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Protein
structures
are
one
of
the
most
useful
resources
available
to
drug
designers
and
medicinal
chemists.
Interroga4ng
these
structures
can
demonstrate
the
types
of
interac4on
that
a
ligand
makes
with
the
protein
and
indicate
ways
in
which
the
structure
can
be
op4mised
to
improve
its
drug-‐like
proper4es.
There
are
many
tools
available
for
viewing
these
structures
however
most
are
not
free
for
all
users.
One
excep4on
is
Yasara
View,
the
front
end
to
a
soPware
package
developed
as
part
of
the
NewProt
project
(www.newprot.eu)
funded
by
the
European
Commission
within
its
FP7
Programme.
Further
modules
allow
users
to
run
docking
experiments
or
carry
out
molecular
dynamics
simula4ons,
but
these
require
a
license
fee,
although
this
can
be
deferred
if
you
share
your
developments
with
the
community
(macros,
movies,
Python
plugins
or
just
feedback).
YASARA
stands
for
Yet
Another
Scien4fic
Ar4ficial
Reality
Applica4on
and
YASARA
View
can
be
downloaded
from
www.yasara.org.
Versions
are
available
for
Windows,
Linux,
Mac
OS
X
and
Android.
YASARA
View
provides
high
quality
fast
graphics
and
can
generate
publica4on
quality
pictures
with
the
help
of
addi4onal
soPware
such
as
PovRay.
Detailed
tutorials
are
provided
as
movies
that
you
can
load
directly
from
the
Help
menu:
Help
>
Play
Help
movie.
We
recommend
that
you
take
a
look
at
some
of
these,
both
to
learn
how
to
use
basic
features
and
to
give
you
an
idea
of
some
of
the
other
features
which
lie
outside
the
scope
of
this
tutorial.
• The
Drug
Discovery
Unit
at
Dundee
have
been
working
on
a
group
of
pyrazole
sulfonamides
as
a
poten4al
treatment
for
Stage
2
human
African
Trypanosomiasis(HAT)
when
the
parasites
enter
the
CNS.
• The
disease
is
transmided
by
the
tsetse
fly
and
is
fatal
if
leP
untreated.
Current
treatments
are
unsa4sfactory
due
to
toxicity,
treatment
failures
and
require
parenteral
administra4on
that
is
inappropriate
in
a
rural
African
seing.
• The
star4ng
point
for
this
lead
op4misa4on
campaign
was
a
pyrazole
sulfonamide,
DDD85646
with
good
in
vitro
ac4vity
that
cured
Stage
1
of
the
disease
in
the
periphery,
but
which
failed
to
cross
the
blood
brain
barrier
(Brain
:
blood
<0.05)
to
the
site
of
ac4on
required
to
treat
stage
2.
Moreover,
it
was
poorly
selec4ve
between
human
and
TB
isoforms
of
NMT.
Full
details
of
this
study
are
available
in
this
open
access
ar4cle
(Brand
et
al,
2014,
J.
Med.
Chem.,
57,
9855-‐9869)
• A
crystal
structure
of
DDD85646
bound
to
Leishmania
NMT
is
available
from
the
Protein
Data
Bank
(2WSA.pdb)
and
the
sequence
of
this
protein
is
very
similar
to
the
TB
isoform.
1. Launch
Yasara
and
download
this
structure
by
selec4ng
File
>
Load
>
PDB
file
from
Internet
2. Enter
2wsa
as
the
PDB
ID
and
select
from
both,
take
the
beAer
structure.
Click
OK.
NB
PDB_REDO
is
a
databank
of
updated
and
op4mised
X-‐ray
structures
held
here
hdp://
www.cmbi.ru.nl/pdb_redo
3. The
molecule
loads
as
a
space
filling
model
2
N
N
HN
O S O
Cl Cl
N N
NH
DDD85646
TbNMT
IC50
2nM
HsNMT
IC50
3nM
T.
Brucei
EC50
2nM
Brain:blood
<
0.05
(mouse)
Changing
the
appearance
of
the
structure
The
easiest
way
to
change
the
way
the
protein
and
ligand
are
represented
is
to
use
the
func4on
keys:
Changing
the
scene
style
F1
Set
scene
style
to
balls
F2
Set
scene
style
to
balls&s4cks
F3
Set
scene
style
to
s4cks
F4
Set
scene
style
to
Calpha
trace
F5
Set
scene
style
to
tube
F6
Set
scene
style
to
ribbon
F7
Set
scene
style
to
cartoon
F8
Change
side-‐chain
style
Selec4ng
F3
followed
by
F6
gives
the
protein
as
a
ribbon
and
the
ligand(s)
as
s4ck
structures.
The
two
bound
molecules
are
DDD85646,
called
646
in
the
pdb
file,
bound
in
the
pep4de
substrate
pocket
and
tetradecanoyl-‐CoA,
MYA.
