Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Computo

Practice N. 3: “Kirchhoff’s Laws"

Members:

-López Salazar Victor Manuel

- Hernández Rivera Ángel Edmundo

Group: 1CV7

Team: 11

Fundamental Circuit Analysis

Raúl Santillán Luna

Date: 20/03/18
 Index

1. Index…………………………………………………………………………………...2

2. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………2

3. Development: measurements, calculated and simulated………………………3-12

4. Questionaire………………………………………………………………………..13

5. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………....13

Introduction
To the analysis of circuits it has Ohm's law, but not enough to understand their
behavior, so the German Gustav Kirchhoff postulate two laws for circuit analysis,
calls, Kirchhoff's current law that says "the algebraic sum of the currents affecting
a node is zero" and Kirchhoff's voltage law which says that "the algebraic sum of
the voltages around any closed path in a circuit is zero at all times".
Kirchhoff's laws are two equations that are based on energy conservation
and load on electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by
Gustav Kirchhoff They are widely used in electrical engineering.
Both laws circuit can be derived directly from Maxwell's equations, but Kirchhoff
preceded Maxwell and thanks to their work Georg Ohm was widespread. These
laws are widely used in electrical engineering and electronic engineering to find
currents and voltages at any point in an electrical circuit.
 Development
Calculations for the practice

Circuit 1:

V1= 9V V2=5V R1=470Ω R2=330Ω R3=560Ω

-V1-V2+R1+R2+R3=0 -9V- 5V+IT(R1+R2+R3) =0 IT(470Ω+330Ω+560Ω)=14V

(1360Ω)IT=14V IT=14/1360 IT= 0.01029 mA

V0A = 9V VAB = (470Ω) (0.01029 mA) = 4.83 V

VBC = 5V VCD = (330Ω) (0.01029 mA) = 3.39 V
VD0 = (560Ω) (0.01029 mA) = 5.76 V

P0A = (9V) (0.01029mA) = -92.61 mW PAB = (4.83 V)^2 / (470Ω) = 49.63 mW

PBC = (5V) (0.01029mA) = -51.45 mW PCD = (3.39 V)^2 / (330Ω) = 34.82 mW
PD0 = (5.76 V)^2 / (560Ω) = 59.24 mW

Circuit 2:

V1= 9V V2=5V R1=470Ω R2=330Ω R3=560Ω

-V1+VR1+VR2=0 VR3+VR2+V2=0
-V1+I1R1+ (I1-I2)R2=0 I2R3+(I2-I1)R2+V2=0
-9V+I1(470Ω)+(I1-I2)330Ω=0 I2(560Ω)+(I2-I1)330Ω+5V=0
880ΩI1-330ΩI2=9V 890ΩI2-330ΩI1=-5V

(880*890)-(-330*-330)=
783200-108900=
674300=6.743x105 = ∆

(9*890)-(-5*-330)=
8010-1650=6360

I1=6360/6.743x105 =10.5 mA

(-5*890)-(-330*9)=
-4450+2970=-1470

I2=-1470/6.743x105 = 12.3 mA

I1=I2+I3 I3=I1-I2 I3=10.5mA-12.3mA= -1.71mA

VOA = −9V VAB = (470Ω)(10.5 mA) = 4.93V VB0 = (330Ω)(12.3mA) = 4.05V
VBC = (560Ω)(−1.71mA) = .957 V VC0 = −5V

P0A = (−9V)(10.25 mA) = −94.77mW PAB = (4.93V)2 /(470Ω) = 52.11mW

PB0 = (4.05 v)2 /(330Ω) = 50.57mW PBC = (.957V)2 /(560Ω) = 1.63mW
PB0 = (5V)(−1.71 mA) = −8.55mW

DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICE
II. 1. - Verification of the Kirchhoff Law for voltage

To start the practice, we build the circuit shown in figure 1. Subsequently we

proceeded to turn on the voltage sources and set them to their required value

ELEMENT VALUE POWER

VS1 9V
VS2 5V
R1 470 Ω 1/2 watt
R2 330 Ω 1/2 watt
R3 560 Ω 1/2 watt
 A) Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to this circuit, find in a theoretical way
(algebraic analysis), and the corresponding voltage valuesat the marked
points.

I=V/R

I = 14/1360 = 0.01029 mA

-9 + VR1 + VR2 + VR3 - 5V = 0

VR1 + VR2 + VR3 = 14V

IR1+ IR2 +IR3 = 14V

I (R1+R2+R3) = 14V

SUST.

0.01029 mA (470Ω + 330Ω + 560Ω) = 14V

4.8363 + 3.3957 + 5.7624 = 14V

14 = 14

14 – 14 = 0

0 = 0.

VR1 = 4.8363 V

VR2 = 3.3957 V

VR3 = 5.7624 V
 B) Find the resulting current and describe it graphically with its reference
address on the circuit diagram.

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 Vt = V1 + V2

Rt = 470Ω + 330Ω + 560Ω Vt = 9V + 5 V

Rt = 1360 Ω Vt =14V

I = 14V/1360Ω

I = 0.01029 mA

C) Check the validity of these calculations by means of the measurements with

the voltmeter and report their theoretical, experimental and practical values
in table 1.
 D) Check the validity of these calculations by means of the measurements with
the voltmeter and report their theoretical and experimental values in table 1.

