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    Form 4 Chemistry Chapter 4 Experiment

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    Form 4 Chemistry Chapter 4 Experiment

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    F4 Che C4 Exp

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    Vulcan Chong
    Form 4 Chemistry Chapter 4 Experiment

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    Variables: | Procedure: (@) Mantpulated variable : (b) Responding variable : Reactivity of alkali metals (©) Controlled variables : Water, size of alkali metals, Operational definition: An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously and rapidly ‘Materials: Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium, distilled water, red litmus paper and filter paper. Apparatus: Water troughs, small knife and forceps. 6 1. A small piece of lithium i cut out using a knife Chemistry SPM. Chaptor 4 Periodfo Table of Elements ‘Ain: To investigate the chemical properties of Group 1 metals in thelr reactions with water and oxygen. Problem statement: How do Group 1 metals react with water and oxygen? 2A! Reactions of allealé metals with water ‘Hypothesis: , When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in thelr reactions with water. ifferent types of alkali metals ‘water is a more reactive metal, ‘The practical ow on fe ace ay cede oF © Do not touch the extremely reactive alkali metals potassium with water must be demonstrated. by ‘with your bare hands 5 + “Always wear safety goggles and gloves, the teacher only because these reactions are very . “vigorous andy explode. Lain LA) 2 is removed by rolling it on a piece of filter 3 jum is then placed slowly onto the water surface in a water trough with the help of forceps, as shown in Figure 4.4. “ta Reacton oh alia 4, All changes that occur are recorded. wah water 5. When the reaction stops, the solution formed is tested with a piece of red litmus paper. 6. Steps.1 to 5 are repeated using sodium and potassium respectively to replace lithium. Observations: Table 5.10 Alkali metal ee Observation Lithium Lithium roves slowly onthe water surface with a soft ‘hiss sound. A colourles solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed. Sodium Sodium melts to become a small sphere, moves rapidly and randomly on the water surface ‘with a ‘hiss’ sound. A colourless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed. Potassium Potassium melts to becomie’a smiall sphere, bums with a lilac flame, roves very rapidly and : randomly on the water surface with ‘hiss’ and ‘pop’ sounds. A colourless solution that turns : red litmus paper blue is formed. Discussion: . i 1. The alkali metals fizz and push around on the water surface like a hovercraft. Ths is due to the liberation of hydrogen gas as they react with water. 2.. Lithium, sodium and potassium react with water to produce a colourless gas hissing’ sound) and an alkaline solution (metal hydroxide) that turns red litmus paper blue. Hence, lithium, sodium and potassium exhibit fj similar chemical properties. 3. The observations also show that the react lithium —> sodium ~» potassium. y of the alkali metals in their reactions with water increases from Chemistry SPM. Chapter 4 Perocto Tabo of Elements 4, Alkali metals react with water to produce a metal hydroxide solution (an alkaline solution) and hydrogen gas. Quis) 2H.O) 2110H(aq) + He Lithium ‘Water Lithium hydroxide Hydrogen 2Na)° #2H,O() > 2NaOHiag) = + Halg) Sodium Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen 2K) 2H) 2KOH(aq) + Fhe) ¥ Potassium, ‘Water: Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen Reactivity increase’ | SB) Reactions of alkali metals with oxygen Hypothe Variables: (@) Manipulated variable : Different types of alkali metals (b) Responding variable : Reactivity of alkali metals (©) Controlled variables : Oxygen gas, size of alkali metals When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in theit reactions with oxygen. | Operational definition: An alkali metal that bums more rapidly and vigorously in oxygen gas is a more reactive metal. | Materials: Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium, filter paper, red litmus paper and three gas jars filed i with oxygen gas. | Apparatus: Forceps, gas jar spoon, small knife and Bunsen burner. Procedure: © 1. Asmall piece of lithium is cut out using a knife, ‘Gas jas spoon 2, The oil on the surface of lithium is removed by rolling iton a piece of filter paper. Gas Jr cover | 3. The lithium is then heated in a gas jar spoon until it starts to burn. | as jor | 4. The gas jar spoon with the burning lithium is then quickly lowered into a gas jar: : filled with oxygen gas; as shown in Figure 4.5, yj Oxygen | 5. The changes that occur are recorded, }.