NMT
catalyses
transfer
of
myristate
from
MYA
to
the
N-‐terminal
glycine
of
a
large
number
of
proteins.
Interes4ngly,
the
binding
site
that
646
occupies
only
appears
as
the
result
of
a
conforma4on
change
that
occurs
as
MYA
binds
(Rudnick
et
al
1991,
J.
Biol.
Chem.,
266,
9732-‐9739)
1.
Moving
the
mouse
to
the
bodom
of
the
screen
brings
up
the
sequence
lis4ng.
To
zoom
in
on
646
scroll
along
the
menu
to
the
end
of
the
protein
sequence
and
you
will
find
the
entries
for
646
and
MYA.
• NB
If
you
can’t
find
it
then
type
VML
the
1-‐leder
codes
for
residues
419-‐421
and
it
will
directly
to
the
right.
This
also
works
if
you
simply
want
to
locate
a
specific
sequence
• Alterna4vely,
move
the
slider
bar
to
move
along
the
sequence
un4l
you
get
to
residue
421.
2.
Right
click
on
646
to
bring
up
a
menu.
If
you
select
Zoom
in
on
>
Residue
then
646
will
appear
in
the
centre
of
the
screen
so
you
can
tell
the
two
ligands
apart.
1
2
Labelling
items
You
can
add
a
label
to
646
by
right
clicking
on
any
of
its
atoms
to
bring
up
a
menu
1. Select
Label
>
Residue
2. Select
NAME
>
OK
and
the
label
646
will
appear.
3. You
can
click
on
the
label
and
move
it
around
the
screen
if
it
is
not
in
a
good
posi4on
4. If
you
want
to
change
the
appearance
of
the
label
e.g.
font,
size,
color
select
Effects
>
Label
>
Parameters
and
change
items
in
the
dialog
box
to
suit
you
5. Use
Effects
>
Unlabel
>
All
to
turn
them
off
2
PDB
files
don’t
include
the
hydrogens
adached
to
either
the
ligand
or
protein
so
these
need
to
be
added
manually.
1. From
the
main
menu
select
Edit
>
Add
>
hydrogens
to:
All
2. Select
View
>
Show
atoms
>
Residue
3. Select
Protein
on
the
rightmost
panel
and
enter
with
distance<5
from
Res
‘646’
as
shown
to
show
the
residue
sidechains
within
5Å
of
646
4. select
View>
Show
interac_ons
>
Hydrogen
bonds
of
>
Residue
to
iden4fy
any
hydrogen
bonds
in
the
region
around
the
ligand
646.
5. Select
the
lower
op4on
to
extend
the
selec4on
to
include
hydrogen
bonding
partners
on
the
protein
1 3 5
Yasara
shows
hydrogen
bonds
as
doded
yellow
lines
in
the
protein
and
there
is
a
key
hydrogen
bond
between
the
ligand
646
and
Ser
330
in
this
case.
Ser330
646
This
picture
is
a
lidle
confusing.
If
you
only
want
to
show
this
hydrogen
bond
…..
Making
the
picture
clearer
To
focus
on
the
H-‐bond
between
Ser330
and
the
pyrazole
nitrogen
of
646:
1. Clear
the
screen
so
you
can
only
see
the
ribbons
of
the
protein
structure:
View
>
Hide
atoms
>
All
2. Just
display
646
and
Ser330:
View
>
Show
atoms
>
Residue
to
bring
up
the
Select
residue
panel
and
select
646
followed
by
ctrl-‐click
on
Ser330
3. Right
click
on
any
atom
of
646
and
select
Show
hydrogen
bonds
>
Residue
as
before
4. This
gives
a
much
clearer
picture
of
the
important
hydrogen
bond
4
What
shape
is
the
binding
site?
Lets
put
a
surface
on
the
protein
so
we
can
see
what
the
binding
site
looks
like
1. Select
View
>
Show
surface
>
Residue
and
pick
Protein
from
the
right
hand
of
the
Select
residue
panel
2. Select
Solvent
accessible
surface
and
leave
Specular
highlights
_cked
3. Click
on
Set
surface
color
for
en_re
surface
budon
4. Choose
white
and
enter
75
in
the
alpha
box
so
that
the
surface
is
par4ally
transparent
and
you
can
see
through
the
protein
to
visualise
the
ligand
binding
site
5. Zoom
in
with
the
right
mouse
and
you
can
see
the
shape
of
the
ligand
binding
site.
Note
how
4ghtly
the
N-‐methyl
group
on
the
pyrazole
packs
into
this
pocket
and
the
authors
found
it
difficult
to
replace
this
group
with
any
other.
