also may be affected by the work an
individual does. For example, transportation workers such as mechanics, food workers, or
maintenance workers may present fingerprints that are difficult to read due to dryness or
the presence of foreign substances, such as oil or dirt, on fingers.
 But fingerprint is not as accurate as iris recognition. Fingerprint false accept rate varies
by Vendor, and is approximately 1 in 100,000. Whereas Iris recognition false accept rate
is 1 in 1.2 million statistically.
 Iris recognition can perform 1: all matches in a high speed environment, whereas
fingerprint searches take much longer, may require filtering, and may return multiple
candidate matches.

3.4.3 IRIS RECOGNITION vs RETINA RECOGNITION

 The error rate for retinal scanning is 1:10,000,000 compared to the iris recognition error
rate of 1:131,000.
 People wearing glasses must remove them for a retinal scan. For iris recognition, the
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) tests found that glasses can make enrolment more
difficult, but they can remain in place for verification without causing difficulty.

3.4.4 IRIS RECOGNITION vs HAND GEOMETRY

 Hand size and geometry changes over time, especially in the very young and the very old
whereas the iris itself is stable throughout a person’s life (approximately from the age of
one); the physical characteristics of the iris don't change with age.
 People are reluctant to place hand where many others have touched so hygiene is another
issue with hand geometry, whereas in iris recognition there is no physical contact of
person with camera.
 Also extreme sizes are not accommodated in all hand readers.

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CHAPTER-IV

ARCHITECTURE AND WORKING

4.1 ARCHITECTURE OF IRIS RECOGNITION

The block diagram in Figure 2 depicts the principle steps of the proposed iris recognition
system and is described in the following. The system has two sub–systems: the iris enrolment
system and the iris verification system. The iris enrolment system is to enroll the iris in the
database for further identification. The iris verification system compares a newly input iris with
the known irises in the database and decides if it is in the database.

The iris enrolment system is comprised of the following modules: The image acquisition
module, the Pre-processing Module, the feature extraction module, the Enrolment Module, and
the Iris Pattern Database. The iris verification system does not have the Enrolment Module, but
has two additional modules: pattern matching module and the Identification Module.

Figure 2: Iris Recognition System

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4.2 COMPONENT OF IRIS RECOGNITION

The iris recognition consisted of three major components: Image Pre-processing, Feature
Extraction and Pattern matching.

4.2.1 IMAGE PREPROCESSING

The acquired image always contains not only the “useful” parts (IRIS) but also some
“relevant” parts (e.g. eyelid, pupil). Under some conditions, the brightness is not uniformly
distributed. In addition, different eye-to-camera distance may result in different image sizes of
the same eye. For the purpose of analysis, the original image needs to be processed. The
processing is composed of two steps which are Iris Localization and Iris Normalization.

Iris Localization: Iris localization by definition means to isolate the actual iris region in a digital
eye image by detecting the inner and outer boundary of the iris. Figure 3 shows the Iris
Localization. The eyelids and eyelashes normally occlude the upper and lower parts of the iris
region. A technique is required to isolate and exclude these artifacts as well as locating the
circular iris region. The aim of this is to detect the iris portion which can be approximated by two
circles, one is the iris/sclera (outer) boundary, and another interior to the first is the iris/pupil
(inner) boundary. Iris Localization is done by the process of Iris segmentation which localizes
the correct iris region in an eye image. Iris segmentation is an essential in automated iris
processing systems, because it is the basis for any further operations.

Figure 3: Localization of Iris

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Iris Normalization: Once the iris region is segmented, the next stage is to normalize this part so
as to enable the generation of the iris-code and their comparisons. Since the variations in the eye,
like optical size of the iris, position of pupil in the iris, and the iris orientation change from
person to person, it is required to normalize the iris image so that the representation is common
to all, with similar dimensions. The normalization process involves un-wrapping the iris and
converting it into its polar equivalent.

4.2.2 FEATURES EXTRACTION

The extraction of iris features means capturing ring-shape patterns around the iris area.
After capturing the eye image, the iris area should be correctly extracted from it. Detecting the
inner boundary of the iris against the pupil and the outer border of the iris against the sclera
finishes the process.

4.2.3 PATTERN MATCHING

After iris localization, the final step is pattern matching of the iris image which generates
a match score by comparing the feature sets of two iris images. One technique for comparing two
Iris-Codes is to use the Hamming distance, which is the number of corresponding bits that differ
between the two Iris-Codes. The iris pattern is different for every person (even identical twins
don’t have the same iris pattern). These patterns are used to create templates for iris recognition.
The acquired image is matched with the whole database of templates.

