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Results

Load, W: 4.9N
Moment Arm Distance: 50 mm
Length of beam: 400mm
Table 1: Result for Experiment 1(Fixed Beam)

Distance Experiment Theory Experiment Theory Experiment Theory


A (mm) Moment arm Moment MA (Nm) MA (Nm) RB (N) RB (N)
Force (N) arm Force
(N)
40 3.0 4.7628 0.150 0.15876 0.1 0.1372
80 4.7 4.3904 0.235 0.25088 0.4 0.5096
120 5.6 3.8416 0.280 0.28812 1.0 1.0584
160 5.5 3.1752 0.275 0.28224 1.7 1.7248
200 5.2 2.4500 0.260 0.24500 2.4 2.4500
240 4.1 1.7248 0.205 0.18816 3.1 3.1752
280 2.6 1.0584 0.130 0.12348 3.7 3.8416
320 1.8 0.5096 0.090 0.06272 4.2 4.3904
360 0.7 0.1372 0.035 0.01764 4.6 4.7628

Table 2: Result for Experiment 2(Propped Cantilever Beam)

Distance Experiment Theory Experiment Theory Experiment Theory


A (mm) Moment arm Moment MA (Nm) MA (Nm) RB (N) RB (N)
Force (N) arm Force
(N)
40 3.3 4.82895 0.165 0.16758 0.1 0.07105
80 5.3 4.62560 0.265 0.28224 0.3 0.27440
120 6.9 4.30465 0.345 0.34986 0.7 0.59535
160 7.1 3.88080 0.355 0.37632 1.1 1.01920
200 6.9 3.36875 0.345 0.36750 1.6 1.53125
240 6.2 2.78320 0.310 0.32928 2.2 2.11680
280 5.1 2.13885 0.255 0.26754 2.9 2.76115
320 3.7 1.45040 0.185 0.18816 3.5 3.44960
360 2.0 0.73255 0.100 0.09702 4.2 4.16745
Calculation

Load, W: 4.9 N

Moment Arm Distance: 50 mm

Length of beam: 400mm

Fixed Beam

Force (N) from A:

𝑾𝒃𝟐
𝑽𝑨 = (𝑳 + 𝟐𝒂)
𝑳𝟑

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.04𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 4.7628𝑁

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.08𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 4.3904𝑁

Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.12𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 3.8416𝑁
Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.16𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 3.1752𝑁

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.20𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 2.4500𝑁

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.24𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 1.7248𝑁

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.28𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 1.0584𝑁

Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.32𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 0.5096𝑁
Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑽𝑨 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.36𝑚)
0.43
𝑽𝑨 = 0.1372𝑁

Force (N) from B:

𝑾𝒂𝟐
𝑽𝑩 = (𝑳 + 𝟐𝒃)
𝑳𝟑

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.36𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 0.1372𝑁

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.32𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 0.5096𝑁

Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.28𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 1.0584𝑁
Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.24𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 1.7248𝑁

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.2𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 2.4500𝑁

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.16𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 3.1752𝑁

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.12𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 3.8416𝑁

Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.08𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 4.3904𝑁
Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑽𝑩 = (0.4𝑚 + 2(0.04𝑚))
0.43
𝑽𝑩 = 4.7628𝑁

Moment (N.m):

𝑾𝒂𝒃𝟐
𝑴𝑨 =
𝑳𝟐

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)(0.36𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.15876𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)(0.32𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.25082𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)(0.28𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.28812N.m
Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)(0.24𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.28224N.m

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚)(0.2𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.24500𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)(0.16𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.18816𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)(0.12𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.12348𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)(0.08𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.06272𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)(0.04𝑚)2
𝑴𝑨 =
0.42
𝑴𝑨 = 0.01764𝑁. 𝑚

Propped cantilever

Load, W: 4.9 N

Moment Arm Distance: 50 mm

Length of beam: 400mm

Moment (N.m):

𝑾𝒂𝒃
𝑴= (𝑳 + 𝒃)
𝟐𝑳𝟐

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚)(0.36𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.36𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.16758𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚)(0.32𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.32𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.28224𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚)(0.28𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.28𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.34986𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚)(0.24𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.24𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.37632𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚)(0.20𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.20𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.36750𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚)(0.16𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.16𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.32928𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚)(0.12𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.12𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.26754𝑁. 𝑚
Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚)(0.08𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.08𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.18816𝑁. 𝑚

Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚)(0.04𝑚)
𝑴= (0.4𝑚 + 0.04𝑚)
2(0.4𝑚)2

𝑴 = 0.09702𝑁. 𝑚

Force (N) from A:

𝑾𝒃 𝑴
𝑽𝑨 = +
𝑳 𝑳

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚) (0.16758𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.82895𝑁

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚) (0.28224𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.62560𝑁

Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚) (0.34986𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 4.30465𝑁

Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚) (0.37632𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 3.88080𝑁

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.2𝑚) (0.36750𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 3.36875𝑁

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚) (0.32928𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 2.78320𝑁

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚) (0.26754𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 2.13885𝑁

Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚) (0.18816𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 1.45040𝑁
Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚) (0.09702𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑨 = +
0.4𝑚 0.4𝑚
𝑽𝑨 = 0.73256𝑁

Force (N) from B:

𝑾𝒂 𝑴
𝑽𝑩 = −
𝑳 𝑳

Distance: 40mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.04𝑚) (0.16758𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.07105𝑁

Distance: 80mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.08𝑚) (0.28224𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.27440𝑁

Distance: 120mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.12𝑚) (0.34986𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 0.59535𝑁

Distance: 160mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.16𝑚) (0.37632𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 1.01920𝑁

Distance: 200mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.20𝑚) (0.36750𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 1.53125𝑁

