Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.

In general, a
resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults.

Lungs auscultation is the process of listening to lung sounds, usually with a stethoscope.
-reveal abnormal sounds such as wheezes, rhonchi and crackles (rales). Voiced breath sounds can
also be auscultated, which can indicate areas of consolidation.
-important part of the respiratory examination and is helpful in diagnosing various respiratory
disorders.
-assesses airflow through the trachea-bronchial tree. It is important to distinguish normal
respiratory sounds from abnormal ones for example crackles, wheezes, and pleural rub in order to make
correct diagnosis

Pansinusitis is when all your paranasal sinuses are inflamed or irritated. In our face, we have cavities in our
face which are located around the eye region, specifically above, behind, and below the eyes. Four pairs of
cavities connected to our nose, which are known as paranasal sinuses.
A serious case of an upper respiratory infection can lead to pansinusitis.

Subdural empyema (ie, abscess) is an intracranial focal collection of purulent material located between the
dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Debridement is the medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of
the remaining healthy tissue.

Ethmoid bone (/ˈɛθmɔɪd/; from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the
nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits.

Maxilla, also known as the upper jaw, is a vital structure of the viscerocranium. It is involved in the formation
of the orbit, nose and palate, holds the upper teeth and plays an important role for mastication and
communication.

Intubate - insert a tube into (a person or a body part, especially the trachea for ventilation)

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel. The vessel may be any vein or
artery as, for example, in a deep vein thrombosis or a coronary (artery) thrombosis. The clot itself is termed
a thrombus. If the clot breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream, it is a thromboembolism.

Brachiocephalic vein, also known as an innominate vein, is a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from
the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart through its continuation, the superior vena cava.

Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs.
This can occur with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain
cardiovascular conditions.
Underlying disorders that can cause hemoptysis, including lung diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchitis,
bronchiectasis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and pneumonia; heart problems such as pulmonary infarction or
embolism, vascular disorders, and pulmonary AVM; and trauma.

Hemorrhage - an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.

Bronchus, is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The first bronchi to
branch from the trachea are the right mainbronchus and the left main bronchus.

Asphyxiation - the state or process of being deprived of oxygen, which can result in unconsciousness or
death; suffocation.

Craniotomy refers broadly to the surgical removal of a section of the skull in order to access the intracranial
compartment. The portion of skull temporarily removed is called a bone flap, and it is replaced to its original
position after the operation is completed.

Necrosis: The death of living cells or tissues. Necrosis can be due, for example, to ischemia (lack of blood
flow). From the Greek "nekros" (dead body).

Leptomeningitis, which is more commonly referred to as meningitis, represents inflammation of the

subarachnoid space (i.e. arachnoid mater and pia mater) caused by an infectious or noninfectious process.

Systemic infection is an infection that is in the bloodstream.

Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Bacterialpneumonia is the most common type in adults.Pneumonia causes inflammation in the air sacs in
your lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in
symptoms. Common signs and symptoms include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face.
Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, poor sense of smell, sore throat, and cough.

D-dimer tests are used to help rule out the presence of an inappropriate blood clot (thrombus). Some of the
conditions that the D-dimer test is used to help rule out include: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Pulmonary
embolism (PE)

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection. Sepsis occurs when chemicals released
into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body. This
inflammation can trigger a cascade of changes that can damage multiple organ systems, causing them to fail.

Septic embolus is a type of infection inside a blood vessel. This term specifically refers to an infection that
started in one part of the body and traveled through blood vessels to reach another part of the body, possibly
blocking one or more blood vessels.
Typically, a septic embolism is a bacterial infection that originates in the heart valves. This may be associated
with infective endocarditis, which means an infection of the heart. An infection in the heart can result in a
small blood clot, which may travel to other parts of the body.
When a bacterial infection or an infected blood clot travels from the heart to the brain, it can block a blood
vessel in the brain, causing a stroke. Strokes resulting from a septic embolism are classified as septic strokes,
which means infected strokes.

Pulmonary infarction. Lung infarction, death of one or more sections of lung tissue due to deprivation of an
adequate blood supply. The section of dead tissue is called an infarct. The cessation or lessening of blood flow
results ordinarily from an obstruction in a blood vessel that serves the lung.

Neoplasm - new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of
cancer.

