Humans realised to have account of their belongings so they started counting (one, two,

three….), which were named as numbers & these numbers were given different shapes in
different parts of the world.

They counted numbers forward (1,2,3…i.e., adding one to one was named as two and adding
one to two was named as three and so on..) and named it as addition and counted backward
(4,3,2,1) which they named as subtraction. They gave addition ( + ) symbol and subtraction (
- ) symbol.

To understand it easily, 1 is a single number but 2 consists of two ones and 3 consists of three
ones, 1000 consists of thousand ones and so on. Adding 1000 to 1000 means, adding
thousand ones to thousand ones which will give rise to, two thousand ones ex. 1000 apples
mixed with 1000 apples give 2000 apples, which tells that there are two thousand number of
apples.

When numbers exceeded some limit, addition and subtraction became more complex to them
as they did not have the CALCULATORS, every thing was to be counted and added
manually. To ease addition of repeated equal numbers, multiplication was introduced by an
unknown person. MULTIPLICATION is just the repeated addition of equal numbers
(2+2+2+2+2=2*5=10. Here 2 is added 5 times to itself. In general, here there are five couples
if we count from number one we will end up to number ten). The symbol used is ( * ), when
this symbol is used we can say in above example “adding two, five times”.

The main problem they faced was distribution of their assets, fruits, vegetable etc equally
among themselves, i.e. when there were 15 people and they had 30 apples, how many apples
should be given to each person? We know tables & we have calculators but at that time
nothing was there. They first distributed one apple to each person and again one to each and
this process of equal distribution was termed as division. A person among them observed that
this is just the reverse of multiplication and to ease the division process the use of
multiplication to divide numbers started.

In-line with the development to ease calculations abacus was invented by an unknown person
which made addition and subtraction of larger numbers easy, though it had limited beads, it
was used for a very long time until the development of logarithms by ___________, who
used hit and trail method for its calculations.

Before going to logarithms,

While doing multiplication A person thought that instead of adding repeated numbers each
time, why not he prepares every number’s repeated addition table once, which can be used as
reference to solve multiplication and thus division, therefore, tables were tabulated by some
person.

While observing these tables, someone working on shapes found that if 10 units are arranged
in a row and if that row is repeated 10 times as column, a shape with equal sides is formed
with 10 units at each side, that shape was named as SQUARE (square of 10 units consisting
of 100 units in it, here 10 units is root from where that person started to prepare a square
shape of 100units), he found that any number of units can be arranged in a row but the row
should be repeated the number of times, the number of units used in the row, to get square
shape. This was correlated with the multiplication tables, it was found that this is exactly the
same as multiplying a number to itself, the resultant number after multiplying by itself was
named as SQUARE, and the number which was multiplied to itself to get square was named
as ROOT OF SQUARE or SQUARE ROOT.

To write it in an easier way, instead of writing “ 2*2=4 ” it was written as “ 22 =4 ” in this 2

represents the root of square which was given name as BASE or ROOT and superscript 2
represents the number of times the base is multiplied to itself, in this case two times and was
said as POWER and 4 represents the square. The form 22 was given name as EXPONENT

Oh my GOD! What’s logarithms now?