Distance: 240mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.24𝑚) (0.32928𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 2.11680𝑁

Distance: 280mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.28𝑚) (0.26754𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 2.76115𝑁

Distance: 320mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.32𝑚) (0.18816𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 3.44960𝑁

Distance: 360mm

(4.9𝑁)(0.36𝑚) (0.09702𝑁. 𝑚)
𝑽𝑩 = −
0.04𝑚 0.04𝑚
𝑽𝑩 = 4.16745𝑁
Moment arm
Force/N
6

4 Experiment Moment arm


Force (N)
3
Theory Moment arm Force
2 (N)

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)

Graph 1: Moment arm Force versus distance for Experiment 1

MA/Nm
0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
Experiment MA (Nm)
0.15
Theory MA (Nm)
0.1

0.05

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)

Graph 2: MA versus distance for Experiment 1


RB/N
6

3 Experiment RB (N)

2 Theory RB (N)

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)

Graph 3: RB versus distance for Experiment 1

Moment arm
Force/N
8
7
6
5 Experiment Moment arm
4 Force (N)

3 Theory Moment arm


Force (N)
2
1
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (10-3)

Graph 4: Moment arm Force versus distance for Experiment 2


MA/Nm
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2 Experiment MA (Nm)
0.15 Theory MA (Nm)

0.1
0.05
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)

Graph 5: MA versus distance for Experiment 2

RB/N
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Experiment RB (N)
2
1.5 Theory RB (N)

1
0.5
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Distance/m (x10-3)

Graph 6: RB versus distance for Experiment 2


Discussion

i. Comment on the accuracy of result


a) There are two experiment involved which is fixed beam and propped cantilever beam.
From the graph, the experimental and theoretical value is slightly difference in both
experiments except for Moment arm Force versus distance.
b) From the graph 1 for experiment 1, the experimental value is deviate heavily from the
theoretical value where it increasing and then decreasing while the theoretical values is
decreasing steadily.
c) We evaluate that the experimental value is larger than theoretical value.
d) There are several errors that occur during the experiment which may cause the result
become less accurate. The errors are:
Errors Explanation
The hanger was shaking. This can disturb the reading of digital
indicator.
Parallax error. The eyes were not parallel to the scale
when the load was moved. This can cause
the load not exactly at the correct place.
Digital indicator fault. The digital indicator may wrong in
calculate the reading.
The screw at fixed end is too tight. When the load is apply, the beam is deviate
too small cause the reading error.

ii. Are the equations that describe the support reactions derived from static
equilibrium? If not why? Find a method to derive the equations from the beam.
Yes. The equation is derived based on dynamic principle of the beam because the
numbers of reactions exceed the number of equilibrium equation. This is known as
statically indeterminate.
iii. Give Advantages and Disadvantages for using a fixed beam or a propped cantilever
for a simple bridge
a) Advantages and disadvantages for using a fixed beam for a simple bridge are:
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduce the sagging moment in the beam Cause the moment at the top of the
and also reducing the deflection. support. It will need some reinforcing in
the top of the beam.
Helpful for short spans. The concrete is used for the bridge. The
concrete is weak when the tensile force is
act. The expensive steel is used to support
the force. Thus, increase the cost.
Long bridge is covered by placing the The bridge is likely to droop between the
beams on piers. piers. The sagging tendency is increased
when the bridge span or load is increased.

b) Advantages and disadvantages for using a propped cantilever for a simple bridge are:
Advantages Disadvantages
The span of the bridge can be greater It maintains the shape by the opposition
because the beam can be added to the of large tensile and compressive forces.
cantilever arms.

iv. If it is needed to draw load versus MA and RB, explain how the experiment
procedure will be changed and explain how to obtain critical load from the graph.
If the graph is replaced by load versus MA we will get a circle shaped graph because the
load is constant at 4.9N. If the graph is replaced by load versus RB, then we will get
maximum graph shape because due to value of load which is constant but the value of RB
is slightly increased from the start.

v. Precaution
a) Switch on the digital indicator and warm it up for at least 10 minutes. This can
increase the accuracy of the digital indicator during calculate the reading.
b) Make sure the reading is always zero before start the experiment. This is to ensure
that there is no error in the readings.
c) Make sure the eyes is parallel to the scale when move the load to avoid the parallax
error. This is because the load must exactly at the correct position to get the accurate
reading.
d) Do not touches the structures during the digital indicator calculate the data to avoid
error in reading. A slightly touch or movement on the structure can disturb the
reading because the digital indicator is very sensitive.
e) Turn off the fan off air conditioner to avoid the hanger become shaking. This is
because the hanger shaking when has wind.
f) Repeat the experiment to obtained accurate values. Take the average reading form all
the experiment because the average reading is more accurate.

Conclusion

1. As a conclusion, the experiment was successful be done for fixed beam and propped
cantilever. We found that the forces were very important to known before we wanted to
design the bridge because we must know all the forces that will react on the bridge.
2. We have achieved the objective for this experiment where the fix moment value for the
fixed and propped cantilever beam is determined.
3. From this experiment, we have determined the relationship between the theoretical and
experimental value for both experiment.
4. The digital indicator is very sensitive because a slightly touch on the structure can cause
the reading become not accurate. So, do not touch or place an objects near the structure.
5. The experiment is very important to the industry because for the experiment we can
produce a stronger bridge to support heavy load for the future. It can also to lower the
cost for the bridge construction.

Appendix
References

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantage_of_fixed_beam

http://www.brighthubengineering.com/structural-engineering/65074-characteristics-of-beam-
bridges/

http://dtzone.com/systems/br_cantilever.htm

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