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the Topic
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) :
Functions of GATT :
In fulfillment of its objectives, GATT adopted
certain measures. These may be discussed
under the following headings.
● Most favored nation clause
● Trade negotiations
● Tariff and non-tariff measure
● Complaints and waivers
● Settlement of disputes
1. Most Favored Nation clause :
The “Most favored Nation clause is one of
the significant provisions adopted by GATT.
Under the concept of Most Favored Nation,
all contracting parties of the agreement
would be treated as most favored nations.
The principal objective is that the benefits
extended to one should also be extended to
all contracting parties. There should be no
discrimination among nations. Trading
should be carried on the principle of non-
discrimination and reciprocity. This clause
discouraged the member countries from
granting any new trade concessions unless
those were mutually agreed upon. However,
many escape clauses were found. Under
specific circumstances, less developed
countries were allowed to exercise the right
to discriminate. For example, dumping and
export subsidy might be countered by trade
measures only against the offending
country. Moreover, special concessions
were allowed for trade with former colonies
of less developed western countries.
Year
Round
Conclusion
1947
Geneva Round
Several thousands of tariff concessions
covering nearly 50 per cent of world trade.
1949
Annecy Round (France)
Announcement of modest tariff reductions.
1950-51
Torquay, England Round
Over 1948 level, 25 per cent ' tariff
reductions were made.
1955-56
Geneva Round
Modest tariff reductions
1961-62
Geneva,Dillon Round
Modest tariff reductions
1964-67
Geneva, Kennedy Round
1986-94
Uruguay Round
Tariff non tariff measures, rules, services,
intellectual property, dispute settlement,
creation of WTO etc.
Two separate working parties were setup on
investment and commercial law. Working
group was also formed on Government
procurement, Trade facilitation added to
WTO agenda.
1996 (9 to 13 Dec)
Singapore Ministerial
2001 (9 to 13 Dec)
Doha Ministerial
New Round
Tariff measures:
contracting parties to
negotiation and talk to settle
disputes in international trade.
One of the objectives of GATT
was
to settle the disputes
between two or more parties.
When two or more parties are
involved in the international
trade, it is inevitable that
without disputes. Some of the
disputes may be solved by the
two parties themselves,
however, some disputes could
not be solved by themselves,
without the help of the third
party, and the disputes may be
remaining
unresolved for
years. So it needed GATT to
solve those disputes which
could not solve by parties
themselves.
GATT Pros and Cons :
Pros:
●For 47 years, GATT reduced
tariffs. This boosted world trade 8
percent a year during the 1950s
and 1960s. That was faster than
world economic growth. Trade
grew from $332 billion in 1970 to
$3.7 trillion in 1993.
●●
●●
●●
●●
Cons:
●Low tariffs destroy some
domestic industries, contributing
to high unemployment in those
sectors. Governments subsidized
many industries to
make them more competitive on a
global scale. U.S. and EU
agriculture were major examples.
In the early 1970s,thetextile
andclothingindustrieswere
exempted from GATT. When the
Nixon
Administration took the U.S.
dollar off the gold
standard in 1973, it lowered the
value of the
dollar compared to other
currencies. That further
lowered the international price of
U.S. exports. ●
●●
Samsung Electronics:
Introduction:
●●
Research
Methodol
ogy
Indian industry has come a long way from the command, control
style of functioning rooted in an inward looking Import
substitution policy to an export orientation, globally competitive,
quality driven style of functioning. In short term, with improved
investment, scenario coupled with government continual through
and reforms, the industrial performance is expected to do better.
But in large run, the performance depends on how well the reform
are initiated, the investment and growth in Infrastructure, the
continued availability of natural resources avail of low-cost , high
skill workforce and global market scenario. For sure is that it will
gain momentum on the wheel of growth has been set to motion.
Data sources
The information and the data is in the form of secondary data.
Most of data is collected through internet.
Limitations of study
1. Data collected form internet can be out of date. 2.
Analysis
And
Represent
ation
1. SWOT Analysis of Samsung
Samsung Electronics Co. Limited (OTC: SSNLF) is actually
the consumer electronics subsidiary of the Samsung Group, a
conglomerate based in Suwon, South Korea. Outside of Korea,
Samsung is best known as the world’s largest manufacturer of
mobile phones and smartphones, including the highly popular
and successful Galaxy.
It is also the world’s largest manufacturer of televisions and
LCD panels. Thanks to its manufacturing and marketing
expertise, Samsung is regarded as the world’s second largest
consumer electronics company. Only its American rival, Apple
Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL), reported larger revenues.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine exactly what Samsung’s
are because it is based in Korea and not covered by U.S.
corporate reporting laws. Samsung did report an estimated TTM
revenue of $42.35 billion for the second quarter of 2015. That
figure is based on sales of 48 trillion Korean won.
• Samsunghasstrongmanufacturingandmarketingcapabilities.
•
Weaknesses in The SWOT analysis of
Samsung :
Samsung has not been able to match Apple Inc.’s marketing
capabilities for smartphones. Its share of the U.S. smartphone
market fell by 2.3% between 2014 and 2015. In contrast, Apple’s
share price grew by 34.9%.
• Samsung’smarketingeffortsarenotassophisticatedasApple’s.
• Increaseddemandfortabletandsmartphone-
basedsolutionssuchasSamsungPay
•
Newtechnologiessuchaswearabletech
•
Growingmiddleclassindevelopingworldwillincreasemarketforconsu
merelectronics. •
GrowingonlinemarketfromsaleschannelssuchasAmazon.com
Conclusion
SWOT Analysis is an uncomplicated; however,
helpful structure for analysing business’s
concentrate on
your strengths, reduce threats, and take the utmost possible
benefit of
opportunities accessible to you.
SWOT Analysis can be utilized to “beginning” plan
formulation, or in a more refined
approach as a sober
policy tool.
You can as well make use of it to find a perceptive
of your opponents, which can present
you the insights you
require to come up with a successful and coherent viable
position.
While doing SWOT Analysis, be rigorous and
realistic.
Make use it at the correct stage, and complement it
with other alternative production tools
where fitting.
Make use of SWOT like a guide and not a
recommendation.
Recommendation