Alkejek Montiel Mora Rangel Data Brief

The impact of food security service announcement on college student knowledge,
attitude, and practice towards food insecurity and The DEN among college students:
results of a pre-post quasi experimental study.
Authors:
Sarah Alkejek, MPH (c)
Athena Montiel, MPH (c)
Jose Mora, MSEES (c)
Vanessa Rangel, MPH (c)
Affiliations:
Department of Health Science and Human Ecology
Department of Geological Sciences
Contact information:
California State University, San Bernardino
5500 University Parkway
San Bernardino, CA 92407
Keywords:
Food insecurity, CSUSB students, The DEN, food pantry, day packs
The impact of food security service announcement on college student knowledge, attitude, and practice
towards food insecurity and The DEN among college students: results of a pre-post quasi experimental
study.
Table of Contents
Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………………...1
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………...2
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Background……………………………………………………………………………………..4
Methods………………………………………………………………………………………....5
A. Data Source
B. Variables
C. Data Analyses
Results……………………………………………………………………………………….8-12
A. Descriptive Data
B. Qualitative Data
C. Chronbach’s Analysis
Discussion………………………………………………………………………………...13-14
A. Data Interpretation
B. Limitations
C. Implication
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………...15-27
Table 1. Knowledge Variables
Table 2. Attitude Variables
Table 3. Practice Variables
Table 4. Demographic Characteristics
Table 5. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on knowledge
Table 6. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on attitude
Table 7. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on practice
Data Dictionary
SPSS Data Attached
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study.
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a public
service announcement and Zine on food insecurity and The DEN among CSUSB
college students.
Methods: A pre and post survey was developed in the fall of 2017 in HSCI 617
and disseminated to 10 college students who were recruited from HSCI 451, HSCI 455,
and HSCI 611 courses at California State University, San Bernardino. Participants were
randomly assigned to different interventions and given pre- and post-test surveys to
assess their knowledge, attitude, and practice on food insecurity and The DEN at
CSUSB. All analyses were conducted in SPSS version 24 and significance was set at p
less than .05.
Results: In the knowledge, attitude, and practice sections there were no
significant P values generated, however multiple trends were identified. A trend showed
an increase in knowledge regarding where daily packs are offered on the CSUSB
campus, where the DEN is located at CSUSB, and whether the DEN provided help with
referrals to outside organizations. No trends were identified in the practice section. In
the attitude section, trends showed a change in attitude regarding food insecurity,
resources, and creating healthy meals using canned food.
Conclusion: Ultimately, the results of this study elucidated that the PSA and Zine
developed were effective in increasing knowledge and change in attitude regarding the
DEN at CSUSB and food insecurity among college students, though not all variables
demonstrated significance. More research on food insecurity among college students
and the effectiveness of food pantries is needed. There is an imperative need for larger
scale studies and further research to confirm a positive correlation between health
education interventions and changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
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study.
Background
Food insecurity is an issue that affects the everyday life of college students and
can impact their education. Food insecurity is defined as the inability to access
adequate nutrition ranging from a day to several months. It is a serious prevalent issue
that affects students at CSUSB. Many CSU campuses have taken the initiative of
creating food pantries for their food insecure students; however, there are various
barriers to accessing food pantries and other resources. The DEN is a resource on
campus for any CSUSB student who faces food insecurity and is able to provide
emergency nourishment to students as well as references to other resources on
campus.
The DEN at California State University, San Bernardino was created as a
resource for food insecure students which can potentially improve the health of food
insecure students at CSUSB. Possible barriers that may affect student visitations to The
DEN include the stigma associated with being food insecure, lack of information of
available resources, and lack of information on meal preparation. A quasi experiment
was designed in order to evaluate the efficacy of a public service announcement and
Zine on food insecurity and The DEN among CSUSB college students. A pre and post
tests were used to assess whether a PSA and Zine on food insecurity will increase
knowledge, or show a change in practice and attitude. The purpose of this study is to
examine the correlation between health education interventions and changes in
knowledge, attitudes, and practices by increasing awareness about The DEN and
informing CSUSB students about the resources available on campus.
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study.
Methods
A. Data source
Two educational products were developed for the Food insecurity intervention
Program, a PSA video and a Zine which is an informational product folded into a mini-
booklet. The Zine provided information on The DEN and the prevalence of food
insecurity among college students. The Zine also addressed the availability of resources
on campus. The PSA addressed behavioral factors including skills and self efficacy
through modeling three meal preparations that are nutritious, budget friendly, and easy
to prepare. A pre and post were given to every participant before and after the PSA and
Zine were presented. The questions were designed to analyze demographics and
evaluate their knowledge, attitude, practice regarding information on food insecurity and
the DEN. However, the order of the questions for the post survey was changed in order
to minimize bias. Data dictionary can be found in Appendix I.
B. Variables
The participant’s demographics were measured through four closed-ended
questions including education level, age and types of living arrangements. The
knowledge construct was developed to analyze participant understanding of food
insecurity with content perception measured through five questions consisted of
true/false questions, yes/no and two multiple choice questions (See Table 1. Knowledge
Variables.) Variables within the attitude construct were designed to gain insight into
participant attitude regarding food insecurity and the DEN and were measured through
five questions using 4-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly
Disagree) and yes/no questions (See Table 2 Attitude Variables). This was used to
gather information such as if CSUSB students consider confidentiality an important
element when receiving nutrition assistance and if it’s possible to create healthy meals
using low cost ingredients. The last variable measured was participant’s practice. The
practice construct assessed participant’s behavior towards food insecurity and receiving
assistance from the DEN using two closed-ended questions. The pre and post survey
were used to assess the participant’s knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards food
insecurity and the DEN (See Table 3 Practice Variables).
C. Data Analyses
Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine frequencies for all variables in
the pre and post surveys. As the participant evaluation construct was within the post-
survey only, data analysis only consisted of descriptive statistics. Furthermore, bivariate
analyses were conducted on demographics, attitudes, knowledge and self efficacy on
food insecurity. Several tests were performed including McNemar’s test to compare
variables before and after the intervention. Chi-Square test was conducted to determine
if there is a significant association between the variables. Fisher’s Exact test was also
performed on variables within the constructs.
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study.
Knowledge was measured through the use of the following questions:

