Civil Engineering General Ques

Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing andslab system constructed

What is a Waffle slabs? narrow internal beams (strip footings) at one metre nominal centres runni
ground.

A mat foundation, according to the Dictionary of Construction, is a c

What is a mat foundation?
The foundation is shallow and poured over reinforcing mats.

What is a waffle pod

The Waffle Pod Slab System is a better way of building concrete sla
concrete slab?

How thick is the slab of a Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perha
house? layer of gravel lies beneath the slab. A 4-millimeter sheet of plastic lie

Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually supp

What is ribbed floor?
systems known as ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system know

Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel wh

What is the difference
floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure
between raft and footing?
person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each othe

Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a

What is the raft
walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at leas
foundation?
the traditionally used strip or trench footings.

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings

What is a slab of
20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to con
concrete?
paving.

What is meant by Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not di
suspended slab? floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on to

How thick is a concrete A concrete floor should be about 4 inches thick if it is in a residentia
floor? the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floor will have

Poured concrete foundation walls that are less than 8 feet tall and ha
How thick is the
inches thick and function quite well. As soon as you go higher or hav
foundation of a house?
the thickness to 10 inches.

A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does n

What is a flat slab?
supporting concrete columns. For more detailed definition: Flat Slab
 The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizin
What is a flat plate slab? slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either dr
permit longer spans.

What is footing in civil The term footing is used in conjunction with shallow foundations com
engineering? or concrete under the base of a wall or a column for the purpose of d

What is a concrete raft A raft slab is reinforced concrete slab that is strengthened with integ
slab? new houses and extensions, raft slabs in Australia are designed to c

Pad foundations are generally shallow foundations, but can be d

What is a foundation pad? spread foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes
such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed struc

Slab-on-grade foundation. As the name suggests, a slab is a sin

What is a slab foundation? thicker at the edges, to form an integral footing; reinforcing rod
of crushed gravel to improve drainage.

A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the b

What is a frost wall?
basements since most basements are made of nothing more than ce

What is a concrete mud mud slab (plural mud slabs) (construction) A layer of concrete,
slab? above a layer of wet or muddy soil.

What is a slab in civil Concrete slab, a very common and important structural element, are
engineering? component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. The de

The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so
How thick is the concrete
floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or water heater
in a garage floor?
floor is typically 4 inches thick.

How deep does the The projection of the footing on either side of the wall is supposed to
foundations need to be? should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surface of the g

How deep are footers for a As you can see, heavy houses on weak soil need footings 2 feet wid
house? as narrow as 7 or 8 inches. Under an 8-inch-thick wall, that's the sam

What is a floating concrete A concrete floating slab is a slab that is not anchored to the ground
slab foundation? solid foundations for structures as sheds, garages, home additions,

What is a suspended A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid conc

floor? supported timber floor.

What is meant by one way 1) One way slab is supported by beams in only 2 sides. 2) The ratio
slab? than 2. Thus, L/B >= 2. 3) Main reinforcement is provided in only one
What is a coffer slab? A coffer (or coffering) in architecture, is a series of sunken panels in

What is a continuous A strip footing is a type of shallow foundation which is provided for
footing? are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or nearly tou

What is a concrete strip A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that
footing? It is the component of a shallow foundation.

Basement Slab. Basics. The foundation is the part of the structure th

What is a stem wall? the beach are often constructed on pier foundations. There are four p
Monolithic slab and stem wall slab.

What is meant by Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs s

punching shear? at column support points. The failure is due to shear: Piper's Ro

Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph

What is a hollow core
voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a preca
slab?
floors in multi-story apartment buildings.

Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete build

What is lift slab
previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slabup with hydraul
construction?
supports for casting in situ.

Construction of post-tensioned slabs on grade is very similar to usi

What is meant by PT
as indicated by the engineer and chaired to run through the center of
slab?
common.

Flat plate of the abdomen, KUB, plain film of the abdomen. Com
What is a flat plate of the
obstruction or abnormality related to mass, trauma, bleeding, st
abdomen?
bladder, and abdomen.

What is a flat plate A typical flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or plastic co
collector? bottom. The sides and bottom of the collector are usually insulated

What are the foundations A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of a
of a building? loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally co

A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. ... It is at the

What is a foundation in
and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction. It is also called as
engineering?
into two categories.

What is meant by footing Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They
in construction? been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings

What is a spread Spread Footings. Square or rectangular shaped blocks of reinfo

foundation? building. The allowable bearing pressure on the soil determines

Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle sl
What is a waffle slab? deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, parking gara
structures requiring extra stability.

Mat Foundations. A mat foundation looks like it sounds. It is a “

What is a mat foundation?
words, a shallow foundation. You may have heard it referred to

Waffle raft slab construction is quite different from stiffened raft

What is a waffle raft slab? ground using a grid of polystyrene void forms. These are laid ou
reactive clay sites.

What is the use of pile Pile foundation systems[edit] Foundations relying on driven pile
foundation? concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded)

Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engin

What is a slab on grade? foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the g
between the ground and the structure.

Open Foundation is a tertiary preparation program offered by th

What is open foundation?
education system for some time, and who hope to study in an u

Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel wh

What is the difference
floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure
between raft and footing?
person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each othe

You can see here the beam is constructed at ground level. The void
What is the use of plinth
Brick or stone masonary is usually constructed below the plinth bea
beam?
reinforced cement concrete (RCC) all the time.

How thick is a concrete Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perha
foundation slab? layer of gravel lies beneath the slab.