4.3 WORKING OF IRIS RECOGNITION

The process of capturing an iris into a biometric template is made up of 3 steps:

1. Capturing the image.

2. Defining the location of the iris and optimizing the image.

3. Storing and comparing the image.

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4.3.1 CAPTURING THE IMAGE

The image of the iris can be captured using a standard camera using both visible and
infrared light and may be either a manual or automated procedure (Figure 4). The camera can be
positioned between three and a half inches and one meter to capture the image. In the manual
procedure, the user needs to adjust the camera to get the iris in focus and needs to be within six
to twelve inches of the camera. This process is much more manually intensive and requires
proper user training to be successful. The automatic procedure uses a set of cameras that locate
the face and iris automatically thus making this process much more user friendly.

Figure 4: An Iris-Scan model 2100 iris scanner

4.3.2 DEFINING THE LOCATION OF THE IRIS AND OPTIMISING THE

IMAGE

Once the camera has located the eye, the iris recognition system then identifies the image
that has the best focus and clarity of the iris (Figure 5). The image is then analysed to identify the
outer boundary of the iris where it meets the white sclera of the eye, the pupillary boundary and
the centre of the pupil. This results in the precise location of the circular iris.

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Figure 5: Circular Iris Location

The iris recognition system then identifies the areas of the iris image that are suitable for
feature extraction and analysis. This involves removing areas that are covered by the eyelids, any
deep shadows and reflective areas. The following diagram (Figure 6) shows the optimisation of
the image.

Figure 6: Optimizing the image

4.3.3 STORING AND COMPARING THE IMAGE

Once the image has been captured, “an algorithm uses 2-D Gabor wavelets to filter and
map segments of the iris into hundreds of vectors (known here as phasors). The 2-D Gabor
phasor is simply the “what” and “where” of the image. Even after applying the algorithms to the
iris image there are still 173 degrees of freedom to identify the iris. These algorithms also take
into account the changes that can occur with an iris, for example the pupil’s expansion and
contraction in response to light will stretch and skew the iris. This information is used to produce
what is known as the Iris-Code, which is a 512-byte record. This record is then stored in a
database for future comparison. When a comparison is required the same process is followed but
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instead of storing the record it is compared to all the Iris-Code records stored in the database.
The comparison also doesn’t actually compare the image of the iris but rather compares the
hexadecimal value produced after the algorithms have been applied.

In order to compare the stored Iris-Code record with an image just scanned, a calculation
of the Hamming Distance is required. The Hamming Distance is a measure of the variation
between the Iris-Code record for the current iris and the Iris-Code records stored in the database.
Each of the 2048 bits is compared against each other, i.e. bit 1 from the current Iris-Code and bit
1 from the stored Iris-Code record are compared, then bit 2 and so on. Any bits that don’t match
are assigned a value of one and bits that do match a value of zero. Once all the bits have been
compared, the number of non-matching bits is divided by the total number of bits to produce a
two-digit figure of how the two Iris-Code records differ. For example a Hamming Distance of
0.20 means that the two Iris-Codes differ by 20%.

4.4 IRIS RECOGNITION PROCESS

Figure 7: Iris Recognition Process

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Figure 7 summarizes the steps to be followed when doing iris recognition.

Step 1: Image acquisition, the first phase, is one of the major challenges of automated iris
recognition since we need to capture a high-quality image of the iris while remaining non-
invasive to the human operator.

Step 2: Iris localization takes place to detect the edge of the iris as well as that of the pupil; thus
extracting the iris region.

Step 3: Normalization is used to be able to transform the iris region to have fixed dimensions,
and hence removing the dimensional inconsistencies between eye images due to the stretching of
the iris caused by the pupil dilation from varying levels of illumination.

Step 4: The normalized iris region is unwrapped into a rectangular region.

Step 5: Finally, it is time to extract the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern so that a
comparison between templates can be done. Therefore, the obtained iris region is encoded using
wavelets to construct the iris code.

As a result, a decision can be made in the matching step.

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4.5 DEVICES USED FOR IRIS RECOGNITION

Figure 8: Devices used for iris recognition

4.5.1 MOBILE PHONES WITH IRIS RECOGNITION FEATURE

Figure 9: Mobiles Phones with Iris Scanning feature

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CHAPTER-V

APPLICATIONS AND ANDVANTAGES

5.1 APPLICATION AREA

Iris recognition systems are being used today to control physical access, to facilitate
identity verification and for computer authentication. Real world iris recognition applications
have been implemented for airport and prison security, automatic teller machines (ATM),
authentication using single sign-on, to replace ID cards, and to secure school and hospitals.

Application of iris recognition technology can he limited only by imagination. The

important applications are the following:

5.1.1 ATM’S AND IRIS RECOGNITION

In U.S many banks incorporated iris recognition technology into ATM’s for the purpose
of controlling access to one’s bank accounts. After enrolling once (a “30 second” process), the
customer need only approach the ATM, follow the instruction to look at the camera, and be
recognized within 2-4 seconds. The benefits of such a system are that the customer who chooses
to use bank’s ATM with iris recognition will have a quicker, more secure transaction.