PREQ1,POSTQ1, PREQ2,POSTQ2, PREQ5,POSTQ5, PREQ6,POSTQ6,
PRE9,POSTQ9, PREQ10,POSTQ10, and PREQ11,POSTQ11 (refer to Table 1). The
questions were either dichotomous or multiple choice. The 5 dichotomous pre/post
questions were PREQ1,POSTQ1, PREQ2,POSTQ2, PREQ5,POSTQ5,
PREQ6,POSTQ6, and PREQ11,POSTQ11. The multiple choice questions were pre and
post questions PRE9,POSTQ9 and PREQ10,POSTQ10. Refer to Table 1 Knowledge
Variables for questions.

PREQ1, Food insecurity is defined as the state of being without Dichotomous
POSTQ1 reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable and
nutritious food.
PREQ2, Did you know that the day packs (food to help with short- Dichotomous
POSTQ2 term food assistance) are also located at various locations
on campus, including the Ombuds Office, Recreational
Sports, Veteran's Success Center, SAIL, EOp, Health
Center, and more?
PREQ5, The DEN at CSUSB is a food pantry for CSUSB students. Dichotomous
POSTQ5
PREQ6, Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located? Dichotomous

POSTQ6
PREQ9, Which students can seek the DEN at CSUSB for Multiple Choice
POSTQ9 assistance? Choose only one box.
PREQ10, The DEN at CSUSB offers: Multiple Choice

POSTQ10
PREQ11, Does the DEN at CSUSB help with referrals to outside Dichotomous
POSTQ11 organizations?
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study.
Attitude was measured through the use of the following questions: PREQ3,
POSTQ3, PREQ4, POSTQ4, PREQ7, POSTQ7, PREQ12, POSTQ12, PREQ13, and
POSTQ13. All of the questions, except for 3, had yes or no options. Question 3 used
the Likert scale. Refer to Table 2 Attitude Variables for exact questions.