—Alkall meatal | 6. When the reaction stops, 10 cm? of distilled water is poured into the: gas jar'and | shaken well. 4 : i i i i 4.5 Reaction of aka 7. The solution formed is then tested with a piece of red litmus paper, en ane |B. “Steps 1 t07 are repeated using sodium and potassium respectively to replace lithium. Lithium burs slowly with a red flame and Iberates white furnes which become a white solid ‘on cooling fo room temperature. The white solid dissolves in water to produce a colourless solution, This solution turns red litmus paper blue: ‘Sodium burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid on cooling to room temperature, The white solid dissolves In water to produce a colourless solution, This solution turns red fitmus paper blue, a lilac flame and liberates white fumes which] | + |sodium a | Potassium, Potassium burns very rapidly and brightly wit ; become a white solid ‘on cooling to room temperature. The white solid dissolves in water to| ; produce a colourless solution. This solution tums red litmus paper blue. | Discussio | 1. Lithium; sodium and potassium burn in oxygen gas respectively to produce white fumes which then become a white solid (metal oxide). The white solid dissolves in water fo form an alkaline solution (metal hydroxide), Hence, it can be inferred that these alkali metals exhibit similar chemical properties. 2._ From the brightness of the flame and the’speed of burning, itcan be inferred that the reactivity ofthe alkali rmetals'in their reactions with oxygen gas inereases from lithium ~> sodium — potassium. ‘Chemistry SPM Chaptor 4 Parodie Table of Elemonis All the alkali metals react with oxygen gas when heated to produce white solid metal oxicles. Lis) + Ong) — 2Li,0(s} i Lithiuen ‘Oxygen Lithium oxide L 4Nals) + Oxg) —_ 2Na,O%s) i Sodium ‘Oxygen Sodium oxide t 4K(s) + Ong) — 2K;O1s) i Potassium ‘Oxygen Potassium oxide Reactivity increases | 4. The white solid metal oxides formed dissolve in water to produce metal hydroxide solutions which are alkaline, Li,0(s) + H,01I) -_ 2LiOH(aq) i Lithium oxide Water Lithium hydroxide © Na, + HO) 2NaOHtaq) . i Sodium oxide Water Sodium hydroxide K,Ofs) + H,0() _ 2KOH(aq) t Potassium oxide Water Potassium hydroxide i | Conclusion: |The alkali metas exhibit similar chemical properties in their reactions with water or oxygen gas. The reactivity of ala metas nereates down Group |. Hence the hypothesis propoted canbe accepted, Experiment | Aim: To investigate the chemical properties of Group 1 metals in their réactions with chlorine and bromine, | Problem statement: How do Group 1 metals react with chlorine and bromine? | Hypothesis: When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reactions with chi i bromine. " Variables: (@) Manipulated variable: Different types of alkali metals + (b) Responding variable : Reactivity of alkali metals, | (©. Controlled variables. : Chlorine and bromine, size of alkali metals | Operational definition: An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously and rapidly with chlorine or bromine gas is a i more reactive metal. | Materials: Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium, filter paper, three gas jars filled with chlorine gas and three gas jars filled with bromine vapour. | Apparatus: Bunsen burner, forceps, gas jar spoon and small knife. | | Procedure: _ 1. Assmall piece of lithium is cut out using a knife. | 2, The oil on the surface of lithium is removed by rolling it on a piece of filter paper. | 3. The lithium is then heated in-a gas jar spoon until it starts to burn. The gas jar spoon with the burning lithium is then quickly lowered into a gas jar filled with chlorine gas, as shown in Figure 4.6, ‘The changes that occur aré recorded. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated. using sodium and potassium respectively. to: replace lithium. ‘Gas jar spoon, Gas jar cover Gas jar Figure: 4.6 Reaction of alah ‘metals with chlorine gas Observations: Chemistry SPM Chapters Period Tale of coments SS 7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using bromine vapour to replace chlorine gas. Table 4.20 _ Ghlorine gas ‘Observation Bromine vapour Lithium ’ Lithium burs slowly with a red flame and liberates white fumes which become a white sofid at the end of the reaction. Lithium burns slowly with a red flame and liberates white fumes which becomea white solid at the end of the reaction. The reddish-brown bromine vapour is decolourised. [Sodium [Sodium burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and liberates white fumes /which become a white solid at the end of| the reaction. Potassium burns very rapidly and brightly | ‘with a lilac flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction, Potassium Potassium burns very rapidly and brightly with a Sodium burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction. The reddish-brown bromine vapour is decolourised, c flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction. The reddish-brown bromine vapour is decolourised, Discussion: 2, From the brightness of the flame and the speed of Conclusion: The alkali metals exhibit similar chemical properties i reactivity of alkali metals increases down Group 1. He 7. To predict the propetties of rubidium, caesium and franchum (a) Rubidium, caesium and franciuim afe placed below potassium in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. 5 (b) Hence, rubidium, caesium ‘and’ francium are expected to react’ with water, oxygen, chlorine or bromine in a similar way as potassium but these reactions are more ‘vigorous (more reactive) than potassium. 1. Lithium, sodium and potassium exhibit similar chemical properties in their reactions with chlorine gas or bromine vapour. This is because all these alkali metals have one valence electron. ‘burning, it can be inferred that the reaetivity of alkali metals in their reactions with chlorine or bromine increases from lithium — sodium —> potassium. 3. All alkali-metals react with chlorine gas when heated to produce white solid metal chlorides. 2Li(s) + Chie) _ 2LICKs) Lithium Chlorine Lithium chloride 2Nals) + Che) — 2NaCis) Sodium. Chlorine Sodium chloride 2Kis) + ch@ _ 2KClis) Potassium Chlorine Potassium chloride Reactivity increases All alkali metals react with bromine vapour when heated to produce white solid metal bromides. 2Li68) + Brig) _ 2LiBK(5) Aithiur Bromine Lithium bromide 2Na) + Brig) _ 2NaBris) Sodium Bromine Sodium bromide 2K(s) + Brg) — 2KBr(s) Potassium Bromine Potassium bromide Reactivity increases in their reactions with chlorine gas or bromine vapour. The nce, the hypothesis proposed can be accepted (©) For example: 2Rb{s) + 2H,O(l) - 2RbOH(aq) + H,{g) Rubidium == Water Rubidium Hydrogen bydroxide 4Cs(8) + OG) > —_2C8,0(8) Cacsium Oxygen Caesiim oxide 2s) + Chi)» 28rCi(s) Francium ‘Chlorine Francium chloride 2Cs(s) + Brig) > 2CsBrs) Caesium Bromine Caesium bromide Le Chemistry SFM Cheptors Perc Tale of ements Examiner's Tips 7 Electron arrangement of atom R= 2.7 Electron arrangement of atom T= 2.8.7 Both these elements have 7 valence electrons (I is not true). Hence, both these elements are from Group 17 of the Periodic Table and exist as diatomic molecules (II 4s true). The seactivity of Group 17 elements decreases down the group. Hence, element R is more reactive than element 7 (| is true). Element is placed in Period 2 because it has two shells occupied with electrons. Element T is placed in Period 3 because it has 3 shells occupied with electrons (Vis not true) Answer: B 4, As oxidising agents (a) Oxidising agents are good electron acceptors in chemical reactions. (b) Halogens are geod oxidising agents because the atoms of each halogen can easily accept one electeon to achievea stable octet electron arrangement. (© (i) The steength: of ‘the ‘halogens as oxidising agents decreases when going down Group 17. Weaker ED aire aen Gi) This is because the strength of the nucleus of a halogen atom fo attract Experiment 5. one more electron into the valence shell (outermost shell) decreases when going down the group. Blectronegativity (a) Halogens are very electronegati (b) However, the electronegativity of the halogens decreases when going down Group 1. Less RED aroncgaie (©) “This can be explained as below: (i) ‘The atomic size of halogens increases from fluorine to astatine (ii) ‘The outermost occupied shell (valence shell) becomes furthex sway from the nucleus and is screened by more inner