E) Apply the statement of the voltage law on the results to your measurements
by performing the algebraic sum of the voltages. Record your results in the
table.

F) Obtain the power in each element of the circuit.

G) Determine the sign of the voltages and powers according to the passive
convention of signs, and through this convention determine which elements
provide power and which absorb.

Absorb
Theoretical Measured Simulated Theoretical Measured Simulated
(A)
Measure value value value power power power
Supplies
(Volts) (volts) (volts) (miliwatt) (miliwatt) (miliwatt)
(S)
V0A -9 V -8.97 V -9 V -92.61 mW -92.61 mW -92.61 mW S
VAB 4.83 V 4.8 V 4.84 V 49.76 mW 49.76 mW 49.81 mW A
VBC -5 V -5.01 V -5 V -51.45 mW -51.45 mW -51.45 mW S
VCD 3.39 V 3.41 V 3.4 V 34.94 mW 34.94 mW 34.97 mW A
VD0 5.76 V 5.77 5.76 V 59.29 mW 59.29 mW 59.34 mW A
∑v = 0V ∑v = 0V ∑v = 0V ∑p = 0W ∑p = 0W ∑p = 0W

Table 1. Theoretical, experimental and simulated voltage values

SIMULATED CIRCUITS TABLE 1.
II. 2. - Checking the current Kirchhoff Law.

After finishing filling the first table with the results obtained, we continued with the
next part of the practice, it was about building another circuit, but this was in
parallel form, we configured the voltage sources and we started the
measurements.

ELEMENT VALUE POWER

VS1 9V
VS2 5V
R1 470 Ω 1/2 watt
R2 330 Ω 1/2 watt
R3 560 Ω 1/2 watt

II.2.1. - In the circuit of figure 2

A) Assign direction of arbitrary regency of currents in each branch of the circuit.

 B) Apply the equation of voltages in both meshes and the equation of currents
in node B.
C) Simulate the circuit with the help of a software tool and allow it to do so and
determine the correct direction in each of the currents and each of the
voltages in the resistors with the proper polarity.

II.2.2.

A) With the ammeter, make the measurements of the three branch and inset
currents in table 2.

Measured Simulated
Theoric
Measurements value value
value (mA)
(mA) (mA)
Current I1
(Branch on the 10.53 mA 10.893 10.5 mA
left)
Current I2
(Branch of the 12.38 mA 12.423 12.3 mA
center)
Current I3
(Branch on the -1.69 mA -1.536 mA -1.71 mA
right)

Table 2. Theoretical, measured and simulated current values.

 SIMULATED CIRCUITS TABLE 2.

B) With the voltmeter, make the measurements of the voltages in the resistances
and write down in table 3.

C) Apply the law of currents, on the currents measured in node "B" and write down
your result in table 2.
D) Obtain the theoretical, measured and calculated powers and write them down in
table 3.

Absorb
Theoretical Measured Simulated Theoretical Measured Simulated
(A)
Measure value value value power power power
Supplies
(Volts) (volts) (volts) (miliwatt) (miliwatt) (miliwatt)
(S)
V0A 9V 8.97 V 9V -94.77 mW -94.77 mW -94.71 mW S
VAB 4.94 V 4.94 V 4.96 V 52.11 mW 52.10 mW 52.27 mW A
VB0 4.08 V 4.03 V 4.04 V 50.57 mW 50.55 mW 49.55 mW A
VBC 0.949 V 0.978 V 0.956 V 1.63 mW 1.60 mW 1.63mW A
VC0 5V 5.01 V 5V -8.55 mW -8.55 mW -8.55 mW S
∑P=0 ∑P=0 ∑P=0

SIMULATED CIRCUITS TABLE 3.

QUESTIONARY

1. Defined to be a node in an electrical circuit.

Is a point of interconnection between two or more branches

2. Define which is an electrical circuit.

Is a set of interconnected elements that allows the flow of electric current

3. Expressed as mathematical Kirchhoff's law for current.

I1 + I2 + I3 = I4 + I5

4. Define a closed path in an electrical circuit.

Is any path taken by the current in an electrical circuit

5. Define a voltage output.

Voltage drop of a conductor to the potential difference between the ends there
of.

Conclusions
Hernández Rivera Ángel Edmundo: In this practice we reinforce the knowledge
about Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's laws with classroom learning and practice, we
can say that are 2 Kirchhoff's laws; Kirchhoff's Tension Law and the Kirchhoff
Current Law; being the algebraic sum of the all voltages is equal to 0 and that the
amount of intensity that enters through a node, is the same amount that leaves by
the same node, without losing or gaining intensity of current. In practice it was
developing both these two laws as Ohms Law is the best known circuits in the area
for easy handling.

López Salazar Victor Manuel: This practice cost me a lot of work to understand,
since you had to use the knowledge of Kirchhoff's laws, but what really hindered
me was the algebraic sum part, it did not give me an idea how to manipulate the
voltages of my elements In order to obtain the desired results in practice, review
the notes given by the teacher in order to understand a bit, at the end of accounts I
obtained the desired results. This type of practice helps me a lot, helps me to
reinforce my knowledge and to demand of myself, provokes that need to know
more and consequently I obtain new knowledge.