PREQ3, POSTQ3 Do you think confidentiality is important dichotomous
when using services that provide
nutrition assistance?
PREQ4, POSTQ4 Do you think food insecurity is a dichotomous

common issue among CSUSB
students?
PREQ7, POSTQ7 Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers dichotomous

a variety selection of food?
PREQ12, POSTQ12 Is it possible to create healthy meals dichotomous

using low cost ingredients, such as
canned food?
PREQ13, POSTQ13 Do you think that the CSUSB campus dichotomous

provides enough resources for food
insecure students?
Practice was measured PREQ8,POSTQ8, PREQ14,POSTQ14. Both of these

questions had Yes or No options. Refer to Table 3 Practice Variables for the questions.
Table 3 Practice Variables
PREQ8, POSTQ8 Have you ever received a day pack (food Nominal and Dichotomous
to help with short-term food assistance)
from the DEN at CSUSB?
PREQ14, POSTQ14: In the last 12 months, did you ever skip a Nominal and Dichotomous
meal because there wasn't enough money
for food?
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study.
Results
A. Descriptive Data
Table 4 displays the demographic characteristics of the study sample. One
hundred percent of the participants were undergraduates. Eighty percent of the
participants were 18-25 years of age. Ninety percent of participants lived with parents
more than six miles away during the school year. Additional characteristics are shown in
the table.
Table 4. Demographic Characteristics
Survey Question n (%)
What is your current education level? Undergraduate 10 (100%)
Credential 0 (0%)
Graduate 0 (0%)
Doctorate 0 (0%)
What is your age (in years)? Under 18 0 (0.0%)
18-25 8 (80.0%)
26-35 2 (20.0%)
36-45 0 (0.0%)
Over 45 0 (0.0%)
Who do you live with during the school year? Alone 0 (0.0%)
Check all that apply.
Roommate 1 (10.0%)
Significant Other 1 (10.0%)
My child 1 (10.0%)
With Parents 9 (90.0%)
With Other People 0 (0.0%)
Where do you live during the school year? On Campus 1 (10.0)
Residence within walking distance 0 (0.0)

(less than 6 miles)
Residence within driving distance 9 (90.0)

(more than 6 miles)
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study.
B. Qualitative Data
Table 5 shows the frequency of responses in pre- and post-tests questions regarding knowledge.
A higher percent of participants reported true in post-test to the definition of food insecurity as compared
to the pre-test (100% vs. 90%, p value not generated). A higher percent of participants reported yes in
post-test to where on campus day packs were located on campus as compared to the pre-test (80% vs.
30%, p>0.05). A higher percent of participants reported true in post-test to the The DEN being a food
pantry for CSUSB students as compared to the pre-test (100% vs. 70%, p value not generated). A higher
percent of students reported yes to knowing where the DEN at CSUSB is located as compared to the pre-
test (90% vs. 57.1, p>0.05). A higher percent of students reported all of the above as to which students
could seek the DEN for assistance (100% vs. 70%, p value not generated). A higher percent of students
reported all of the above as to which items are offered at the DEN (50% vs. 30%, p value not generated.)
Lastly, a higher percent of participants reported yes to whether the DEN provided referrals to outside
organizations (90% vs 10%, p>0.05).

Survey Question Pre-Test n Post-Test n
(%) (%)
Food insecurity is defined as the state of being True 9 (90.0%) 10 (100.0%)

without reliable access to sufficient quantity of
affordable and nutritious food.*** False 1 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Did you know that the day packs (food to help with Yes 3 (30.0%) 8 (80.0%)
short-term food assistance) are also located at
various locations on campus, including the Ombuds No 7 (70.0%) 2 (20.0%)
Office, Recreational Sports, Veteran's Success
Center, SAIL, EOP, Health Center, and more? **
The DEN at CSUSB is a food pantry for CSUSB True 7 (70.0%) 10(100.0%)
students. ***
Don't know 3 (30.0%) 0 (0.0%)
what the DEN
is, skip to
question 12
Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located?** Yes 4 (57.1%) 9 (90.0%)
No 3 (42.9%) 1 (10.0%)
Which students can seek the DEN at CSUSB for Undergraduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
assistance? Choose only one box. ***
Credential 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Graduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Doctoral 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
All of the 7 (100.0%) 10 (100.0%)
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study.
above
The DEN at CSUSB offers:** Food packs 4 (57.1%) 5 (50.0%)
Gift Cards 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Hygiene Items 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
All of the 3 (42.9%) 5 (50.0%)

above
Does the DEN at CSUSB help with referrals to Yes 4 (57.1%) 9 (90.0%)
outside organizations?**
No 3 (42.9%) 1 (10.0%)
*p value less than 0.05
**p value greater than 0.05
***p value not generated
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study.
Table 6 shows the frequency of responses in pre- and post-tests questions

regarding attitude. A higher percent of participants reported strongly agree to
confidentiality being important when using nutrition assistance programs as compared
to the pre-test (60% vs. 40%, p>0.05). A higher percent of participants reported yes to
fo insecurity being a common issue among CSUSB students as compared to the pre-
test (60% vs. 40%, p>0.05). A higher percent of participants reported yes to the DEN
offering a variety selection of food as compared to the pre-test (50% vs. 28.6%, p>0.05).
A higher percent of participants reported yes to being able to create healthy meals using
low cost ingredients as compared to the pre-test (90% vs. 70% p>0.05). Lastly a higher
percent of participants reported yes to CSUSB providing enough resources to food
insecure students as compared to the pre-test (60% vs. 30%, p>0.05).

Survey Question Pre-test, n Post-test, n
(%) (%)
Do you think confidentiality is important when using Strongly 4 (40.0%) 6 (60.0%)

services that provide nutrition assistance? ** Agree
Agree 4 (40.0%) 2 (20.0%)
Disagree 1 (10.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Strongly 1 (10.0%) 1(10.0%)

Disagree
Do you think food insecurity is a common issue among Yes 6 (60.0%) 9 (90.0%)
CSUSB students? **
No 4 (40.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers a variety selection Yes 2 (28.6%) 5 (50.0%)
of food? **
No 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Never visited 5 (71.4%) 5 (50.0%)

the DEN
Is it possible to create healthy meals using low cost Yes 7 (70.0%) 9 (90.0%)
ingredients, such as canned food? **
No 3 (30.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Do you think that the CSUSB campus provides enough Yes 3 (30.0%) 6 (60.0%)
resources for food insecure students? **
No 7 (70.0%) 4 (40.0%)
*p less than .05
**p greater than .05
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study.
Table 7 shows the frequency of responses in pre- and post-tests questions

regarding practice. A higher percent of participants reported no to having received a day
pack from the DEN (90% vs. 70%, p value not generated). Equal percent of participants
reported no as to whether they had ever skipped a meal during the past 12 months
(70% vs. 70%, p>0.05).
(%) (%)
Have you ever received a day pack (food to help with short- Yes 0 (0.0%) 1 (10.0%)
term food assistance) from the DEN at CSUSB?***
No 7 (70%) 9 (90.0%)
In the last 12 months, did you ever skip a meal because Yes 3 (30.0%) 3 (30.0%)
there wasn't enough money for food?**
No 7 (70.0%) 7 (70.0%)
*p value less than .05
**p value greater than .05
C. Survey Validation
Based on the Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, the questions under the construct of
knowledge resulted in -.375 after the first analysis. The final analysis resulted in 0.706.
The following questions were the questions in the final analysis: PREQ2, POSTQ2 and
PREQ11, POSTQ11. Based on the Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, the questions under the
construct of attitude resulted in 0.595 after the first analysis. The final analysis resulted
in 0.750. The following questions were part of the analysis: PREQ3,POSTQ3, PREQ4,
POSTQ4. PREQ7, and PREQ7,POSTQ7. Based on the Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, the
practice questions resulted in a total correlation of .000. Refer to table 4 for the
questions that were used in the analysis. Our first practice question was not able to get
a p value generated even though there was a change. It was unable to generate a P
value because there was a zero in the pretest that the SPSS program does not
recognize and thinks that it there is missing data. We did see that there was a change in
the practice of food insecurity since we had more answers in the post-test which means
that their knowledge increased after the public service announcement. The second
practice question had a P value of 1.00 because there were no changes between the
pre-and post-test. The same people who answered yes and no in the pre-test answered
yes and no again in the post-test.
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study.
Discussion
Food insecurity is an issue that college students are battling with silently due to
barriers such as: embarrassment, stigma, or lack of information and knowledge about
resources or meal preparation. In order to help bring a solution to this problem on
campus, CSU San Bernardino developed and created The Obershaw Den. The purpose
of this resource was to work as a food pantry for the students. However, The Den also
supplies to students with hygiene products and creates connections with outside
resources that can help them manage their struggle. The food and hygiene products are
donated by staff and is ran internally by the university.
Due to this resource, a study was created in order to test the knowledge,
attitudes, and practice of CSUSB undergraduate students, but also to screen for
demographics. The study would allow for further comprehension of where the
undergraduate student population stands when it comes to food insecurity. The results
of this study elucidated that the PSA and Zine developed were effective in increasing
knowledge and change in attitude regarding food insecurity among college students as
well as campus resources, though not all variables demonstrated significance.
Furthermore, the study demonstrated that similar interventions could help improve
college student health.Perhaps in the future, similar interventions could also help bring
down the barriers that stop these food insecure students from seeking help.
A. Data Interpretation
Descriptive: Based on the results shown on table 1, the entire sample was
made up of only undergraduate students. This is because only undergraduate students
were allowed to be the participants of the study. However, there is some difference in
the ages, with most being 18-25 years old while some were older. The results also
demonstrated that most live with their parents, meaning that they most likely have a
dependency on their parents for food and other resources.
Qualitative: According to Table 2, which demonstrated the frequency of
responses in pre- and post-tests questions regarding knowledge, a higher percentage of
participants reported yes in the post-test for knowledge-based questions after viewing
the PSA and Zine. This comes to show that the PSA and Zine helped the participants
get a better understanding and truly comprehend what the DEN is and what resources
are offered there. Furthermore, they are now aware of a resource on campus that they
can use. Some knew the definition of food insecurity and knew about the DEN, perhaps
this is because they are health science majors.
According to Table 3, which demonstrated the frequency of responses in pre-
and post-tests questions regarding attitude, a higher percentage of participants, most of
the participants showed a change of attitudes after the PSA and Zine were shown. In
other words, this mean that most of the participants were now more understanding that
healthy foods don’t have to be expensive, that the university provides a great resource
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study.
to food insecure students, and that confidentiality is important. Perhaps this new
understanding can help break down the barriers that food insecure student face.
The results of Table 4 demonstrated that there were most participants reported
not getting a day pack from the DEN and not having a skipped a meal. However, there
was a decrease in frequency in the question that asks about receiving a daily pack,
which was due to the viewing of the PSA and Zine. Perhaps the participants that
changed answers felt more comfortable accepting the fact that they have received help
from the DEN in the past.
After using Cronbach’s Analysis for the second time, the final analysis
demonstrated an increase and the following were the results: 0.706 for knowledge,
0.750 for attitude, and 0.000 for practice. The first practice question resulted in no p-
value since an error was picked up by the SPSS program because it doesn’t recognize
zero as a valid data number. The second practice question resulted in a p-value of 1.00
because no changes were made in the pre-test and post-test. Additionally, this data
infers that there was an increase in all three areas: knowledge, practice, and attitude, so
the public service announcement and Zine were beneficial.
B. Limitations
The sample size was the most significant limitation because the study consisted of only
10 participants from the Health Science and Human Ecology department, which created
random sampling bias. This is because proper random sampling would require students
from other majors to be involved and help create a larger sample size. However, despite
the small sample size, there were significant trends regarding knowledge and attitudes.
These were shown in the results of the study.
C. Implications and Future Directions

There needs to be further research done in this topic. However, using a larger
population sample this time around would be beneficial. Researching including CSUSB
students as participants would be ideal since it would help support this study and bring
further comprehension on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of CSUSB
undergraduate students.
It would be ideal to Implement the PSA and Zine as part of the SOAR orientation
for incoming freshmen and provide an annual refresher for the rest of the other class
levels. This would help ensure dissemination of the information campus wide and also
help diminish any barriers that stand in the way of food insecure students. Furthermore,
this could be the best solution to properly educate the CSUSB student population about
the DEN and food insecurity.
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study.
Appendix
PREQ1, Food insecurity is defined as the state of being without Dichotomous
POSTQ1 reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable and
nutritious food.
PREQ2, Did you know that the day packs (food to help with short- Dichotomous
POSTQ2 term food assistance) are also located at various locations
Sports, Veteran's Success Center, SAIL, EOp, Health
Center, and more?
PREQ5, The DEN at CSUSB is a food pantry for CSUSB students. Dichotomous
POSTQ5
PREQ6, Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located? Dichotomous

POSTQ6
PREQ9, Which students can seek the DEN at CSUSB for Multiple Choice
POSTQ9 assistance? Choose only one box.
PREQ10, The DEN at CSUSB offers: Multiple Choice

POSTQ10
PREQ11, Does the DEN at CSUSB help with referrals to outside Dichotomous
POSTQ11 organizations?
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PREQ3, POSTQ3 Do you think confidentiality is important dichotomous
when using services that provide
nutrition assistance?
PREQ4, POSTQ4 Do you think food insecurity is a dichotomous

common issue among CSUSB
students?
PREQ7, POSTQ7 Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers dichotomous

a variety selection of food?
PREQ12, POSTQ12 Is it possible to create healthy meals dichotomous

using low cost ingredients, such as
canned food?
PREQ13, POSTQ13 Do you think that the CSUSB campus dichotomous

provides enough resources for food
insecure students?
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study.
Table 3 Practice Variables

PREQ8, POSTQ8 Have you ever received a day pack (food Nominal and Dichotomous
to help with short-term food assistance)
from the DEN at CSUSB?
PREQ14, POSTQ14: In the last 12 months, did you ever skip a Nominal and Dichotomous
meal because there wasn't enough money
for food?
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Table 4. Demographic characteristics

Survey Question n (%)
What is your current education level? Undergraduate 10 (100%)
Credential 0 (0%)
Graduate 0 (0%)
Doctorate 0 (0%)
What is your age (in years)? Under 18 0 (0.0%)
18-25 8 (80.0%)
26-35 2 (20.0%)
36-45 0 (0.0%)
Over 45 0 (0.0%)
Who do you live with during the school year? Alone 0 (0.0%)
Check all that apply.
Roommate 1 (10.0%)
Significant Other 1 (10.0%)
My child 1 (10.0%)
With Parents 9 (90.0%)
With Other People 0 (0.0%)
Where do you live during the school year? On Campus 1 (10.0)
Residence within walking distance (less 0 (0.0)

than 6 miles)
Residence within driving distance (more 9 (90.0)

than 6 miles)
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Survey Question Pre-Test n Post-Test n (%)
(%)
Food insecurity is defined as the state of being without True 9 (90.0%) 10 (100.0%)
reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable and
nutritious food.***
False 1 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Did you know that the day packs (food to help with short- Yes 3 (30.0%) 8 (80.0%)
term food assistance) are also located at various locations
Sports, Veteran's Success Center, SAIL, EOP, Health
No 7 (70.0%) 2 (20.0%)
Center, and more? **
The DEN at CSUSB is a food pantry for CSUSB students. True 7 (70.0%) 10(100.0%)
***
Don't know what 3 (30.0%) 0 (0.0%)
the DEN is, skip
to question 12
Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located?** Yes 4 (57.1%) 9 (90.0%)
No 3 (42.9%) 1 (10.0%)
Which students can seek the DEN at CSUSB for Undergraduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
assistance? Choose only one box. ***
Credential 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Graduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Doctoral 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
All of the above 7 (100.0%) 10 (100.0%)
The DEN at CSUSB offers:** Food packs 4 (57.1%) 5 (50.0%)
Gift Cards 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Hygiene Items 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
All of the above 3 (42.9%) 5 (50.0%)
Does the DEN at CSUSB help with referrals to outside Yes 4 (57.1%) 9 (90.0%)
organizations?**
No 3 (42.9%) 1 (10.0%)
*p value less than 0.05
**p value greater than 0.05
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(%) (%)
Do you think confidentiality is important when using Strongly 4 (40.0%) 6 (60.0%)

services that provide nutrition assistance? ** Agree
Agree 4 (40.0%) 2 (20.0%)
Disagree 1 (10.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Strongly 1 (10.0%) 1(10.0%)

Disagree
Do you think food insecurity is a common issue among Yes 6 (60.0%) 9 (90.0%)
CSUSB students? **
No 4 (40.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers a variety selection Yes 2 (28.6%) 5 (50.0%)
of food? **
No 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Never visited 5 (71.4%) 5 (50.0%)

the DEN
Is it possible to create healthy meals using low cost Yes 7 (70.0%) 9 (90.0%)
ingredients, such as canned food? **
No 3 (30.0%) 1 (10.0%)
Do you think that the CSUSB campus provides enough Yes 3 (30.0%) 6 (60.0%)
resources for food insecure students? **
No 7 (70.0%) 4 (40.0%)
*p less than .05

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(%) (%)
Have you ever received a day pack (food to help with short- Yes 0 (0.0%) 1 (10.0%)
term food assistance) from the DEN at CSUSB?***
No 7 (70%) 9 (90.0%)
In the last 12 months, did you ever skip a meal because Yes 3 (30.0%) 3 (30.0%)
there wasn't enough money for food?**
No 7 (70.0%) 7 (70.0%)
*p value less than .05

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study.
Food Insecurity
Version 1
January 16, 2018
Population:
California State University, San Bernardino student population
Authors:
Sarah Alkejek, MPH (c)
Athena Montiel, MPH (c)
Jose Mora, MSEES (c)
Vanessa Rangel, MPH (c)
Affiliations:
Department of Geological Sciences
Contact information:
California State University, San Bernardino
5500 University Parkway
San Bernardino, CA 92407
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Table of Contents
Section A -
Demographics………………………………………………………………..….24
Section B -
Knowledge…………………………………………………………………...….25
Section C - Attitude………………………………………………………….….26
Section D - Practice…………………………………………………………….27
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Section A - Demographics
PREQ15, POSTQ15
What is your current education level?
Undergraduate= 1
Credential= 2
Graduate= 3
Doctoral= 4
PREQ16, POSTQ16
What is your age (in years)?
Under 18= 1
18-25= 2
26-35= 3
36-45= 4
Over 45= 5
PREQ17, POSTQ17
Where do you live during the school year?
On Campus= 1
Residence within walking distance (less than 6 miles)= 2
Residence within driving distance (more than 6 miles)= 3
PREQ18. POSTQ18
Who do you live with during the school year? Check all the apply.
Alone= 0,1
Roommate(s)= 0,1
Significant Other= 0,1
My child/children= 0,1
With Parents= 0,1
Other people, who?= 0,1
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Section B - Knowledge
PREQ1, POSTQ1
Food insecurity is defined as the state of being without reliable access to sufficient
quantity of affordable and nutritious food.
True = 0
False =1
PREQ2, POSTQ2
Did you know that the day packs (food to help with short-term food assistance) are also
located at various locations on campus, including the Ombuds Office, Recreational
Sports, Veteran's Success Center, SAIL, EOp, Health Center, and more?
Yes = 0
No =1
PREQ5, POSTQ5
The DEN at CSUSB is a food pantry for CSUSB students.
True = 0
Don't know what the DEN is, skip to question 12. = 1
PREQ6, POSTQ6
6. Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located?
Yes = 0
No = 1
PREQ9, POSTQ9
Which students can seek the DEN at CSUSB for assistance? Choose only one box.
Undergraduate = 1
Credential = 2
Graduate = 3
Doctoral = 5
All of the above = 6
PREQ10, POSTQ10:
The DEN at CSUSB offers:
Food Packs=1
Gift Cards=2
Hygiene Items=3
All of the above=4
PREQ11, POSTQ11:
Does the DEN at CSUSB help with referrals to outside organizations?
Yes= 0
No=1
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Section C - Attitude
PREQ3, POSTQ3
Do you think confidentiality is important when using services that provide nutrition
assistance?
Strongly Agree = 1
Agree = 2
Disagree = 3
Strongly Disagree = 4
PREQ4, POSTQ4
Do you think food insecurity is a common issue among CSUSB students?
Yes = 0
No = 1
PREQ7, POSTQ7
Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers a variety selection of food?
Yes = 0
No = 1
PREQ12, POSTQ12:
Is it possible to create healthy meals using low cost ingredients, such as canned food?
Yes= 0
No=1
PREQ13, POSTQ13:
Do you think that the CSUSB campus provides enough resources for food
insecure students?
Yes= 0
No=1
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Section D - Practice
PREQ8, POSTQ8
Have you ever received a day pack (food to help with short-term food assistance) from
the DEN at CSUSB?
Yes = 0
No = 1
PREQ14, POSTQ14:
In the last 12 months, did you ever skip a meal because there wasn't enough money for
food?
Yes= 0
No=1
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Alkejek Montiel Mora Rangel Data Brief

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The impact of food security service announcement on college student knowledge,

Knowledge was measured through the use of the following questions:

Table 1. Knowledge Variables

PREQ6, Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located? Dichotomous

PREQ10, The DEN at CSUSB offers: Multiple Choice

Table 2. Attitude Variables

PREQ4, POSTQ4 Do you think food insecurity is a dichotomous

PREQ7, POSTQ7 Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers dichotomous

PREQ12, POSTQ12 Is it possible to create healthy meals dichotomous

PREQ13, POSTQ13 Do you think that the CSUSB campus dichotomous

Practice was measured PREQ8,POSTQ8, PREQ14,POSTQ14. Both of these

What is your current education level? Undergraduate 10 (100%)

What is your age (in years)? Under 18 0 (0.0%)

Significant Other 1 (10.0%)

With Parents 9 (90.0%)

With Other People 0 (0.0%)

Where do you live during the school year? On Campus 1 (10.0)

Residence within walking distance 0 (0.0)

Residence within driving distance 9 (90.0)

Table 5. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on knowledge

Food insecurity is defined as the state of being True 9 (90.0%) 10 (100.0%)

Graduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Doctoral 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

All of the 7 (100.0%) 10 (100.0%)

The DEN at CSUSB offers:** Food packs 4 (57.1%) 5 (50.0%)

Gift Cards 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Hygiene Items 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

All of the 3 (42.9%) 5 (50.0%)

Table 6 shows the frequency of responses in pre- and post-tests questions

Table 6. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on attitude

Do you think confidentiality is important when using Strongly 4 (40.0%) 6 (60.0%)

Agree 4 (40.0%) 2 (20.0%)

Disagree 1 (10.0%) 1 (10.0%)

Strongly 1 (10.0%) 1(10.0%)

Never visited 5 (71.4%) 5 (50.0%)

Table 7 shows the frequency of responses in pre- and post-tests questions

C. Implications and Future Directions

PREQ6, Do you know where the DEN at CSUSB is located? Dichotomous

PREQ10, The DEN at CSUSB offers: Multiple Choice

Table 2. Attitude Variables

PREQ4, POSTQ4 Do you think food insecurity is a dichotomous

PREQ7, POSTQ7 Do you think the DEN at CSUSB offers dichotomous

PREQ12, POSTQ12 Is it possible to create healthy meals dichotomous

PREQ13, POSTQ13 Do you think that the CSUSB campus dichotomous

Table 3 Practice Variables

Table 4. Demographic characteristics

What is your current education level? Undergraduate 10 (100%)

What is your age (in years)? Under 18 0 (0.0%)

Significant Other 1 (10.0%)

With Parents 9 (90.0%)

With Other People 0 (0.0%)

Where do you live during the school year? On Campus 1 (10.0)

Residence within walking distance (less 0 (0.0)

Residence within driving distance (more 9 (90.0)

Table 5. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results on knowledge

False 1 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Credential 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Graduate 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Doctoral 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

All of the above 7 (100.0%) 10 (100.0%)

The DEN at CSUSB offers:** Food packs 4 (57.1%) 5 (50.0%)

Gift Cards 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Hygiene Items 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)