shells containing electrons. (iii) This causes a decrease in the effective nuclear charge. So, the strength to pull the electrons in a molecule towards its nucleus decreases whén going down the group, . (iv) Hence, the electronegativity decreases from fluorine to astatine Group 17 elements exhibit: similar chesnical properties in their reactions with (a) water to produce two types of acids, {(b) iron to produce iron(Ifl) halides, (©) sodium hydroxide solution to produce two types of Sodium salts and water, ‘Aim: To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements, | Problem statement: How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide solution? | GS) Reactions of halogens with water ) Hypothesis: Halogens forin acidic solutions and also show bleaching properties when they react with water. i We Hes: | @) Manipulated variable: Types of halogens i (b) Responding variable : Changes in the colour of the tue litmus paper (6) Controlled variable. Water ‘Operational definition: : 1. When the blue litmus paper turns red, the solution formed exhibits acidic property. 2. When the blue litmus paper tums white, the solution formed exhibits bleaching property. M1 Bromine with water Observati Chemistry SPM Chaptor4 Periodic Tab of Eemene SS) Materials: Chlorine gas (produced by mixing potassium manganate(Vll) crystals with concentrated hydrochloric acid), liquid bromine, solid iodine, distilled water and blue litmus paper, Apparatus: Test tubes, dropper, test tube holders, rubber stoppers and delivery tubes. | Chlorine with water 1. A few pieces of potassium manganate(Vil) crystals are placed in a test tube. 2. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added just enough’ to cover the potassium manganate(VIl) crystals. 3. The liberated chlorine gas is then passed through 5 cm? of distilled water in another test tube, as shown in Figure 4:7. 4, The colour of the solution formed is recorded. 5. The solution formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper 6. All the changes are recorded. Figure 4.7 Reaction of chlorine with water 1, Two drops of liquid bromine are added into a test tube containing 5 cm? of distilled water and shaken well, as shown in Figure 4. 2. The colour of the solution formed is recorded. 3.) The solution formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper. 4. All the changes are recorded. bromine with water IM Iodine with water 1. Asmall piece of solid iodine is added into atest tube containing 5 cm’ of distilled water, 2, The test tube is closed with a rubber stopper and shaken strongly, as shown in Figure 49, 3. The colour of the solution formed is recorded. 4... The solation formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper. 5. All the changes are recorded. Figure 4.9 Reaction of © ‘odine with water Chlorine | The greenish-yellow gas dissolves rapidly in water to produce a pale yellow solution. This solution turns blue litmus paper red and then white, Bromine. | The reddish-brown liquid dissolves slowly in water to form a yellowish-brown solution. This solution| turns blue litmus paper.red and then white: i lodine | Only avery small amount of the purplish-black crystal dissolves very slowly in water to produce a pale yellow solution, This solution has no effect on blue litmus paper 85 ISS chemistry SPM Chaper 4 Period Table of Elements Discussion: | } : 1. The solubility of halogens in water decreases when going down Group 17. 2. Halogens react with waler to produce acidie solutions, Chg} HO HcKag) + Hoclag) Chlorine Water Hydrochloric acid Hypochlorous acid | (Chloric) actd) Bell) + HOW = HBr(aq) + HOBrag) Bromine Water Hydrobromic acid Hypobromous acid | {Bromic(f) acid) > Lis) + H,0() — Hitaq) + HOW | logine Viater Hydro acid Hypotodous acid odie acid) 3. Chlorine and bromine dissolve readily in water forming acidic solutions which turn blue litmus paper red. ‘The solutions formed are also bleaching agents which then turn the litmus paper white due to the presence of | hypochlorous acid or hypobromous 4. lodine is only very slightly soluble in water. Only very little iodine dissolves in water. The amount of hydrotodic | acid and hypolodous acid in the iodine water Is so little that itis unable to change the colour of blue litmus | paper and does not exhibit bleaching properties. | 5. The chlotine gas used! inthis experiment is prepared by mixing potassium manganae(Vi) crystals