Vasculitides are defined by the presence of inflammatory leukocytes in vessel walls with reactive damage to
mural structures. Both loss of vessel integrity leading to bleeding, and compromise of the lumen may result in
downstream tissue ischemia.

Congenital anomalies are also known as birthdefects, congenital disorders or congenital

malformations. Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies (e.g. metabolic
disorders) that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally, at birth or later in life.

Rheumatoid nodule is a local swelling or tissuelump, usually rather firm to touch, like an unripe fruit, which
occurs almost exclusively in association withrheumatoid arthritis. Very rarely rheumatoid nodules occur
as rheumatoid nodulosis in the absence of arthritis.

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive
process. This can be a reactive, benign, or pathological state. In response to injury, this is called scarring, and
if fibrosis arises from a single cell line, this is called a fibroma.

Pneumoconiosis is a general term given to any lung disease caused by dusts that are breathed in and then
deposited deep in the lungs causing damage. Pneumoconiosis is usually considered an occupational lung
disease, and includes asbestosis, silicosis

Necrotising pneumonia (NP) refers to a pneumonia characterised by the development of the necrosis
within infected lung tissue. While the term has sometimes been used synonymously with a
cavitating pneumonia in some publications 2, not all necrotising pulmonary infections may be complicated
by cavitation.

Lemierre’s syndrome is a condition characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and
bacteremia caused by primarily anaerobic organisms, following a recent oropharyngeal infection. This has
been an uncommon illness in the era of antibiotic therapy, though it has been reported with increasing
frequency in the past 15 years. Lemierre’s syndrome should be suspected in young healthy patients with
prolonged symptoms of pharyngitis followed by symptoms of septicemia or pneumonia, or an atypical lateral
neck pain. Diagnosis is often confirmed by identification of thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and
growth of anaerobic bacteria on blood culture. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy occasionally
combined with anticoagulation.
Lemierre's syndrome, bacteria invade the lymph nodes in the neck, and blood clots form in the large veins
of the neck (called the jugular veins).
Often a complication of head or neck infections, Lemierre’s syndrome is also known as jugular vein
suppurative thrombophlebitis (referring to a clot, inflammation, and pus in the jugular veins).
Infected blood clots from the jugular veins can travel through the bloodstream and cause pockets of infection
(abscesses) in other areas, such as the lungs, joints, liver, and kidneys.
While still very rare — striking only about one person in a million — Lemierre's syndrome has recently been
on the rise.
Before antibiotics were available, Lemierre's syndrome was fatal in about 90 percent of people who
developed it.

Risk Factors
Although Lemierre's syndrome can develop in people of any age, it usually strikes young children,
adolescents, and younger adults.
Lemierre's syndrome tends to occur toward the end of winter or in early spring.

Lemierre's Syndrome Symptoms

Most cases of Lemierre's syndrome start out as a typical throat infection with a sore throat.
In some cases, the first illness is a dental, ear, or sinus infection.
Within four to five days, the symptoms progress to include:

 Fever and chills

 One-sided neck pain and swelling
 Trouble swallowing
 Chest pain
 Cough
 Shortness of breath
 Coughing up blood
 Joint pain
 Night sweats
 Yellowish eyes and skin (jaundice)

Severe or untreated Lemierre's syndrome can cause:

 Collections of pus between the lungs and chest wall

 Infected abscesses in the lungs
 Infected joints
 Bone infections
 Kidney failure
 Liver failure
 Abscesses in the spleen
 Pockets of infection in the muscle and skin
 Meningitis
 Brain abscesses

Diagnosis
Lemierre's syndrome is diagnosed through blood tests that identify the bacteria causing the observed
symptoms.
CT scans and ultrasound imaging are also often used to detect blood clots in the jugular veins of the neck.

Lemierre's Syndrome Treatment

Lemierre's syndrome is treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria that are causing the illness.
Antibiotics are usually given intravenously (by IV). The antibiotics must be delivered for longer than is usual
for a lesser infection — typically for two to six weeks.
In some cases, medications called blood thinners may also be given to stop more blood clots from forming.
In severe cases of Lemierre's syndrome, surgery may be needed to drain pus from abscesses in the throat,
neck, or other organs.
In rare and severe cases, surgery may also be performed to remove the infected blood clots from the jugular
veins, or to tie off the jugular veins to prevent blood clots that carry the bacteria from traveling to other parts
of the body.