However,
they
no4ced
that
there
was
scope
to
add
subs4tuents
at
either
the
3-‐
or
5-‐posi4ons
and
the
solvent
exposed
sulfonamide
nitrogen.
2 4
The
authors
systema4cally
op4mised
the
blood-‐brain
barrier
penetra4on
and
selec4vity
of
646
and
summarised
this
SAR
schema4cally
as
follows:
Looking
at
the
environment
around
the
piperidine,
at
the
other
end
of
646,
there
is
a
vacant
binding
cleP
that
could
accommodate
an
addi4onal
subs4tuent.
The
best
way
to
see
this
is
to
turn
off
the
ribbons
of
the
secondary
structure:
View
>
Hide
secondary
structure
of
>
residue
and
select
Protein
>
OK
from
the
selec4on
panel.
Zooming
in
(right
mouse)
cuts
through
the
surface
and
shows
this
new
extra
binding
pocket.
Extra
binding
pocket
Piperidine ring
This
inves4ga4on
showed
that
small
subs4tuents
did
not
affect
the
in
vitro
ac4vity
(IC50/EC50)of
the
compounds,
but
did
not
increase
selec4vity
in
favour
of
the
TB
isoform
and
so
this
aspect
was
not
pursued
further.
Aligning
structures
X-‐ray
structures
of
two
key
compounds
complexed
to
Aspergillus
fumigatus
NMT
(AfNMT)
were
obtained
during
the
course
of
this
inves4ga4on
(4uwi
and
4uwj.pdb).
These
demonstrate
evolu4on
of
the
ligand
to
incorporate
both
a
flexible
linker
followed
by
a
capped
sulfonamide.
We
can
overlay
these
structures
with
2wsa
to
show
that
the
new
compounds
bind
to
the
same
protein
site.
1. Load
the
2
new
structures
from
the
Protein
Data
Bank
in
the
same
way
that
you
did
for
2wsa
2. Align
the
structures
by
selec4ng
Analyze
>
Align
>
mul_ple,
based
on
structure:
Objects
with
MUSTANG
3. Select
2wsa
from
the
Sequence
box
and
4uwi
&
4uwj
(ctrl-‐click)
from
the
Name
Box
and
Protein
from
Belongs
to
or
has.
4. This
calcula4on
overlays
the
protein
backbones
of
all
three
structures
and
allows
you
to
see
that
the
three
ligands
bind
in
the
same
site.
Try
adding
different
colours
to
each
structure
so
that
you
can
see
this
more
clearly.
5. NB
the
structure
of
646
in
Asp
fumigatus
was
obtained
at
a
later
date
and
can
also
be
downloaded
from
the
pdb
for
direct
comparison
(4cax.pdb)
2 3
4
Summary
Full
details
of
the
process
involved
in
discovery
of
the
op4mal
compound
40
are
given
in
the
ar4cle
and
you
can
use
this
to
pick
out
addi4onal
features
of
these
molecules
that
were
important
in
their
development.
The
final
outcome
was
a
compound
with
increased
blood:brain
barrier
penetra4on
and
improved
selec4vity,
although
the
reasons
for
this
lader
effect
are
not
fully
understood.
Introduce flexible linker Cl O H
Cl O H
S
N Key
tool
N
HN
S
N
N
O
N
compounds
N
N
O
N
N
Cl were
evaluated
Cl
in
a
CNS
model
N
DDD85646 Compound 14 of
HAT
where
Compound 1 Ligand ID Xmq
they
showed
Ligand ID 646
N N
par4al,
but
not
full
efficacy.
Cl O Lack
of
full
cure
N F
X
N
S was
adributed
O F to
a
combina4on
Cl
of
insufficient
X = H; Compound 43, Ligand ID 7i5
X = Me; Compound 40
Cap sulfonamide nitrogen to
reduce overall polarity and
therapeu4c
preclude deprotonation of window,
so
the
SO2NH
concentra4on
of
drug
delivered
to
the
brain
was
not
high
enough,
and
lower
efficacy
against
T.
b.
brucei
GVR35
strain
compared
with
the
S427
strain.
Nevertheless,
the
results
do
provide
valida4on
of
TbNMT
as
a
target
for
new
therapeu4cs
for
Stage
2
HAT.
Yasara
provides
a
mechanism
for
interroga4ng
protein-‐ligand
informa4on
and
once
you
have
worked
out
how
to
perform
these
simple
manipula4ons
you
can
explore
some
of
the
other
features
of
Yasara
View.
The
same
front
end
is
used
by
a
comprehensive
modelling
package
and
documenta4on
is
provided
for
each
element,
along
with
video
tutorials
of
a
number
of
other
rou4ne
tasks
that
you
may
be
interested
in.
Other
notable
features
are
that
all
the
underpinning
science
is
published
in
peer-‐reviewed
journals
and
support
for
3D
viewing
is
inbuilt.