with | concentrated hydrochloric acid, The chemical equation for this reaction is: 2KMnO\{s) + 16HCKagq) —> 2KCllaq) + 2MnChlag) + 8H,0U) + 5CLig) BD Reactions of halogens with iron Hypothesis: When a halogen reacts with iron, an ironitll) halide is formed. i i Variables: i (@) Manipulated variable: Types of halogens / (b) Responding variable ; Appearance of a brown solid i (‘Controlled variable: Iron f i ‘Operational definition: The appearance of a brown solid indicates the formation of an iron(ttl) halide. | ‘Maierials: Potassium manganate(Vil) crystals, concentrated hydrochloric acid, liquid bromine, solid iodine, iron ‘wool and soda-lime, Apparaius:. Combustion tubes, delivery tubes, stoppers, boiling tubes, conical flask, retort stand and clamp, ; Bunsen burner and thistle funnel. Procedure: | E Chlorine with iron 1 ue arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure 4.10 set 2 the iron wool is heated strongly until it is red-hot. Concentrated hydrochloric acid-is then poured onto the potassium manganate(Vil) crystals through the thistle funnel until the other end of the thistle funnel is submerged in the concentrated hydrochloric acid. 4, The liberated chlorine gas is passed over the red-hot iron wool in the combustion tube until. no further change ‘occurs. All the changes are recorded. Figure 4.10 Reaction of chlorine wit iron Chemistry SPM Chapler 4 Periodio Table of Elements Bromine with iron Combuston 1. The arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure 4.11 is set up. WR Honywool iy Sedauime 2. The iron wool.is heated strongly until it is red-hot. | et BE 3. The liquid bromine in the boiling tube is warmed to produce bromine ® " Heat | retort vapour. Retort 4, The:bromine vapour is then allowed to pass over the red-hot EL Unset bromine iron woo! until no further change occurs. 5. Allthe changes are recorded Hours 6.41 Rescion of bine wi on Hl todine with iron ‘combustion : tube 1. The arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure 4.12 is set up. ronwsot_ Sode-tme fe 2. The iron woo! is heated strongly in the combustion tube until it is red-hot. 1 - : 3. The iodine crystals are then heated to sublime them and produce Heat Th pet i iodine vapour. Boling ube eto i 4, The liberated iodine vapour is passed over the red-hot iron wool i until'no further change occurs, lesine crystals Hat 5. All the changes are recorded. Observations: Figure 4.12 Reaction of iodine wth ron Table 4.29 rons a [Chlorine The hot iron wool ignites rapidly with a bright flame. A brown solid is formed. Bromine |The hot iron woo! glows moderately bright, moderately fast and less vigorously. A brown solid is formed. lodine _ | The hot iron wool glows dimly and slowly. A brown solid is formed. Discussion: 1. Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with hot iron to produce a brown solid. Hence, chlorine, bromine and iodine exhibit similar chemical properties. 2. The observations also show that the reactivity of the halogens in their reactions with iron decreases from chlorine -» bromine -> iodine. 3. Halogens react with hot iron-to produce iron(ItN) halides (brow salts). 2Fe(s) + 3Ch(g) = 2FeCly(s) i tron Chlorine Aron(ll) chloride | 2Fe(s). + 3Bra(g) = 2FeBrs(s) i Iron Bromine Iron) bromide : 2Fets) + 31g) ae 2Feb(s) I Iron lodine {ron iodide Less reactive 4. Soda lime is used to absorb the excess poisonous chlorine gas, bromine vapour or iodine vapour. This will prevent the poisonous gases from escaping to the surroundings. Note: Soca lime is a solid mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. ©) Reactions of halogens with cold sodium hydroxide solution Hypothesis: When the coloured halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution, they produce water and a colourless solution containing sodium halide arid sodium halatet!) | Chemistry SPM Chapter 4 Periodic Tablo of Sloments Variables: | (a) Manipulated variable: Types of halogens + (b) Responding variable : Formation of a colourless solution from a coloured halogen (©) Controlled variable: Sodium hydroxide solution ition: The formation of a colourless solution indicates that salts of sodium halide, sodium halate(!) and water are formed. Chlorine gas (produced! by mixing potassium mangenate(Vil) crystals with concentrated hydrochloric acid), liquid bromine, solid iodine and 2 mol dmx” sodium hydroxide solution | Apparatus: Test tubes, dropper, test tube holders, rubber stoppers and delivery tubes, rr manganate(Vil) crystals racedure: 1 Chlorine with cold sodium hydroxide solution 1, Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added just enough to cover a few Sogn hvdoxdo pieces of potassium manganate(Vl) crystals in a test tube. Figure 413 Reaction of cHorine with 2, The liberated chlorine gas is bubbled through 2 cm* of cold sodium sodas hydraxide soliton hydroxide solution in another test tube, as shown in Figure 4.13. 3. The test tube is shaken strongly. 4, All the changes are recoided. It Bromine with cold sodium hydroxide solution 1... Two drops of liquid bromine are added to 2 ‘em’ of cold sodium hydroxide solution in a test.tube, as shown in Figure 4.14. 2,. The test tube is closed tightly with a rubber stopper and shaken vigorously Until no further change occuts.: (Sin tyson 3. The changes are recorded. 1, .Asmall piece of iodine crystal is added to 2 cm? of cold sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube. 2._The test tube is closed tightly with a rubber stopper and shaken vigorously nti no further change occurs, Figure 4.15 Reaction of ocine with 3. The changes are recorded, sodhin iytoxiteslaton Observations: “Halogen | Chlorine i Bromine .. | The reddish-brown liquid dissolves. moderately fast: in sodium hydroxide solution to produce a colourless solution. 3 lodine | The purplish-black solid dissolves slowly in sodium fiydroxide ‘solution to produce a colourless, solution, Chemistry SPM Chapter 4 Perode Table of ements SS) | Discussion: 4. The reactivity of halogens in their reactions with cold sodium hydroxide solution decreases from chlorine = bromine -+ iodine (down Group 17), 2, Thehalogens react with cold sodium hydroxide solution to produce water and a colourless solution containing salts of sodium halide and sodium halate(). Cig) + 2NaOH(aq). + NaCllaq) «+ = NaOCllaq) «+ HOM ‘Chlorine. Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate(!) ‘Water Br(l) + 2NaOH{aq) — NaBrlaq) + NaOBrlag) + HOC) Bromine Sodium hydroxide Sodium bromide ‘Sodium bromate(!) ‘Water 14s) + 2NaOH{aq) _ Naliaq) + NaOl(aq) + HOU) lodine ‘Sodium hydroxide ‘Sodium iodide: Sodium iodate(!) Water Less reactive | Note: Sodium chlorato(!), sodium bromate(|) and sodium iodate(l) are also known as sodium hypochlorite, i sodium hypobromite and sodium hypoiodite respectively. ) Conclusion: “The halogens exhibit similar chemical properties in their reactions with water, iron or sodium hydroxide solution, | The reactivity of halogens decreases dawn Group 17. The hypothesis proposed can be accepted, 8. Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements (a) Fluorine is not only poisosious but also a very dangerous reactive gas, whereas astatine is radioactive, Therefore, these two elements are not used in school laboratories. ‘When lodine is dissolved in a solver that does not contain. oxygen” such ‘a3 telrachloromethane (CCL) and trichloromethane: (CHCl), the iodine ‘solution produced Is purple In colour. "7, . To predict the properties of astatine of the Periodic Table. are slower (less reactive) than iodine. (©) For example: At) + H,0() + HAt(ag) + HOAtaq) 3AL(9) + 2Fe(s) > 2FeAt(s) ‘Aty(s) + 2NaOH(aq) > (a) Astatine is placed below iodine in Group 17 (b) Hence, astatine is expected to react with ‘water, iron and sodium hydroxide solution in. the similar way as iodine but these reactions ‘NaAt(aq) + NaOAt(aq) + H.0()) (b) Chlorine gas, bromine gas and iodine vapour are poisonous, (c) Iodine vapour is harmful to the respixatory system of living things including human beings, (d) Hence, chlorine, bromine and iodine should be handled in the correct ways in the laboratories. (c) The following safety precautions must be taken when handling these halogens. (i) Handlethehalogensin afeme chamber. (ii) Wear safety goggles and gloves. “Chemistry, Technology and Society “Polgonous liquid bromine that may’ accidently spit onto our skin of table can be. easlly removed by treating it immediately wth dilute sodium thiosuiphate solution. © Bry + 2Na,S.0, > 2NaBr + NaS,O, “This reaction is only used to deal with’ small. spill of bromine. (se. Chemistry SPM. Chapter 4 Paslode Table of Elemonts (b) Some metals can form oxides with both 3. ‘The properties of the oxides of elements in Period acidic and basic properties. ‘These oxides 3 change from basic to amphoteric properties are known as amphoteric oxides. and then acidic properties when going across (© Non-metals form oxides with acidic the period. properties only. ‘Aim: To investigate the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3. Problem statement: How do the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 change across the period? Hypothesis:' The acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase, whereas basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease when going across Period 3. 