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1
Wanted
0 Fp
Skin friction coefficient C f form drag coefficient Cp
1
U 2 1
2 U 2 A
2
Wanted
T
Fourier’s law: q0 k
y y 0
T
k
y y 0
• convection heat transfer coefficient: q0 h T0 T i.e. h
T0 T
hx heat transfer rate when in flow
• local Nusselt number: Nu x ~
k heat transfer rate when stationary
2
Wanted
h0 x x q0 x x
• overall Nusselt number: Nu0 x
k Tavg k
Analysis Methods
3
Fluid Properties
u u
ji p ji i j ji p ji ji
x
j xi
u
u k
xk
2
usually assumed (Fluid Mechanics, Landau & Lifschifz, 1959)
3
• temperature dependence:
T , P
gases : as T
liquid : as T
Tr T Tc
4
Fluid Properties
• temperature dependence:
k k T , P
k r k kc
gases : k as T
liquid : k as T
Tr T Tc
5
Dimensionless Parameters
UL inertial force
(1) Reynolds number: Re ~
viscous force
L2 char. diffusion time
Re ~
L U char. convection time
momentum diffusion
(2) Prandtl number: Pr ~
thermal diffusion
Time Derivatives
d
total derivative Vobserver
dt t
Lagrangian/
material
derivative
D
u
Dt t
Eulerian
derivative
6
Conservation Laws
dm dV
Let some physical quantity per unit mass
outflow rate of quantity through the control surface (CS) u n dA
CS
Conservati on requires : dV u ndA sources
t CV qdV
CS CV
Differential Form
a j
Divergence Theorem: a ndA a dV x j dV
S V V
Conservation requires: dV CS u ndA sources
t CV qdV
CV
Conservation law: dV u dV sources qdV
t CV CV CV
u q
t
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Mass Conservation
total amount of quantity within the control volume (CV) dV
CV
u q
t
D
u u u 0
t Dt
1 D 1 D
u volume change rate per unit volume
Dt Dt
Momentum Conservation
a j
• momentum ui Divergence Theorem: a ndA a dV x j dV
S V V
ji
q X i +
x j
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Momentum Conservation
u q
t
• momentum ui
ji
ui ui u X i ji
t x j
q X i +
x j
ui u 0
t
Newtonian fluid: ji p ji ji
ji p ji p ji
x j
x j
p ji ji ji x x x x
j j i j
ui p ji
Newtonian fluid: u ui X i
t xi x j
Energy Conservation
t
u q q ji ui
x j
ji pij ji
9
Energy Conservation
ui p ji u
p ui ui ji i
• total energy equation: xi xi x j x j
e 12 uiui V q q pui ui ji
D
Dt xi x j
Dui p ji
• kinetic energy equation: ui Xi X V
Dt xi x j
DV V V
ui 0 ui X i ui X i
Dt t xi
De
q q p u
Dt
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Thermal Energy Conservation
De
q q p u
Dt
ui
ij viscous dissipation rate = rate at which kinetic
x j
energy is irreversibly converted to thermal energy by viscosity
u u j
Newtonian fluid: ij i ij
x j xi
u u u u
i j i ij i
x x x xj
j i j
u u j 1 ui u j 1 ui u j
i
2
x
j xi
2 x j xi 2 x j xi
ui u j ui u j
2
2 x j xi x j xi
ui
ij viscous dissipation rate
x j
2 x j xi x j xi
2 x j xi
x j xi 3 xi x j
2 2 2
3 8 u1 u2 u1 u3 u2 u3
2
8 u 8 u 8 u u u j
1 2 3 i
2 3 x1 3 x2 3 x3 i , j 1 x j xi 3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3
i j
4 u 2 u u u 4 u
2 2
u u u
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 3
3 x x1 x2 x2 3 x1 x1 x3 x3
1
2 4 u 2
u2 u3 u3
2
3
ui u j
2
3 x 2 x x x x x
2
2 2 3 3 ii , j j1 j i
2
4 u1 u2 u1 u3 u3 u2 3 ui u j
2 2 2
>0
2 3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x3 x2 i , j 1 x j xi
i j
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Temperature-based
De
q q p u
Dt
h e p dh de dp Tds pd dp Tds dp
(first law)
s (T , p) s s s
ds dT dp dT dp
T p p T T p
s, T
1 s ( s, T ) (, p) ( p, )
, p p T ( p, T ) ( p, T ) ( p, T ) T p
(Maxwell relation)
s
dh T dT T dp
T p
Temperature-based
De
q q p u
Dt
s
dh T dT T dp h h T , p
T p
h s
cp T
T p T p
dp
dh c p dT 1 T
Dh DT Dp
c p 1 T
Dt Dt Dt
12
Temperature-based
• enthaphy h e p Dh De 1 Dp p 1 D De 1 Dp p u
Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt
De
q q p u
Dt
Dh DT Dp
c p 1 T
Dt Dt Dt
DT Dp Dp
c p 1 T q q p u p u
Dt Dt Dt
DT Dp
c p q q T
Dt Dt
Temperature
DT Dp
c p q q T
Dt Dt
1 1
= thermal expansion coefficient
T p T p
T
u T kT
DT
c p c p
Dt t
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