Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Load, W: 4.9N
Moment Arm Distance: 50 mm
Length of beam: 400mm
Table 1: Result for Experiment 1(Fixed Beam)
Load, W: 4.9 N
Fixed Beam
𝑾𝒃𝟐
𝑽𝑨 = (𝑳 + 𝟐𝒂)
𝑳𝟑
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.04𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 4.7628𝑁
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.08𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 4.3904𝑁
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.12𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 3.8416𝑁
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.16𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 3.1752𝑁
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.20𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 2.4500𝑁
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.24𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 1.7248𝑁
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.28𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 1.0584𝑁
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.32𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 0.5096𝑁
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.36𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 0.1372𝑁
𝑾𝒂𝟐
𝑽𝑩 = (𝑳 + 𝟐𝒃)
𝑳𝟑
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.36𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 0.1372𝑁
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.32𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 0.5096𝑁
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.28𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 1.0584𝑁
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.24𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 1.7248𝑁
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.2𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 2.4500𝑁
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.16𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 3.1752𝑁
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.12𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 3.8416𝑁
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.08𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 4.3904𝑁
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.04𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 4.7628𝑁
Moment (N.m):
𝑾𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝑴𝑨 =
𝑳𝟐
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.15876𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.25082𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.28812N.m
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.28224N.m
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚)(0.2𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.24500𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.18816𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.12348𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.06272𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.01764𝑁. 𝑚
Propped cantilever
Load, W: 4.9 N
Moment (N.m):
𝑾𝒂𝒃
𝑴= (𝑳 + 𝒃)
𝟐𝑳𝟐
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)(0.36𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.36𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.16758𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)(0.32𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.32𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.28224𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)(0.28𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.28𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.34986𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)(0.24𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.24𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.37632𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚)(0.20𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.20𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.36750𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)(0.16𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.16𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.32928𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)(0.12𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.12𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.26754𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)(0.08𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.08𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.18816𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)(0.04𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.04𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2
𝑴 = 0.09702𝑁. 𝑚
𝑾𝒃 𝑴
𝑽𝑨 = +
𝑳 𝑳
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚) (0.16758𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.82895𝑁
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚) (0.28224𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.62560𝑁
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚) (0.34986𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.30465𝑁
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚) (0.37632𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 3.88080𝑁
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚) (0.36750𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 3.36875𝑁
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚) (0.32928𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 2.78320𝑁
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚) (0.26754𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 2.13885𝑁
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚) (0.18816𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 1.45040𝑁
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚) (0.09702𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 0.73256𝑁
𝑾𝒂 𝑴
𝑽𝑩 = −
𝑳 𝑳
Distance: 40mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚) (0.16758𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.07105𝑁
Distance: 80mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚) (0.28224𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.27440𝑁
Distance: 120mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚) (0.34986𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.59535𝑁
Distance: 160mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚) (0.37632𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 1.01920𝑁
Distance: 200mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚) (0.36750𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 1.53125𝑁
Distance: 240mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚) (0.32928𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 2.11680𝑁
Distance: 280mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚) (0.26754𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 2.76115𝑁
Distance: 320mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚) (0.18816𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 3.44960𝑁
Distance: 360mm
(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚) (0.09702𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 4.16745𝑁
Moment arm
Force/N
6
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)
MA/Nm
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
Experiment MA (Nm)
0.15
Theory MA (Nm)
0.1
0.05
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)
3 Experiment RB (N)
2 Theory RB (N)
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)
Moment arm
Force/N
8
7
6
5 Experiment Moment arm
4 Force (N)
0.1
0.05
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)
RB/N
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Experiment RB (N)
2
1.5 Theory RB (N)
1
0.5
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)
ii. Are the equations that describe the support reactions derived from static
equilibrium? If not why? Find a method to derive the equations from the beam.
Yes. The equation is derived based on dynamic principle of the beam because the
numbers of reactions exceed the number of equilibrium equation. This is known as
statically indeterminate.
iii. Give Advantages and Disadvantages for using a fixed beam or a propped cantilever
for a simple bridge
a) Advantages and disadvantages for using a fixed beam for a simple bridge are:
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduce the sagging moment in the beam Cause the moment at the top of the
and also reducing the deflection. support. It will need some reinforcing in
the top of the beam.
Helpful for short spans. The concrete is used for the bridge. The
concrete is weak when the tensile force is
act. The expensive steel is used to support
the force. Thus, increase the cost.
Long bridge is covered by placing the The bridge is likely to droop between the
beams on piers. piers. The sagging tendency is increased
when the bridge span or load is increased.
b) Advantages and disadvantages for using a propped cantilever for a simple bridge are:
Advantages Disadvantages
The span of the bridge can be greater It maintains the shape by the opposition
because the beam can be added to the of large tensile and compressive forces.
cantilever arms.
iv. If it is needed to draw load versus MA and RB, explain how the experiment
procedure will be changed and explain how to obtain critical load from the graph.
If the graph is replaced by load versus MA we will get a circle shaped graph because the
load is constant at 4.9N. If the graph is replaced by load versus RB, then we will get
maximum graph shape because due to value of load which is constant but the value of RB
is slightly increased from the start.
v. Precaution
a) Switch on the digital indicator and warm it up for at least 10 minutes. This can
increase the accuracy of the digital indicator during calculate the reading.
b) Make sure the reading is always zero before start the experiment. This is to ensure
that there is no error in the readings.
c) Make sure the eyes is parallel to the scale when move the load to avoid the parallax
error. This is because the load must exactly at the correct position to get the accurate
reading.
d) Do not touches the structures during the digital indicator calculate the data to avoid
error in reading. A slightly touch or movement on the structure can disturb the
reading because the digital indicator is very sensitive.
e) Turn off the fan off air conditioner to avoid the hanger become shaking. This is
because the hanger shaking when has wind.
f) Repeat the experiment to obtained accurate values. Take the average reading form all
the experiment because the average reading is more accurate.
Conclusion
1. As a conclusion, the experiment was successful be done for fixed beam and propped
cantilever. We found that the forces were very important to known before we wanted to
design the bridge because we must know all the forces that will react on the bridge.
2. We have achieved the objective for this experiment where the fix moment value for the
fixed and propped cantilever beam is determined.
3. From this experiment, we have determined the relationship between the theoretical and
experimental value for both experiment.
4. The digital indicator is very sensitive because a slightly touch on the structure can cause
the reading become not accurate. So, do not touch or place an objects near the structure.
5. The experiment is very important to the industry because for the experiment we can
produce a stronger bridge to support heavy load for the future. It can also to lower the
cost for the bridge construction.
Appendix
References
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantage_of_fixed_beam
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/structural-engineering/65074-characteristics-of-beam-
bridges/
http://dtzone.com/systems/br_cantilever.htm