What does on a grade In real estate, above grade means the portion of a home that is abo
mean? footage. For example, 3 bedrooms above grade means 3 bedrooms

What does monolithic slab Monolithic slabs are foundation systems constructed as one sin
mean? portions of the slab under load bearing walls and all perimeter e

What is the meaning of A slab-on-grade means no basement, no basement walls, just one
slab on grade? all building sites, which we will get into later, but for now let's assume

What is a slab of A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings.

concrete? inches (10 and 50 centimeters) thick, are most often used to construc
What is the meaning of Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not di
suspended slab? floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on to

Span is the distance between two intermediate supports for a st

What is span in civil
beam or by a rope. The first kind is used for bridges, the second
engineering?
of antennas or for aerial tramways.

Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the
What is the meaning of
slabs are grouped into two types: one way slabs which are supp
suspended slab?
sides.

If you keep it horizontally it is called a Beam which carries the loads

What is a beam and
a Column which carries load by undergoing compression. If you kee
column?
vertical components of forces.

How thick does a concrete The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so
slab need to be for a floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or water heater
garage? floor is typically 4 inches thick.

Yes, you can pour new concrete over top of the old, but here are s
Can you put concrete on
building, you need to be careful about cracks mirroring through arou
concrete?
extra rebar in these areas.

How thick does a concrete A concrete floor should be about 4 inches thick if it is in a residentia
floor need to be? the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floor will have e

Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a

What is the raft
walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at leas
foundation?
the traditionally used strip or trench footings.

How deep does a footing The first step in building a block wall is pouring a concrete footing for
need to be for a block as you can make it. For a foundation wall with 7 courses (rows) of blo
wall? inches deep.

A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the b

What is a frost wall?
basements since most basements are made of nothing more than ce

What is a floating FLOATING FOUNDATION-: A floating foundation is the foundati

foundation? does float on the earth and moves as the temperatures compact

What is floating in A concrete float is a tool used to finish a concrete surface by makin
concrete? screed. In addition to removing surface imperfections, floating will co

What is a suspended floor Suspended Timber Ground Floors consist of the finished timber
construction? are suspended above the subfloor of the foundation. These floo
 called tassel walls (or sleeper walls).

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They

What is a footing in
been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings
construction?
especially important in areas with troublesome soils.

A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber pi

What is a pile mat? suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a
heavy equipment.

What is Coffering used

A coffer (or coffering) in architecture, is a series of sunken panels. in
for?

Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle sl
What is a waffle slab? deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, parking gara
structures requiring extra stability.

What is a concrete strip A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that
footing? It is the component of a shallow foundation.

What is a continuous A strip footing is a type of shallow foundation which is provided for
footing? are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or nearly tou

Deep Strip foundations are the least expensive and are used. whe
What is a strip foundation
with steel mesh, supports the walls. The trench depth is variable but i
used for?
should have a minimum depth of 225mm.

What is the foundation If typical continuous concrete footings are used, they usually support
wall? basement or as a frost wall with earth on both sides. Foundation wa

How deep should the The projection of the footing on either side of the wall is supposed to
footing be? should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surface of the g

What is punching shear in Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs s
flat slabs? at column support points. The failure is due to shear.

However two way shear is punching shear and its effect is two way
What is two way shear?
visualize two way shear. Pen tries to punch and hence two way sh

What is hollow core A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plan
plank? typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment bu

Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's na

What is meant by
or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary rein
prestressed concrete?
construction as a foundation slab.
 Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipfo
What is slip form
poured into a continuously movingform. Slip forming is used fo
construction?
well as horizontal structures, such as roadways.

Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a constructio

What is a tilt up? with a shorter completion time, poor performance in earthquake
buildings.

Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. ... Prest

What is post tensioning of
or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loa
concrete?
pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured.

Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located b

What is the function of a
to the supporting soil. A foundationis therefore that part of the s
foundation?
are transmitted.

It is used when the two column are so close to each other that their i
What is the combined
when the property line is so close to one column that a spread footin
footing?
line.

They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration i

What is a ribbed slab? up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs sp
same depth.

A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does n

What is a flat slab?
supporting concrete columns.

role in building foundations. in soil mechanics. ... Spread foundations

What is a spread footing? directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (consisting of
building),

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building

What is a deep
shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths
foundation?
drilled deep into the ground at the building site.

What is a concrete strip A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that
footing? It is the component of a shallow foundation.

A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the b

What is a frost wall?
basements since most basements are made of nothing more than ce

A suspended concrete floor is a floor slab where its perimeter is, o

What is a suspended
columns that carry its self weight and imposed loading. The floor spa
floor?
that is limited by the design used.
What is the single span A 'span' in engineering parlance means 'the gap between two suppo
bridge? supported at either end.

What is the slump in The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concre
concrete? made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. I

A pile machine in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Also called caisson

What is a caisson pile? Cast-in-Situ piles, a borehole is drilled into the ground, then concrete
the pile.

What is a suspended A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid conc

floor? supported timber floor.

They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration i

What is a ribbed slab? up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs sp
same depth.

Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing cap
What is a strip foundation? construction and timber frame cavity wall construction are simi
than the overall width of the wall.

What is meant by Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs s

punching shear? at column support points. The failure is due to shear.

Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph

What is a hollow core
voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a preca
slab?
floors in multi-story apartment buildings.

Slipform paving is defined as a process used to consolidate, for

What is Slipform paver?
the forms continuously through and surrounding the plastic con

What is meant by shallow A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers buildi
foundation? layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.

Pier, in building construction, vertical loadbearing member such

What is a pier in
In foundations for large buildings,piers are usually cylindrical co
construction?
form of caissons, which are sunk into position.

The slump test is a means of assessing the consistency of fresh con

What is the slump test?
amount of water has been added to the mix. The test is carried out in

Very dry mixes; having slump 0 – 25 mm are used in road making, lo

What is the slump value of
with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes; 50 - 90 for norma
concrete?
concrete; > 100 mm.