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Annotated Bibliography

Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences [Basic


Books Online version]. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/lib/canberra/reade
r.action?docID=665795

In this book Gardner provides an alternative to singular intelligence, an


outcome that is typically determined through IQ testing. Gardner discusses
eight proposed intelligences that different people may possess and in an array
of configurations, each of these unique to the respective individuals. The book
details each proposed intelligence in depth as well as exploring other theories
of intelligence and how Gardner’s theory can be applied and subsequently
taught. This book is relevant to my topic of research as it supports the stance
that IQ testing cannot adequately define intelligence as the idea of intelligence
has evolved. Howard Gardner is the professor of cognition and education at
Harvard University. As the author of over thirty books as well as the recipient of
many awards I found him to be a credible source to use in my essay. Gardner’s
theory will be a key part of my essay as it is an excellent resource providing
evidence to the statement that IQ tests are not capable of detecting many
important skills that comprise an intelligent person.

Gartner, A., Greer, C., & Riessman, F. (1974). The new assault on equality: IQ
and social stratification. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

The above book explores the validity of IQ testing whilst delving into the racial,
cultural, and socioeconomic biases that affect IQ test outcomes. The editors
examine the legitimacy of IQ testing and whether it has grounds to possibly limit
people’s opportunities via its outcomes. The introduction, as well as chapters
What is Intelligence? and Testing for Competence rather than for Intelligence
will be useful to my research topic as they support my stance in the essay whilst
providing detailed information on intelligence and IQ test validity. A minor
limitation for my own research would be the book’s emphasis on racial and
social standing in relation to IQ testing, as I plan to focus on the broader topic of
IQ tests. This book provides useful information to my topic of research but will
not be one of my primary sources. Gartner, Greer, and Reissman, were all well-
respected academics, between them authoring many publications. Each editor
appears to have had interest in social causes, Gartner being a civil rights activist,
Greer serves as the president of the New World Foundation that supports
philanthropic organisations, and Reissman who actively worked for the 1960s
anti-poverty movement.

Hally, T. J. (n.d.). A brief history of IQ Tests (Unpublished paper). Academia.edu.


Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu/2551586/A_Brief_History_of_IQ_Tests

In this paper Hally provides a basic introduction of IQ tests as well as an outline


of their history and goes on to discuss; prominent figures in the field, how they
are calculated, and high range IQ tests. The initial focus is a brief history of IQ
tests with explanations of how the results are calculated. The paper then delves
into discussion on high range IQ tests and the authors affinity with these. The
paper was somewhat suitable as it gives a good introduction to my research
topic whilst also providing relevant information that explains IQ testing and its
formulas in basic terms. The major drawbacks Hally’s paper encompassed were;
lack of evidence or referencing in support of statements, illogical formatting,
grammatical errors, also the lengthy discussion on high range IQ tests. These
added to the prolonged quality of the paper. Although informative, the paper
by Hally will not be a key component of my research as I would like to explore
alternative sources of information on the subject of IQ testing. Hally submitted
the paper to the Academia.edu website, his qualifications and sources are
unclear, hence why this paper will not be of much use in my essay.

Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Successful intelligence: A model for testing intelligence


beyond IQ tests. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 8(2), 76-84.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.09.004

In this article Sternberg discusses his and his colleague’s theory of ‘successful
intelligence’ contrasted against traditional IQ testing, highlighting conventional
IQ tests outdatedness. The theory is evaluated by three projects undertaken by
Sternberg et al. that recognised a more expansive skillset than the typical
standardised test regarding university admissions. These improved university
entrant process as well as simultaneously increased diversity and calibre among
applicants. Sternberg’s article is beneficial to my research due to his stance that
IQ tests are becoming dated and that they lack focus on other prized areas of
intelligence. The main limitation of this article is that the three research
projects were based on students applying for university. Robert J Sternberg is
currently professor of human development at Cornell University, prior to this
role he has acted as president of the American Psychological Association. As the
author of many academic publications and recipient of prestigious awards in the
field, I found Sternberg a credible source to use in my research. This article is
advantageous to my research topic as it reflects the argument I wish to make
clear in my essay. Therefore, it will provide suitable evidence to prove my
opinion on IQ testing and its relevance.

Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence


(4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

In this book, Wechsler writes about intelligence; how it is defined, measured,


and what variables may influence it, as well as detailing features of the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The book provides ample information
surrounding intelligence also with relation to IQ testing. The information
gathered from this book has been very helpful with regards to my research
topic given the authors expansive knowledge of intelligence as well as its
evidence surrounding testing and appraisal of results. David Wechsler was one
of America’s leading psychologists, most well-known for his academic
contributions on the topic of intelligence. The intelligence scales he developed
are still in use today and Wechsler is remembered as a greatly respected
psychologist. I discovered minor limitation with this book aside from the author
having created the WAIS himself, leaving the possibility for bias towards said
intelligence scale. I found this to be an excellent source that has provided me
with a broad range of information on my topic.

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