5 = = | (@) Manipulated variable: Types of oxides of elements in Period 3 |b) Responding variables: pH! values in water, solubility of the oxides in acid and alkali 1 (@ Controlled variable: Water, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide solution | Operational definition: 41. Oxides that dissolve in water to form solutions with pH values less than 7 are acidic and pH values more than 7 are alkaline. 2. Oxides that dissolve in an acid exhibit basic.propertes.. : 3. Oxides that dissolve ih an alkali exhibit acidic properties. 4. Oxides that dissolve in both acid and alkali exhibit amphoteric properties. Materials: Sodium oxide, Na:O, magnesium oxide, MgO, aluminium oxide, AlO,, silicon(IV) oxide, SiOx, phosphorus pentoxide, P,Or» sulphur dioxide, SO, gas in a covered gas jar, dichlorine heptoxide, (1,02, Universal Indicator, 2 mol din? nitric acid, 2 mol div? sodium hydroxide solution and distilled water. i Apparatus: Boiling tubes, test tubes, 100 cn measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner test tube holder, glass rod and spatula, i Procedure: A) Acidic/basic properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 1. A-small amount of sédium oxide powder is added to 2 cm’ of distilled water in a test tube, The mixture is stirred well with a glass rod until no further change occurs. 2: Two drops of Universal Indicator are then added and shaken well, The pH of the solution is then recorded. 3. Steps 1. to 2 are repeated uising MgO, Al,O,, SiO, P,Q, SO, and Cl,O; to replace sodium oxide, For sulphur dioxide gas, the gas is bubbled through 2 cm? of distilled water in a test tube. i {@8) Amphoteric properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 4. 5.cm? of 2 mol dm nitric'acid and 5 cm? of 2 mol dm? sodium hydroxide solution are placed Ii two. separate boiling tubes respectively. ; 2... Asmall amount of aluminium oxide powder is added to each of the two boiling tubes. a 3. The boiling tubes are warmed and shaken well 3 rg sin 2molem? ‘until no further change occurs. nit ald nie powder sodum 4. Allthe changes are recorded. t ! tysroxe 'B. Steps 1 to 4 are tepeated using magnesium oxide and silicon(lV) oxide respectively to replace aluminium oxide. Heat Heat Figure 4.19 Reaction of oxides of Period 3 elements with acid and alkall ! (93 pee. Chemistry SPM Cheyer 4 Pere Tale of Pomons q Results: “) Acidic/basic properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 Table 427 Observation. 2 “| Oni ane Infere i Oats te With water With Universal Indicator | nee _[NasO | The white powder dissolves in water | pH of the solution formed | The solution formed is a strong i to form a colourless solution. = 13 to 14 alkali. Sodium oxide is a basic: i loxide. Hence, sodium exhibits i _ | metallic properties. _|MgO |The white powder dissolves slightly |pH¥ of the solution formed |The solution formed is a weak alkali i to form a colourless solution, Most. |= 8 to 9 Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide, i of the white powder does not Hence, magnesium exhibits metallic ! dissolve in water. properties, _[ALO, [The white powder does not dissolve {No change (pH = 7) i in water. -_ 7 . _|Si0. [The white powder does not dissolve | No change (pH = 7) i in water. 7. §|PsOw _. | The white powder dissolves to form | pH of the solution formed a colourless solution, =2103 Phosphorus pentoxide is an acidic oxide, Hence, phosphorus exhibits non-metallic properties. | ]50,° [The colourless gas dissolves to form | pH of the solution formed | The solution formed is acidic. i colourless solution, =3 Sulphur dioxide is an acidic oxide, Hence, sulphur exhibits non 3 metallic properties. CLO; «|The fiquid dissolves to form a pH of the solution formed | The solution formed is a strong acid, cotourless solution, =I Dichlorine hieptoxide is an acidic oxide. Hence, chlorine ex! metallic properties.

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