Figure 10: ATM and Iris Recognition

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5.1.2 TRACKING PRISONER MOVEMENT

The exceptionally high level of accuracy provided by iris recognition technology

broadens its applicability in high risk, high-security installations. Iris scan has implemented their
devices with great success in prisons in Pennsylvania and Florida. By this any prison transfer or
release is authorized through biometric identification. Such devices greatly ease logistical and
staffing problems.

Applications of this type are well suited to iris recognition technology. First, being fairly
large, iris recognition physical security devices are easily integrated into the mountable, sturdy
apparatuses needed or access control, the technology’s phenomenal accuracy can be relied upon
to prevent unauthorized release or transfer and to identify repeat offenders re-entering prison
under a different identity.

Figure 11: Iris Recognition used in prison

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5.1.3 NATIONAL BORDER CONTROLS USING IRIS RECOGNITION

Iris scan has implemented their devices with great success in borders in Mexico and USA
border. By this any person going to USA from Mexico is authorized through biometric
identification. Such devices greatly ease logistical and staffing problems.

Figure 12: Iris Recognition used in Border

They are also used in the following areas:

 Computer login: The iris as a living password.

 Ticket less air travel.
 Premises access control (home, office, laboratory etc.).
 Driving licenses and other personal certificates.
 Entitlements and benefits authentication.
 Forensics, birth certificates, tracking missing or wanted person
 Credit-card authentication.
 Automobile ignition and unlocking; anti-theft devices.
 Secure financial transaction (e-commerce, banking).
 Internet security, control of access to privileged information.
 automobile ignition and unlocking; anti-theft devices
 secure access to bank accounts at cash machines
 Internet security; control of access to privileged information

DEPARTMENT OF ECE 20 CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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5.2 ADVANTAGES OF IRIS RECOGNITION

1. Highly protected, internal organ of the eye. A person’s iris is fully developed within 18
months after birth, and is protected by eyelashes, eyelids and the retina. This
distinguishes it from fingerprints, which can be difficult to recognize after years of
certain types of manual labour.
2. Externally visible pattern imaged from a distance
3. Patterns apparently stable throughout life
4. Iris shape is far more predictable than that of the face
5. No need for a person to touch any equipment
6. Its higher uniqueness in shape than face or fingerprints ensures that an authentication
system using the iris is immensely reliable.
7. Iris recognition is proven the highest accuracy in biometrics. Iris recognition had no false
matches.
8. Iris patterns possess a high degree of randomness. Randomness in irises makes them very
difficult to forge and hence imitate the actual person.
9. Encoding and decision-making are tractable.
10. Image analysis and encoding time: 1second
11. Search speed: 100000 Iris Codes per second

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CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSION
The need for secure methods of authentication is becoming increasingly important in the
corporate world today. Passwords, token cards and PINs are all risks to the security of an
organization due to human nature. Our inability to remember complex passwords and tendency
to write these down along with losing token cards or forgetting PINs all contribute to the
possible breakdown in security for an organization.

The uniqueness of the iris and low probability of a false acceptance or false rejection all
contribute to the benefits of using iris recognition technology. It provides an accurate and secure
method of authenticating users onto company systems, is a non-intrusive method and has the
speed required to minimize user frustration when accessing company systems. Users no longer
have to worry about remembering passwords and system administrators no longer need to worry
about the never-ending problem of users disclosing passwords or having weak passwords that are
easily cracked.

For iris recognition there is a vast scope in today’s modern technology in security and
maintenance of data from unauthorized persons.

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REFERENCES
1. Daugman, J. (2001). The Importance of Being Random: Statistical Principles of Iris
Recognition. International Journal of Wavelet, Multi-resolution and Information
Processing, PP3-6.
2. Daugman, J. and Downing, C. (2001). Epigenetic Randomness, Complexity and
Singularity of Human Iris Patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Science,
PP1737-1738.
3. Hussein, H. and Benedict, B. (2006). Research and Development of an Iris-Based
Recognition System for Identification and Secure Authentication. Information and
Security, PP39-57.
4. Ives, Y. D. (2004). A New Approach to Iris Pattern Recognition. Boca Raton: FL: CRC
Press.
5. Penny, K. (2002). Iris Recognition Technology for Improved Authentication. SANS
Institute, InfoSec Reading Room, P6.
6. Ramamurthy, P. and Krishnamurthy, R. (2012). Effective Iris Recognition For Security
Enhancement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA),
PP1016-1019.
7. Vijay, D. et al. (2010). Biometric Recognition: A Modern Era for Security. International
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, P3364.
8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition
9. https://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/54927670/Iris-Scanning-Seminar-Report
10. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ajinkya_93/iris-recognition-seminar

DEPARTMENT OF ECE CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY