*

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7 (P t. I)

ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN BELLOWS

P art I. D e sig n C r i t e r i a a n d Test Results

By
W . F. Anderson

October 15, 1964

D iv isio n of North A m erican A viation, Inc.

A tom ics International
Canoga Park, C alifornia

UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY C O M M ISSIO N - DIVISION OF TECHNICAL INFORM ATION

 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

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Government or any agency thereof.
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 NAA-SR-4527
ENGINEERING AND
EQUIPMENT
97 PAGES

ANALYSIS O F STRESSES IN BELLOWS

PART I

DESIGN CRITERIA AND T E S T RESULTS

By
W.F. ANDERSON

ATOMICS INTEl^JsATIONAL
A D I V I S I O N OF N O R T H A M E R I C A N A V I A T I O N , INC.
P .O . B O X 3 0 9 C A N O G A PARK, C A L I F O R N I A

CONTRACT: A T ( l l - l ) - G E N - 8
ISSUED: O C T O B E R 1 5 . 1 9 6 4
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

N o w o r k o f t h is n a tu r e c o u ld b e a c c o m p lis h e d w ith o u t th e a s s i s t a n c e o f
m a n y p e o p le . In a d d itio n to e n c o u r a g e m e n t and h e lp fu l d is c u s s i o n fr o m m a n y
o t h e r s , s p e c i a l a c k n o w le d g e m e n t m u s t b e g iv e n to:

M r. E . F . S h e a ffe r and M r. C . M . D a n ie ls o f th e R o c k e td y n e D iv is io n
o f N o rth A m e r ic a n A v ia tio n , In c . fo r m a k in g a v a ila b le th e d a ta fr o m t e s t s on
b e ll o w s .

Z a lle a B r o s . In c. an d S o la r A ir c r a f t C o m p a n y fo r d a ta f r o m t e s t s on
b e llo w s .

R . W in b o rn e o f A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l fo r e f f o r t in c h e c k in g th e m a t h e ­
m a t ic a l e q u a tio n s p r o g r a m m e d fo r a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s .

M r s . G r e tc h e n H o ld e n B e e r s o f A t o m ic s In te r n a tio n a l fo r p r o g r a m m in g
th e e q u a tio n s fo r s o lu tio n b y c o m p u te r .

M r. G. H a n d ler o f A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l fo r a s s i s t a n c e w ith d e s ig n

c a lc u la t io n f o r m s an d s p e c if i c a t io n s .

M r. A . N ic o ls an d D r . A . R . V e r n o n o f A t o m ic s In te r n a tio n a l fo r
g u id a n c e in th e u s e o f m a t h e m a t ic a l s t a t i s t i c s fo r e v a lu a tio n o f th e e f f e c t o f
p r e s s u r e o n c y c l i c lif e o f b e llo w s .

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
3
 CONTENTS

Page

A b s t r a c t . .................................. 6

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n ........................................................................................................................ 7
A . D e s ig n A p p lic a tio n o f B e l l o w s ......................................................................... 8
B . M a th e m a tic a l A n a l y s is o f S t r e s s e s in B e l l o w s ....................................... 10
U. D e s ig n o f B e llo w s ............................................................................................................. 15
A . C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s ............................................................................... 15
B . R in g R e in f o r c e d B e l l o w s ....................................................................................... 21
C. T o r o id a l B e l l o w s ........................................................................................................ 27
III, F a tig u e T e s t R e s u lt s a n d A llo w a b le S t r e s s e s .................................... 31
A . C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u lt s .............................................. 31
B . R in g R e in f o r c e d B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s ................................... 41
C . T o r o id a l B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s .................... 53
D . C o m b in ed R e s u lt s o f F a t ig u e T e s t s a t 7 0 ° F .......................................... 57
E . R e s u lt s o f H ig h T e m p e r a t u r e F a t ig u e T e s t s .................................. 63
IV . C o n c lu s io n s ........................................................................................................................... 69

R e f e r e n c e s ............................................................................................................................. 71

A p p e n d ic e s
A . I n s t a b ilit y o f B e llo w s w ith I n te r n a l P r e s s u r e .......................................... 73
B . M a th e m a tic a l E v a lu a tio n o f th e E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e
S t r e s s e s on F a tig u e L i f e ....................................................................................... 85
C . S p e c if ic a t io n s fo r th e P u r c h a s e o f B e l l o w s ............................................. 89

TABLES

1. C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t D a t a ............................................................. 37
2. R in g R e in f o r c e d B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t D a ta ................................................... 47
3. T o r o id a l B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t D a ta .................................................................... 51
4. R e s u lt s f r o m S t a t is t ic a l E v a lu a tio n o f F a t ig u e T e s t D a t a ...................... 58
5. B e llo w s F a t ig u e T e s t D a ta f r o m H ig h T e m p e r a tu r e T e s t s ................ 65

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
4
 FORMS

Page

D esig n F o r m 1 - C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s ................................................................... 17
D esig n F o r m 2 - R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s ..................................................... 23
D esig n F o r m 3 - T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s ...................................................................... 28

FIGURES

1. M a x im u m M o m e n t / P r e s s u r e " C " fo r C o n v o lu te d B e l l o w s ................ 18

P
2. D e fle c tio n /M a x im u m M om ent fo r C o n v o lu te d B e l l o w s ................. 19

3. D e f l e c t i o n / F o r c e ''Cj'' fo r C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s ........................................... 20
4. M a x im u m M o m e n t / P r e s s u r e f o r Ring R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s , , 24
5. D e f l e c t i o n / M a x i m u m M o m en t "C^" fo r Ring R e in f o r c e d
B e l l o w s ...................................................................................................................................... 25
6 . D e f l e c t i o n / F o r c e "C^" fo r Ring R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s ................................. 26
7. D e f l e c t i o n / M a x i m u m M o m en t fo r T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s ..................... 29
8 . D e f l e c t i o n / F o r c e "C^" fo r T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s .................................................. 30
9. C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s ......................................................... 34
10a. C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s B e s t F i t C u r v e
Sp 0 ......................................................................................................................................... 35
10b. C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s , F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F i t
C u r v e — C o m b in e d S t r e s s ............................................................................................. 36
11. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s ........................................... 44

12a. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F i t
C urve 5p 0 ..................... •..................................................................................................... 45

12b. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t
F i t C u r v e — C o m b in e d S t r e s s ...................................................................................... 46

13. T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s ............................................................ 55

14. T o ro id a l B e llo w s F a tigu e T e s t R e su lts , B e s t F it C u rv e -

C o m b in e d S t r e s s ” C S, , + 3 .0 S " ................................................................. 56
p s bd mp
15. 108 B e l l o w s C o m b in e d F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F i t C u r v e -
W e ig h te d A r e a ..................................................................................................................... 59

16. C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F i t C u r v e -
W e ig h te d E r r o r ..................................................................................................................... 60
17. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F it
C u r v e - W e i g h t e d E r r o r ................................................................................................... 61
18. T o ro id a l B e llo w s F a tig u e T e s t R e su lts, B e s t F it C u rv e -
W e ig h te d E r r o r ..................................................................................................................... 62
19 . D i m e n s i o n s and F o r c e s on B e l l o w s ...................................................................... 74

20 . F a c t o r f o r I n c r e a s e in A n g u la r D e f l e c t i o n S t r e s s F r o m
I n te r n a l P r e s s u r e C ps - 83

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
5
 ABSTRACT

D e s ig n c h a r t s an d s y s t e m a t i c d e s ig n f o r m s a r e p r e s e n t e d fo r
s im p lif ie d c a lc u la t io n s to c h e c k th e n u m b e r o f c o n v o lu tio n s and
t h ic k n e s s r e q u ir e d to li m it th e d e f le c t io n and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s
r a n g e in t h r e e t y p e s o f b e llo w s : (1) c o n v o lu te d b e ll o w s , (2) c o n ­
v o lu te d b e llo w s w ith r e in f o r c in g r in g s an d (3) t o r o id a l b e ll o w s .
T h e d e s ig n c h a r t s a r e b a s e d on th e e q u a tio n s fo r s t r e s s e s d e r iv e d
f r o m a n a s y m p t o t ic s o lu t io n fo r th e e q u a tio n s o f t o r o id a l s h e l l s
fou n d in p r e v io u s ly p u b lis h e d li t e r a t u r e .

P r o p o s e d s t r e s s lim it a t io n s to b e u s e d w ith th e c a lc u la t e d
s t r e s s e s a r e b a s e d on t h o s e o f th e A S A C o d e f o r P r e s s u r e P ip in g .
D a ta f r o m 108 fa tig u e t e s t s a t 7 0 ° F an d 18 fa tig u e t e s t s a t 1 2 0 0 ° F
fo r a l l t h r e e t y p e s o f b e llo w s a r e p r e s e n t e d . T h e s e d a ta a r e
e v a lu a te d s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n d j u s t if y u s e o f th e p r o p o s e d a llo w a b le
str e sse s. T h e c o n c lu s io n i s d ra w n th a t e x p a n s io n jo in t b e llo w s
c a n b e d e s ig n e d to th e s a m e s t r e s s l e v e l s a s o th e r c o m p o n e n ts o f
a p ip in g s y s t e m w ith e q u a l c o n fid e n c e in th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e
d e s ig n .

T h e m a t h e m a t ic a l d e r iv a t io n and e q u a tio n s p r o g r a m m e d and

s o lv e d b y a d ig it a l c o m p u te r a r e to b e p r e s e n t e d in P a r t H o f th is
rep o rt. L im it e d e x p e r im e n t a l d a ta w ith r e f e r e n c e s a r e a l s o to b e
p r e s e n t e d in P a r t II to c o n f ir m th e a c c u r a c y o f th e a n a ly s is fo r
str e sse s.

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
6
 I. INTRODUCTION

T h e p r o b le m o f t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s i s e s p e c i a l l y im p o r ta n t in s o d iu m c o o le d
r e a c t o r p o w e r p la n t s y s t e m s b e c a u s e , w h ile p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s a r e lo w , la r g e
te m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e h ig h o p e r a tin g t e m p e r a t u r e s .

B e llo w s e x p a n s io n j o in t s a r e f r e q u e n tly c o n s id e r e d a s e le m e n t s in a p ip in g
s y s t e m fo r p u r p o s e s o f r e lie v in g s t r e s s e s in d u c e d b y t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o f th e
sy ste m . M e th o d s o f a n a ly s is fo r e x p a n s io n s t r e s s e s in a p ip in g s y s t e m w ith o u t
b e llo w s h a v e b e e n a c c e p t e d b y in d u s tr y an d , w h ile c u m b e r s o m e , a r e r e l a t iv e l y
c o n v e n ie n t. M a x im u m a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s fo r e x p a n s io n and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s
in c o n v e n tio n a l c o m p o n e n ts h a v e b e e n e s t a b lis h e d and a c c e p t e d in co d e form .^
H o w e v e r , n o su c h m e th o d s o f a n a ly s is o r s y s t e m o f a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s h a v e
b e e n e s t a b lis h e d o r a c c e p t e d fo r th e b e llo w s u s e d in s o d iu m c o o le d r e a c t o r p o w e r
p la n t s y s t e m s , o r fo r g e n e r a l u s e in o th e r s y s t e m s .

T h is s tu d y o f b e llo w s s t r e s s a n a ly s is and a p p lic a tio n w a s u n d e r ta k e n a s p a r t

o f th e A d v a n c e d S o d iu m G r a p h ite R e a c t o r (ASGR) P r o j e c t , u n d er a su b a c c o u n t
e s t a b lis h e d fo r t h e r m a l s t r e s s fa tig u e s t u d ie s . T he o b je c t o f t h is stu d y w a s to
e s t a b lis h a m e th o d o f s t r e s s a n a ly s is an d a s y s t e m o f a llo w a b le s t r e s s fo r r e ­
lia b le a p p lic a t io n o f b e llo w s in so d iu m c o o le d r e a c t o r s y s t e m s .

T h e fin a l g o a l in d e v e lo p in g t h is s y s t e m of a n a ly s is and s t r e s s e s is a s p e c ­
if ic a t io n fo r th e p u r c h a s e of r e lia b le b e llo w s . A co p y of su c h a s p e c if ic a t io n is
a tta c h e d a s A p p en d ix C . C a lc u la tio n f o r m s ( d e s c r ib e d in th e te x t) u s e d w ith th e
s p e c if ic a t io n p r im a r ily e s t a b lis h e d a c h r o n o lo g y fo r c a lc u la t io n s b a s e d on th e
fo r m u la e in th e s p e c if ic a t io n . T h e s e f o r m u la e , b a s e d on s im p le s tr ip b e a m
r e la t io n s w ith c o r r e c t io n f a c t o r s , s e r v e to c h e c k p r o p o s e d d e s ig n s r a th e r th an
to d ir e c t d e s ig n .

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
7
A. D E SIG N A P P L IC A T IO N O F B E L L O W S

P r e lim i n a r y in v e s t ig a t io n s d i s c l o s e d th a t b e llo w s c a p a b ilit ie s fo r r e d u c in g

p ip in g e x p a n s io n s t r e s s e s a r e o fte n g r o s s l y o v e r - e s t i m a t e d . In o n e c a s e , b e l ­
lo w s w e r e b e in g s u g g e s t e d fo r in s t a lla t i o n to r e d u c e p ip in g e x p a n s io n s t r e s s e s
fr o m 4 0 ,0 0 0 p s i to 2 6 ,0 0 0 p s i (th e A S A c o d e a llo w a b le , in t h is c a s e )^ w h e r e a s th e
b e llo w s , a s p r o p o s e d , w o u ld h a v e b e e n s u b je c te d to c a lc u la t e d s t r e s s e s o f
8 0 0 ,0 0 0 p s i. S u ch d e s ig n p r a c t ic e m a y b e r a t io n a l w h e r e b e llo w s a r e t r e a t e d a s
an e x p e n d a b le it e m to b e e a s i l y r e p la c e d w ith li t t le e c o n o m ic p e n a lty . H ow ever,
e x c e p t w h e r e it i s e s t a b lis h e d th a t t h is i s a r e a s o n a b le d e s ig n p r a c t ic e , s u c h
in c o n s is t e n c y in a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s s h o u ld b e a v o id e d , o r th e im p lic a t io n s m a d e
o b v io u s . In n u c le a r p o w e r p la n t in s t a lla t i o n s , w h e r e c o n ta in m e n t o f r a d io a c tiv e
fltoids i s a p a r a m o u n t c o n s id e r a t io n , g o o d d e s ig n p r a c t ic e w o u ld r e q u ir e s a f e t y
f a c t o r s in a s y s t e m o f a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s in th e b e ll o w s , o r e x p e r im e n t a lly d e ­
t e r m in e d s a f e t y f a c t o r s , c o n s is t e n t w ith t h o s e a llo w e d in th e r e m a in d e r o f th e
sy ste m . If d e s ig n i s b a s e d on c a lc u la t e d s t r e s s e s , m e th o d s o f a n a ly s is fo r e x ­
p a n s io n and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s in b e llo w s sh o u ld b e a s a c c u r a t e a s t h o s e u s e d in
th e a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s in th e r e m a in d e r o f th e s y s t e m .

T he d e s ig n p r o c e d u r e , in c lu d in g th e m e th o d o f c a lc u la t in g s t r e s s e s , m u s t be
a p p lic a b le w ith s u f f ic ie n t e a s e an d d i r e c t n e s s a s to p e r m it in c lu s io n in s ta n d a r d
d e s ig n p r a c t ic e m a n u a ls a n d c o d e s .

A s p r e s e n t e d h e r e in , th e m e th o d o f c a lc u la t in g s t r e s s e s in b e llo w s u s e s th e
s a m e m a t h e m a t ic a l f o r m u la t io n a n d s o lu t io n fo r s t r e s s e s in t o r o id a l s h e l l s a s
w a s u s e d to c a lc u la t e th e s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t io n and f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s fo r p ip in g
e lb o w s . B o th b e llo w s and p ip in g e lb o w s a r e s e c t o r s o f t o r o id a l s h e l l s . F le x i­
b ilit y an d s t r e s s f a c t o r s w e r e c a lc u la t e d , r e la t in g th e b e llo w s to s im p le s t r ip
b e a m s , an d a r r a n g e d in d e s ig n c h a r t s a s sh o w n in F i g u r e s 1 th ro u g h 8 .

T h r e e t y p e s o f b e llo w s c o m m o n ly u s e d in p ip in g s y s t e m s w e r e stu d ied :

(1) c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s , (2) c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s w ith r e in f o r c in g r in g s , and
(3) t o r o id a l b e ll o w s . S ta n d a r d d e s ig n f o r m s w e r e p r e p a r e d to f a c ilit a t e c a l c u ­
la tio n o f th e s t r e s s e s in d u c e d b y in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e a n d d e f le c t io n s , fo r c o m p a r ­
is o n w ith a llo w e d s t r e s s e s in a b e llo w s . T h e d e s ig n f o r m s a r e p r e s e n t e d in th is
r e p o r t w ith d ir e c t io n s fo r u s e o f th e d e s ig n c h a r t s w h ic h w e r e d e v e lo p e d fo r
e a c h ty p e o f b e ll o w s . T h e s e h a v e b e e n u s e d a s in t e g r a l p a r t s o f s p e c if ic a t io n s
fo r th e p u r c h a s e o f b e llo w s .

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
8
 It i s r e c o g n iz e d th a t u lt im a t e c o n f ir m a t io n o f th e s u it a b ilit y o f t h is o r a r^
o th e r a n a ly t ic a l te c h n iq u e , a s w ith th e a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s in p ip in g e lb o w s , ’ ^
sh o u ld d ep en d u p on e v a lu a t io n o f th e m e th o d w ith a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t a m o u n t
o f d a ta fr o m fa tig u e t e s t s an d d a ta on th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f b e llo w s u n d e r o p e r a tin g
c o n d itio n s .

E x p e r im e n ta l d a ta w e r e e v a lu a te d u s in g th e a n a ly t ic a l te c h n iq u e d is c u s s e d
h e r e in , and th e d e s ig n c h a r t s . S a fe ty f a c t o r s w e r e d e te r m in e d , c o m p a r a b le to
th o s e u s e d in th e p ip in g c o d e . A c c o r d in g ly , th e p r in c ip le s and b a s ic v a lu e s o f
th e s y s t e m o f a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s e s t a b lis h e d b y th e A SA C ode o f P r e s s u r e P ip in g
a r e p r o p o s e d fo r a p p lic a t io n to b e llo w s w h e n in c o r p o r a te d in a p ip in g s y s t e m .

F a tig u e d a ta w e r e g a t h e r e d fr o m w h a t e v e r s o u r c e s w e r e a v a ila b le ; R e f e r ­
e n c e 19 w a s th e o n ly p u b lis h e d s o u r c e . B e llo w s m a n u fa c tu r e r s s u b m itte d m o s t
o f th e d a ta on t o r o id a l an d r e in f o r c e d b e ll o w s . R e s u lt s fr o m th e b e llo w s t e s t
p r o g r a m o f th e R o c k e td y n e D iv is io n o f N o r th A m e r ic a n A v ia tio n p r o v id e d th e
m a jo r s o u r c e o f d a ta on c o n v o lu te d b e ll o w s . U n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d , th e
t e s t s d i s c u s s e d in th is r e p o r t w e r e p e r f o r m e d in a ir a t r o o m te m p e r a t u r e .

In a d d itio n to a s s u r in g s a t is f a c t o r y c y c l i c lif e , b e llo w s d e s ig n p r o b le m s

o th e r th a n s t r e s s e s and s p r in g r a te m a y b e h a n d led w ith in c r e a s e d c o n fid e n c e ,
and a m o r e s im p lif ie d a p p r o a c h m a y b e u s e d w h en th e s t r e s s e s a r e lim it e d .
A n g u la r m o v e m e n t and l a t e r a l t r a n s la t io n o f a b e llo w s m u s t b e r e la t e d to e q u iv ­
a le n t a x ia l m o v e m e n t fo r d e t e r m in a t io n o f s t r e s s e s and s p r in g r a t e . W ith
s t r e s s e s lim it e d , a g e n e r a l s t r e n g t h o f m a t e r i a ls a p p r o a c h i s u s e d to eq u a te
t h e s e v a r io u s t y p e s o f m o tio n . F o r m u la e d e v e lo p e d fo r t h e s e r e la t io n s in
>1^
P a r t 11 o f t h is r e p o r t a r e in c lu d e d in th e d e s ig n f o r m s .

B e llo w s a s a s t r u c t u r e m a y b e c o m e u n s ta b le o r " Sq u irm " u n d e r in t e r n a l

p ressu re. A n a p p r o a c h to t h is p r o b le m i s o u tlin e d in R e f e r e n c e 17. W hen s u b ­
j e c t e d to a n g u la r d e f le c t io n , th e te n d e n c y to w a r d in s t a b ilit y te n d s to fu r th e r in ­
c r e a s e the d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s a t th e c e n t e r o f th e b e llo w s . E q u a tio n s b a s e d on
17
e l a s t i c b e h a v io r a r e u s e d to stu d y th is p r o b le m (A p p en d ix A ). T h e o r e t ic a l
lim it a t io n s h a v e b e e n p la c e d on in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e to lim it in c r e a s e in s t r e s s e s
o r a v o id in s t a b ilit y . F o r m u la e o u tlin in g t h e s e lim it a t io n s a r e in c lu d e d in th e
d e s ig n f o r m s . L im it e d e x p e r im e n t a l c o n f ir m a t io n fo r t h e s e fo r m u la e and p r e s ­
s u r e lim it a t io n s a r e a v a ila b le in T a b le s 1 -4 in c lu d e d in S e c tio n 11 o f t h is r e p o r t.

'!'To b e p u b lis h e d

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
9
B . M A.TH EM A.TICAL A N A L Y S IS O F S T R E S S E S IN B E L L O W S

T he m a t h e m a t ic a l a n a l y s i s o f s t r e s s e s a n d f l e x i b ili t y o f b e llo w s h a s te n d e d
to fo llo w th e s a m e c h r o n o lo g ic a l p a tte r n a s m a t h e m a t ic a l a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s
and f le x i b ili t y o f p ip in g e lb o w s .

T he f i r s t a n a ly s e s o f p ip in g e lb o w s e x p r e s s e d th e d is t o r t io n o f th e e lb o w b y
4 5 6 7
t e r m s o f a F o u r ie r S e r i e s an d s o lv e d fo r c o e f f i c ie n t s o f t h e s e t e r m s ’ ’ ’ . A s
in a l l s e r i e s a p p r o x im a t io n s , th e a c c u r a c y o f t h e s e a n a ly s e s v a r ie d w ith th e n u m ­
b e r o f te r m s ; th e u s e f u l n e s s o f th e r e s u l t s w a s lim it e d to a r a n g e w h e r e th e fo r m
2
fa c to r R t / r w a s n o t s m a ll.
g

C la r k a tta c k e d th e s h e ll t h e o r y e q u a tio n s and o b ta in e d a s o lu tio n a s y m p t o t ic

2
to th e e x a c t s o lu t io n a t v e r y s m a ll v a lu e s o f R t / r . T h e o v e r la p p in g a p p lic a b ilit y
o f s o lu t io n s b a s e d on t h e s e tw o a p p r o a c h e s p r o v id e s a f u ll r a n g e o f a n a ly t ic a l d e ­
s ig n c a p a b ilit y fo r p ip in g e lb o w s .

S im ila r ly , s t r e s s p r o b le m s in b e llo w s h a v e b e e n s tu d ie d b y th e s a m e tw o
m a t h e m a t ic a l te c h n iq u e s o f th e s e r i e s s o lu t io n and th e a s y m p t o t ic s o lu tio n . T he
2
s e r i e s s o lu t io n s a r e m o s t a c c u r a t e a t la r g e v a lu e s o f R t / r an d th e a s y m p t o t ic
2
s o lu tio n s b e in g m o s t a c c u r a t e a t s m a ll v a lu e s o f R t /r .
9
S a lz m a n stu d ie d c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s u s in g a th r e e t e r m s e r i e s a p p r o x im a tio n
fo r th e sh a p e o f th e t o r o id a l s h e l l s e c t io n s . T h e s o lu t io n s w e r e a p p lic a b le o n ly
to d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s fo r c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s w ith a n in c lu d e d f la t p la te s e c t io n
ra n g in g f r o m z e r o to f u ll c o n v o lu tio n d ep th . D e s ig n c u r v e s w e r e p r e s e n t e d but
t e s t d ata w e r e not in c lu d e d .

T u r n e r and F o rd ^ ^ u s e d a f iv e t e r m s e r i e s fo r th e sh a p e o f th e t o r o id a l
s h e ll s e c t io n s . T h e s o lu t io n s p r e s e n t e d c o v e r e d d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s in c o n v o lu te d
b e llo w s w ith no f la t s e c t io n s an d in c lu d e d r e v e r s e d c u r v e s e c t io n s w ith 2 7 0 ° of
arc. The stu d y in c lu d e d t e s t d a ta fr o m s t a t ic t e s t s but d id n o t p r e s e n t d e s ig n
cu rves.

Dahl^^ u s e d a fo u r t e r m s e r i e s to e x p r e s s th e b en d in g d e f o r m a t io n in s tu d y ­
ing t o r o id a l b e llo w s . R e s u lt s o f s o lu t io n s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith th e a s y m p t o t ic
12
s o lu tio n s b y C la r k . S o lu tio n s w e r e a p p lic a b le to d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s in to r o id a l
b e llo w s o n ly . D e s ig n c u r v e s w e r e p r e s e n t e d in a d d itio n to d a ta fr o m one t e s t .
12
C la r k e x te n d e d h is a s y m p t o t ic s o lu t io n fo r c u r v e d t u b e s to b o th t o r o id a l
and c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s . T h e s o lu t io n fo r c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s d id n o t in c lu d e

N^AA-SR-4527
10
fla t p la te s e c t i o n s . D e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s w e r e stu d ie d fo r th e c o n v o lu te d ty p e of
b e ll o w s . D e s ig n fo r m u la e a r e p r e s e n t e d fo r e a c h c a s e , a p p lic a b le w ith s m a ll
v a lu e s o f th e fo r m f a c t o r .
13
L au p a an d W e il u s e d a f iv e t e r m s e r i e s to e x p r e s s the b en d in g d e fo r m a tio n
in a n a ly z in g t o r o id a l s e c t io n s o f c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s , a p p lic a b le w ith la r g e v a lu e s
o f th e fo r m f a c t o r . T h e m e th o d o f fo r m in g th e m a t r ix o f e q u a tio n s to o b ta in
s o lu tio n s i s o u tlin e d in th e r e f e r e n c e . C o n v o lu te d b e llo w s , w ith and w ith o u t fla t
s e c t io n s , s u b je c te d to b o th d e f le c t io n and in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e a r e in c lu d e d . A
s a m p le p r o b le m i s s o lv e d but n e ith e r d e s ig n c h a r ts n or fo r m u la e a r e p r e s e n t e d .
14
W eld e d d is c b e llo w s w e r e s tu d ie d b y F e e l e y and G o r y l. T he g e o m e t r y
and r a n g e o f c o m m e r c ia l s i z e s o f su c h b e llo w s a llo w e d a b e a m c o n c e p t to be
u s e d in a s im p lif ie d a n a l y s i s . S t r e s s e s d ue to a x ia l and a n g u la r d e f le c t io n f o r c e s
and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s w e r e s tu d ie d . D e s ig n fo r m u la e and lim it e d t e s t r e s u lt s
w ere p resen ted .

A stu d y o f w e ld e d c u r v e d d is c b e llo w s w a s p r e s e n t e d by H e te n y i and

15 12
T im m s , b a s e d on th e w o r k by C la r k . D e s ig n fo r m u la e fo r d e f le c t io n , d e -
2
f le c t io n s t r e s s and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s w e r e p r e s e n t e d fo r the ra n g e w h e r e R t / r i s
v e r y s m a ll. H a rin g x ^ ^ p r e s e n t e d a n a ly t ic a l and e x p e r im e n t a l r e s u lt s on s im il a r
ty p e s of b e llo w s .

T he n e e d fo r a c o m p r e h e n s iv e stu d y o f p ip in g e x p a n s io n b e llo w s and r e a d ily

a p p lic a b le d e s ig n c h a r t s b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t fr o m a r e v ie w o f th e p r e v io u s r e f e r ­
e n c e s t u d ie s . R e s u lt s o f th e stu d y p r e s e n t e d h e r e in a tte m p t to s a t is f y th at n e e d .
12
T he m a t h e m a t ic a l s o lu t io n u t iliz e d i s b a s e d on th e a s y m p to tic s o lu tio n by C la rk
a n d i s p r e s e n t e d i n P a r t II w i t h s o m e o f t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d b y
15
H e te n y i an d T im m s . R e v ie w o f th e m a t h e m a t ic a l a p p r o x im a tio n s m a d e by
2
C la r k , to o b ta in a s o lu tio n v a lid o n ly a t s m a ll v a lu e s o f R t /r , in d ic a te d th at
c o m p e n s a tin g c o r r e c t io n s c o u ld b e in tr o d u c e d a fte r a s o lu tio n w a s o b ta in ed ,
w h ic h w o u ld r e s u l t in r e a s o n a b le a c c u r a c y o v e r th e f u ll ra n g e o f g e o m e t r ic
p a ra m eters.

G e o m e t r ic p a r a m e t e r s c o n s id e r e d w e r e : (1) th e fo r m f a c t o r ta k en a s
a ^ /0 .7 7 8 Rt; (2) th e r a t io (a /h ) o f th e c r e s t r a d iu s "a" to th e su m "h" o f o n e - h a lf
th e fla t p lu s th e c r e s t r a d iu s; and (3) th e th r e e t y p e s o f b e llo w s . T o lim it th e
ra n g e o f g e o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s to b e c o v e r e d b y th e c a lc u la t io n s fo r th e d e s ig n

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
11
c h a r t s , it w a s d e c id e d to e x c lu d e th e e f f e c t o f th e fo llo w in g :

1) v a r ia t io n s in t h ic k n e s s ,

2) v a r ia t io n s in c r e s t r a d iu s b e t w e e n ID and OD,

3) th e r a t io o f OD to ID , and

4) s lo p in g o r s h e l l c u r v a tu r e o f th e annxxlar d is c b e t w e e n c r e s t s .
18
I te m 3) o f t h e s e i s c o m p e n s a t e d f o r in th e c a lc u la t io n f o r m . W ah l and L ob o
s h o w e d th a t a n a p p r o x im a tio n c o n s id e r in g a r a d ia l s t r ip o f a c ir c u la r p la te a s a
b e a m , y i e l d s s a t is f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . T h is a p p r o x im a tio n i s v a lid fo r v a lu e s r a n g ­
in g fr o m 1.0 to 1.5 f o r th e r a t io b e t w e e n OD an d ID . F u r t h e r e x a m in a tio n o f
R e f e r e n c e 18 s h o w s th a t s i m i l a r a p p r o x im a tio n s ca n b e m a d e fo r p e a k b en d in g
m o m e n ts. T h e s e a p p r o x im a t io n s a r e c o m p e n s a t e d fo r in th e d e s ig n f o r m s to
r e d u c e th e e r r o r in tr o d u c e d b y e x c lu d in g it e m 3 ). T h e e f f e c t o f it e m 4 ) h a s
b e e n e v a lu a te d s e p a r a t e ly . R e f e r e n c e 23 c o n ta in s d e s ig n c h a r t s fo r a n n u la r
s h e l l s w h ic h sh o w th a t s h e l l s w ith s lig h t c u r v a tu r e c a n b e t r e a t e d a s f la t s t r ip s
w ith m in o r c o r r e c t io n s .

T h e m a t h e m a t ic a l a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s i s p r e s e n t e d in P a r t II o f t h is r e p o r t .
M a t r ic e s o f fo u r e q u a tio n s w e r e f o r m e d , e x p r e s s in g th e b o \m d a ry c o n d itio n s o f
o n ly th e t o r o id a l s h e l l s e c t io n s fo r e a c h o f th e v a r io u s t y p e s o f b e llo w s . A ll
e q u a tio n s w e r e n o n d im e n s io n a liz e d to r e l a t e r e s u l t s to th e b e h a v io r o f s im p le
g e o m e t r i c f o r m s , n a m e ly a f la t s t r ip o f u n ifo r m w id th w ith g u id e d su p p o r t a t
e a c h en d .

A d ig it a l c o m p u te r p r o g r a m w a s d e v is e d fo r th e fo llo w in g :

1) T o s e t up th e c o e f f i c ie n t s f o r , a n d s o lv e , th e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n
e q u a tio n s .

2) C a lc u la te th e d is t r ib u t io n o f m o m e n t s , f o r c e s and d e f le c t io n s fo r th e
t o r o id a l s e c t i o n s , p lu s d e f le c t io n s fo r th e f la t annvilar s e c t io n .

3) C o r r e c t th e c a lc u la t e d m o m e n ts to c o m p e n s a t e fo r th e m a t h e m a t ic a l
a p p r o x im a t io n s .

4) P r in t o u t th e r e s u l t s an d a l s o p lo t g r a p h ic a lly th e b en d in g m o m e n t
d is t r ib u t io n s in th e t o r o id a l s e c t io n s .

R e s u lt s p r o v id e d b y th e c o m p u te r p r o g r a m w e r e a g a in c r o s s p lo tte d to p r o ­
v id e d e s ig n c h a r t s fo r s p r in g r a t e , d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s , an d p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
12
fo r th e th r e e t y p e s o f b e ll o w s . R e s u lt s o f t h is m e th o d w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith t h o s e
o f R e f e r e n c e s 9, 10, 11 an d 12, to c o n f ir m th e e x i s t e n c e o f r e a s o n a b le a c c u r a c y .

T h e c o m p u te r p r o g r a m w h ic h w a s d e v is e d c a n b e u s e d to s o lv e e q u a tio n s fo r
b e llo w s w h ic h in c lu d e th e e f f e c t s o f th e fo u r p a r a m e t e r s n o t in c lu d e d in th is
stu d y . T h is c a n b e d o n e b y fo r m in g o f th e p r o p e r b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n e q u a tio n s
and v a lu e s o f p a r a m e t e r s d e s c r ib in g th e g e o m e t r y . T h e v a lid it y o f th e s i m p l i ­
fie d a p p r o a c h w a s c h e c k e d w ith s a m p le c a lc u la t io n s fo r c e r t a in c a s e s o f t h e s e
a d d itio n a l p a r a m e t e r s .

R e s u lt s o f s t a t ic lo a d in g t e s t s , to stu d y s t r e s s d is t r ib u t io n s , a r e in c lu d e d in
P a r t II o f t h is r e p o r t fo r c o m p a r is o n o f a n a ly t ic a l and e x p e r im e n t a l r e s u l t s .

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
13
 II. DESIGN O F BELLOWS

A. CONVOLUTED BELLOW S

C o n v o lu te d b e llo w s w ith u n d is tu r b e d s e m i - t o r o i d a l s e c t io n s a r e m o r e a m e ­
n a b le to s t r e s s a n a ly s is , b o th m a t h e m a t ic a l and e x p e r im e n t a l, th an e ith e r o f th e
o th e r t y p e s o f b e llo w s d i s c u s s e d in th is r e p o r t . D a ta on s t r e s s e s fo r th is ty p e
of b e llo w s h a s b e e n m a d e a v a ila b le f r o m b o th s t a t ic and fa tig u e t e s t s .

E x a m in a tio n o f a fe w s a m p le p r o b le m s w i l l in d ic a t e th a t c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s
a p p e a r b e s t s u it e d fo r lo w p r e s s u r e a p p lic a t io n s . E x c e e d in g th e y ie ld s t r e s s at
th e r o o t o f th e c o n v o lu tio n b y a p p ly in g in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e c a n r e s u lt in p la s t ic
in s t a b ilit y (s q u ir m ) due to lo c a l y ie ld in g . R e in fo r c in g th is a r e a w ith r o o t r in g s
p r e v e n t s lo c a l y ie ld in g and r a i s e s th e p r e s s u r e a t w h ic h in s t a b ilit y o c c u r s .
C o n s e r v a t iv e d e s ig n r e q u ir e s th a t p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s w ith o u t t h e s e r e ­
in fo r c in g r in g s b e lim it e d to th e e l a s t i c o r l o w - c r e e p - r a t e r a n g e .

In th e fo llo w in g d e s ig n a n a ly s is , u s in g d e s ig n s h e e t F o r m 1 p r e s s u r e b e n d ­
in g s t r e s s e s d e t e r m in e th e m in im u m t h ic k n e s s r e q u ir e d fo r a g iv e n b e llo w s c o n ­
v o lu tio n . T he n u m b e r o f c o n v o lu tio n s r e q u ir e d a r e b a s e d on th e d e s ig n t h ic k n e s s ,
r e q u ir e d d e f le c t io n an d r e m a in in g a llo w a b le s t r e s s r a n g e . S p rin g r a te and s t a ­
b ilit y f a c t o r s a r e c a lc u la t e d a fte r th e n u m b e r o f c o n v o lu tio n s i s e s t a b lis h e d . The
c o e f f i c ie n t s C^ , C^ , and C^ fr o m F i g u r e s 1, Z, 3 u s e d in t h e s e c a lc u la t io n s r e ­
la te th e b e h a v io r o f a c o n v o lu tio n s e g m e n t to a s im p le s t r ip b e a m .

In t h is r e p o r t on e c o n v o lu tio n i s c o n s id e r e d a s th e le n g th fr o m one in n e r
c r e s t to th e n e x t in n e r c r e s t . E a c h c o n v o lu tio n i s s e p a r a t e d , fo r c a lc u la t io n
p u r p o s e s in to fo u r s e g m e n t s , e a c h o f w h ic h h a s a p r o j e c t e d le n g th , ” h", and a
d e v e l o p e d l e n g t h [ aTt/Z + (h - a) ] . F l a t s t r i p s o f l e n g t h "h" s i m u l a t i n g e a c h o f
t h e s e s e g m e n t s p r o v id e th e b a s i s fo r th e d e s ig n f o r m u la e . The fa c to r s C , ,
P ^
and s e r v e to a d ju st th e e a s i l y p r e d ic t e d b e h a v io r of th e fla t s t r ip s to th e c a l ­
c u la te d b e h a v io r o f a b e llo w s c o n v o lu tio n s e g m e n t .

S p e c ia l c o n s id e r a t io n in a n a ly s is fo r s t r e s s e s m u s t b e g iv e n to th e e f f e c t
o f " sq u ir m " . L im itin g th e r a t io o f o p e r a tin g p r e s s u r e and c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e to
a v a lu e l e s s th a n 0.1 a l s o li m it s th e v a lu e o f ( s t r e s s in c r e a s e fa c to r ) to
l e s s th a n 1 .1 8 . T h is f a c t o r c o u ld r e s u l t in a s im il a r r e d u c tio n o f th e s a fe ty
f a c t o r fo r b e llo w s u s e d a s h in g e s w h e n b e n d in g s t r e s s e s a r e in c r e a s e d b y th is

N A A -SR -45Z 7
15
a m o u n t, d u e to s q u ir m . T h e r e f o r e , th e v a lu e o f e q u iv a le n t d e f le c t io n d u e to
a n g u la r r o ta t io n i s m u lt ip lie d b y 1 .2 0 to m a in ta in an e q u a l s a f e t y f a c t o r f o r a ll
lo a d in g s . L im itin g th e r a t io o f o p e r a tin g to c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e a l s o p r o v id e s a
m a r g in fo r th e e f f e c t o f y ie ld s t r e n g t h on s q u ir m p r e s s u r e .

It m u s t b e p o in te d o u t th a t, t h e o r e t i c a ll y , th e p e a k b en d in g s t r e s s e s in d u c e d
b y p r e s s u r e n e e d n o t c o in c id e g e o m e t r i c a l l y w ith th e p ea k b en d in g s t r e s s e s i n ­
d u c e d b y d e f le c t io n . F o r m o s t b e llo w s th e y w ill c o in c id e , but if m o r e r e f in e d
a n a ly s is i s d e s i r e d w h ic h w o u ld m o r e a c c u r a t e ly d e t e r m in e th e c o m b in e d p e a k
s t r e s s , th e g r a p h s o f b en d in g m o m e n t d is t r ib u t io n s in P a r t II m a y b e c o n s u lte d .

N A A .-SR -4527
16
 DESIGN S HEET FORM 1
BELLOWS
CONVOLUTED BELLOWS
IDENTIFICATION
(R EFE R E N C E FIGURES 1. 2 & 3 )

DESIGN CONDfTIONS

INTERNAL PRESSURE P * TEMPERATURE NUMBER OF CYCLES

AXIAL DEFLECTION LATERAL TRANSLATION h ANGULAR MOVEMENT i

I
TORSIONAL ANGULAR ROTATION ALLOWED BY TORSIONAL MOMENT OBTAINED BY PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS

CLEARANCES IN HARDWARE IF HARDWARE DOES NOT OFFER PROTECTION AGAINST TORSIONAL ROTATION
OF RESTRAINTS ♦ • _______________________

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

ALLOWABLE STRESS AT ROOM ALLOWABLE STRESS AT DESIGN ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGE

TEMPERATURE S • ______ TEMPERATURE Sk* _________ FOR COMBINED STRESSES
S . . ■ 1 .2 5 K S . + S J • ___
YOUNG'S MODULUS AT ROOM YOUNG'S MODULUS AT OPERATING
TEMPERATURE E • _______ TEMPERATURE E h ’ _____________ f STRESS RANGE REDUCTION FACTOR

BELLOWS DIMENSIONS AND PARAMETERS (SEE FIGURE ABOVE)

NUMBER OF PLIES N • NUMBER OF CONVOLUTIONS N .

OVERALL ACTIVE LENGTH OF BELLOWS L-

USE [ t g AND B S TO

X ‘ 0 .7 7 8 y f T T ] : a/*■ OS/ 23 • DETERMINE FACTORS C .C . . C ,

STRESS CALCULATION

[H] XUS)
MUST NOT EXCEED Q ol

s ■ 52 ♦ SS • ___ X r tT i
A ‘ [T j
MUST NOT EXCEED 1 .2 5 X S f i]

52

m X ri7i X rm

ITEM b) MUST NOT EXCEED 0 .5 X [ I ^

MUST NOT EXCEED QH

SPRING RATES

AXIAL SPRING RATE g Q ROTATION SPRING RATE

0 .4 3 1 x 5 I ] x [ I 2 x B 0 x 5 5 ] x 5 S x 5 C K • 0 ,5 X [n ] X cm X BZ] ■ .. .. ... In. Ib/r»diin

* l 2 2 J x U £ j x L i i J x L i 5 J x U a j ib/.n.

FACTOR OF STABILITY
MUST BE GREATER THAN 10 FOR COMBINED MOVEMENT
2 tr X
*’ Cn XiH ’ . MUST BE GREATER THAN 5 IN CASE OF AXIAL DEFLECTION ONLY

D e s ig n F o r m 1 - C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
17
 0,9

= 0.778

0.8

a/x

0.2
0.7 0 .4
0.6

0.8
<-> 0.6

<n 0.2
</5

0.5

2.0
0.3

2.5

0.2

35

4.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

o /h

F ig u r e 1. M a x im u m M o m e n t / P r e s s u r e "C "
fo r C onvolu ted B e llo w s

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
18
 3 .0
a/ x

= 0.77 8

2.5
.0 8.

0.6

0 .4
2.0
0.2

T3
O
I-
z
Ll I

2
O
(- 0 .9
O
Ll I
_ l
U .

^ 0.8

0.7

30
0.6

3.5
0.5

4 0

0 .4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 .8 10
o/h

F ig u r e 2. D e f le c t io n /M a x im u m M om ent
fo r C onvoluted B e llo w s

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
19
 p
b

^ t7

;v
B. R IN G R E IN F O R C E D B E L L O W S

T h e w id e u s e o f r in g r e i n f o r c e d b e ll o w s , e s p e c ia l ly in th e in t e r m e d ia t e p r e s s u r e
r a n g e , r e q u ir e s t h e ir in c lu s io n in t h is r e p o r t e v e n th o u g h in h e r e n t p r o b le m s in
th e a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s h a v e not b e e n r e s o lv e d . A s p o in te d out th e d i s ­
c u s s io n of c o n v o lu te d b e ll o w s , th e p r e s e n c e o f r e in fo r c in g r in g s a d d s to
th e s t a b ilit y o f b e llo w s w h en s u b je c te d to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . W ith b e llo w s
under te s t, o n e c a n o b s e r v e th a t r e in f o r c in g r in g s e lim in a t e any te n d e n c y
f o r th e b e llo w s to c o l la p s e a t th e r o o t d ue to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . One ca n a ls o
o b s e r v e th a t d e f o r m a t io n s d ue to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e ten d to p r o d u c e a m o d ifie d
sh a p e o f c o n v o lu tio n m o r e c a p a b le o f r e s i s t i n g in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e f o r c e s b y m e m ­
b ran e s t r e s s e s . R in g r e in f o r c e d b e llo w s g e n e r a lly fin d a p p lic a tio n in th e i n t e r ­
m e d ia te p r e s s u r e r a n g e o f 30 p s i to 5 0 0 p s i.

A m a jo r q u e s tio n in th e a n a ly s is fo r s t r e s s in r in g r e in f o r c e d b e llo w s c o n ­
c e r n s th e e f f e c t o f c o n t a c t o f th e c o n v o lu te d s h e e t m a t e r i a l w ith th e r e in fo r c in g
r in g . T h e lo c a t io n o f th e lin e o f in it i a l c o n ta c t and th e e f f e c t of th e m o v e m e n t
o f th is lin e o f c o n ta c t on f l e x i b ili t y s t r e s s an d fa tig u e li f e a r e p a r ts o f th e p r o b ­
le m . F o r t h is a n a ly s is , on e p r im a r y a s s u m p t io n c o n s id e r s th e r a d iu s i s id e n ­
t i c a l a t b oth c r e s t s o f th e c o n v o lu tio n . F u r t h e r a s s u m p t io n s m a d e fo r d e f le c t io n
f le x i b ili t y an d s t r e s s e s w e r e th a t (1) th e p e a k b en d in g s t r e s s a t th e in it ia l p o in t
o f c o n ta c t o f th e r in g and th e c o n v o lu tio n i s e q u a l to m a.xim \im a t th e e x t e r io r
c r e s t o f th e c o n v o lu tio n , and (2) th e s lo p e a t th e in it ia l p o in t o f c o n ta c t i s th a t
w h ic h p r o v id e s g e o m e t r i c c o m p a t ib ilit y fo r c h a n g e s o f s lo p e a ro u n d th e c o n ­
v o lu tio n . F o r p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s , s i m i l a r a s s u m p t io n s w e r e m a d e , m a tc h in g
d e f le c t io n s a n d m o m e n t s n e a r th e c e n t e r o f th e fla t sp a n and a llo w in g w h a te v e r
m o m e n t and s lo p e i s n e c e s s a r y a t th e i n it i a l p o in t o f c o n ta c t w ith th e r e in fo r c in g
r in g . A s s u m p t io n (1) i s th e m o s t o p t im is t ic w h ic h c a n b e m a d e c o n c e r n in g p ea k
s t r e s s e s fo r a g iv e n d e f le c t io n . In e v a lu a tin g r e s u lt s fr o m fa tig u e t e s t s th is
w o u ld r e s u l t in th e lo w e s t c a lc u la t e d p e a k s t r e s s fo r a g iv e n c y c l ic li f e and w o u ld
r e s u l t in th e lo w e s t a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s b e in g d e r iv e d e m p ir ic a lly . T h is a s s u m p ­
tio n , w h ile it m a y b e in e r r o r , h a s a l o g i c a l c o n s e r v a t iv e b a s i s s in c e any i m ­
p r o v e m e n t in a n a ly t ic a l m e th o d w i l l p r o b a b ly p r e d ic t h ig h e r s t r e s s e s and w h e n
u s e d w ith th e p r o p o s e d a llo w a b le s , w i l l g iv e a m o r e c o n s e r v a t iv e d e s ig n .

A s w ith th e c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s , th e p e a k p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s a r e
ta k e n to c o in c id e in lo c a tio n w ith th e p e a k d e f le c t io n b en d in g s t r e s s e s . The a c tu a l
c o m b in e d p e a k b a s e d on th e a s s u m p t io n m e n tio n e d , ca n b e d e r iv e d fr o m b en d in g
m o m e n t d is t r ib u t io n c u r v e s o f P a r t II o f th e r e p o r t.
N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
21
 It i s a s s u m e d , and sh o u ld b e s p e c if ie d , th a t f o r c e s in th e r e in fo r c in g r in g s
s h a ll c o m p e n s a t e fo r th e c ir c v im f e r e n t ia l m e m b r a n e s t r e s s in th e c o n v o lu tio n s .
In D e s ig n S h e e t F o r m 2 fo r r e in f o r c e d b e ll o w s , t h ic k n e s s r e q u ir e m e n t s a r e
b a s e d p r im a r ily on p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s . T he c o m b in e d p r e s s u r e
s t r e s s e s a r e s u b t r a c t e d (a fte r r e d u c tio n o f th e p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s by an
e m p ir i c a ll y d e d u c e d f a c t o r o f 0 .2 5 ) fr o m th e to ta l a llo w a b le s t r e s s r a n g e . T he
r e q u ir e d n u m b e r o f c o n v o lu tio n s i s b a s e d on th e r e m a in in g s t r e s s r a n g e . S p r in g
r a t e s and s t a b ilit y f a c t o r s a r e d e t e r m in e d a s in th e c a lc u la t io n f o r m s fo r c o n ­
v o lu te d b e ll o w s . T h e c o e f f i c ie n t s C^, C^, an d fr o m F i g u r e s 4 , 5, and 6 r e ­
la te th e b e h a v io r o f a c o n v o lu tio n s e g m e n t to th e b e h a v io r o f a s im p le s t r ip b e a m .

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
22
 OES»GN S H E ET FO RM 2
BELLOW S
RING REINFO RCED BELLOWS ID E N TIFIC A TIO N

(R EFE R E N C E FIGURES A , 5 & 6 )

DESIGN CONDITIONS

AXIAL DEFLECTION A LATERAL TRANSLATION 8

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

ALLOWABLE STRESS AT ROOM ALLOWABLE STRESS AT DESIGN ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGE

TEMPERATURE S ■ ______ TEMPERATURE S i,* _________ FOR COMBINED STRESSES
S .» ’ 1 .2 5 f(S ♦ S.) ■ ___
VOUNG'S MODULUS AT ROOM YOUNG'S MODULUS AT OPERATING
TEMPERATURE E • _______ TEMPERATURE E t,* ____________ » STRESS RANGE REDUCTION FACTOR

BELLOWS DIMENSIONS AND PARAMETERS (SEE FIGURE ABOVE)

NUMBER OF PLIES N NUMBER OF CONVOLUTIONS N

OVERALL ACTIVE LENGTH OF BELLOWS L

USE [1 9 ] AND tH ] TO

X • 0 .7 7 8 / [ m X 2 3 X [13/
= L24J DETERMINE FACTORS C , C . . C

FROM FIG. 4 FROM FIG. 5 FROM FIG. 6

STRESS CALCULATION

22 X23 53 X53 X 22
MUST NOT EXCEED Q3

EQUIVALENT TOTAL AXIAL DEFLECTION

291 (301
♦
-H] * fc El .

m X rm X (jTi

ITEM t>) MUST NOT EXCEED 0 . 5 X 2 3

MUST NOT EXCEED [H ]

SPRING RATES

AXIAL SPRING RATE ROTATION SPRING RATE

0 .4 3 1 x U S x C I S x 2 B x 2 a x 2 a x 2 I ] K *0, S X m ] X QTI X 57] • .... in, lh/«dia,i
* [ 2 2 J x t i 5 j x L l i J x L i i J x 2 f l J

FACTOR OF STABILITY
MUST BE GREATER THAN 10 FOR COMBINED MOVEMENT
. MUST BE GREATER THAN S IN CASE OF AXIAL DEFLECTION ONLY

D e s i g n F o r m Z. R in g R e in f o r c e d B e l l o w s

N.AA-SR-4527
23
 a /x = 0.778
0.2
.4 -

0.6

4.0
3.0'
2.0

Q .
O
UJ
a:
3
(O ,4.0
CO
liJ
oc
CL
'v 0.8
H
Z
UJ
3.0
S
o
s 2.0

0.6
X
<
0.2

0.6

0.4

0.2

2.0
Q/X
4.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

o/h

F i g u r e 4. M a x i m a m M o m e n t / P r e s s u r e "C "
for Ring R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s ^

N A A -S R -4527
24
 = 0 .7 7 8 V ^ t

a /x

I- 0 8
2
UJ
a/x =1.6 _
S
o
s
2z>
2
X
< 0.8
S
zo
20
f—
o
UJ
_)
u.
UJ 0 .6
o

0.4
3.0

■4.0
0 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0 .8

o/h

F i g u r e 5, D e f l e c t i o n / M a x i m u m M o m e n t
f o r R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s

NAA-SR-4527
25
 * = 0.778

a / x = 0 .0

O 0.8

F ig u r e 6. D e f l e c t i o n / F o r c e "C^" f o r R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s

NAA-SR-4527
26
C. T O R O ID A L B E L L O W S

T o r o i d a l t y p e s o f b e l l o w s c o n s i d e r e d h e r e i n in c lu d e t h o s e o f m o d if ie d
t o r o i d a l s h a p e w h e r e th e c r o s s s e c t i o n i s n o t p e r f e c t l y c i r c u l a r . T o r o i d a l typ e
b e l l o w s a p p e a r to b e a p p lie d p r i m a r i l y to s i t u a t io n s in v o lv in g v e r y h ig h o p e r a t ­
in g p r e s s u r e . M a th e m a tic a l m eth o d s for a n a ly s is o f s t r e s s e s have b e e n m ade
a v a i l a b l e fo r p u re t o r o i d a l s h a p e s . T h e se have b e e n c o n firm e d by ex p e r im e n t
and a r e r e a d i l y a p p l i c a b l e . In s p ite of t h i s , p r o b a b ly fo r e c o n o m i c r e a s o n s ,
t o r o i d a l b e l l o w s a r e s e l d o m u s e d in i n d u s t r y . With th e s t r e s s l i m i t s p la c e d on
th e a p p lic a t i o n o f o th e r t y p e s o f b e l l o w s , t o r o i d a l b e l l o w s m a y r e c e i v e m o r e
w i d e s p r e a d a p p lic a t i o n .

The t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s a n a l y s i s fo r b o th p r e s s u r e and d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s e s
h a s b e e n e x te n d e d h e r e i n to m o d i f i e d t o r o i d a l s h a p e s w h ic h in c lu d e a fla t a n n u la r
a r e a b etw een to ro id a l h a l f - s e c t i o n s . The a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d in P a r t 11 of
t h i s r e p o r t c o v e r s th e f u ll r a n g e of r a t io of f la t to t o r o i d a l s e c t i o n ( a /h ) . H ow­
e v e r , fo r s i m p l i c i t y o f a n a l y s i s and b e c a u s e o f the l i m i t e d r a n g e of a / h u s e d in
f a b r ic a t i n g t o r o i d a l b e l l o w s a s s h o w n b y th e t e s t r e s u l t s a v a il a b l e , th e r a n g e o f
a / h c o v e r e d b y D e s i g n F o r m No. 3 i s ta k e n f r o m a / h = 0.8 to a / h = 1.0. W ithin
t h is r a n g e o f g e o m e t r y the p e a k p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s i s v e r y low . The d e ­
f l e c t i o n s t r e s s r a n g e i s p r a c t i c a l l y th at of a p u re t o r o i d a l s e c t i o n fo r t h is r a n g e
of a /h . A l s o , the p e a k p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s d o e s n ot o c c u r in th e s a m e a r e a
a s th e p e a k d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s but m a y b e a s s o c i a t e d w it h the p o in t o f c o n t a c t w ith
th e r e i n f o r c i n g h a r d w a r e and n ot c o n s i d e r e d in th e a n a l y s i s . For th ese rea so n s
no p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d in d e s i g n a n a l y s i s of t o r o id a l ty p e
b e l l o w s and no p r o v i s i o n is m a d e fo r t h is in th e d e s i g n f o r m s .

In th e d e s i g n f o r m s , t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e b a s e d on p r e s s u r e m e m ­
brane s t r e s s e s . C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s in th e c o n v o lu t io n a r e not
c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t on the b a s i s o f s h e l l t h e o r y , but th e t o t a l c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l
f o r c e s in d u c e d b y p r e s s u r e m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d in th e d e s i g n o f the r e i n f o r c i n g
hardw are. T h e p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s , a f t e r b e in g m u lt ip li e d b y the
e m p i r i c a l l y d e d u c e d f a c t o r o f 1.5, a r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m the t o t a l a ll o w a b le s t r e s s
range. T h e f a c t o r o f 1.5 c o m p e n s a t e s f o r ig n o r in g p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s .
T h e r e q u i r e d n u m b e r o f c o n v o lu t io n s i s b a s e d on the r e m a i n i n g s t r e s s r a n g e . The
s p r in g r a t e s and s t a b i l i t y f a c t o r s a r e d e t e r m i n e d in the d e s i g n f o r m s a s fo r c o n ­
v o lu t e d b e l l o w s .
T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s u s e d in t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s , C , and C ,, f r o m
’ d f’
F i g u r e s 7 and 8 r e l a t e th e b e h a v io r o f a c o n v o lu tio n s e g m e n t to the b e h a v io r o f a
sim p le str ip b ea m .
NAA-SR-4527
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 DESIG N S H E E T FO RM 3
BELLOWS
TO RO IDAL BELLOW S IDENTIFICATION
(R E FE R E N C E FIG URE S 7 & 8 )

DESIGN CONDITIONS

AXIAL DCFLECTION U T E R A L TRANSLATION 6

TORSIONAL ANGULAR ROTATION ALL0M €0 TORSIONAL MOMENT OBTAINED BV PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS

CLEARANCES IN HARDWARE IF HARDWARE DOES NOT OFFER PROTECTION AGAINST TORSIONAL ROTATION M

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

ALLOWABLE STRESS AT ROOM ALLOWABLE STRESS AT DESIGN ALLOWABLE STRESS RANGE

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE S FOR COMBINED STRESSES

! YOUNG'S MODULUS AT ROOM

TEMPERATURE E •
YOUNG'S MODULUS AT OPERATING
TEMPERATURE Eh

BELLOWS DIMENSIONS AND PARAMETERS (SEE FIGURE ABOVE)

1 .2 5 f(S _ + S..) •

F STRESS RANGE REDUCTION FACTOR

MUST BE O.S OR MORE

NUMBER OF PLIES N . • NUMBER OF CONVOLUTIONS N ,

OVERALL ACTIVE LENGTH OF BELLOWS L •

I
USE O B *1 ® 12 S TO
X « 0 .7 7 8 y T n i X » /x ’ [1 2 / [H ] • DETERMINE FACTORS . C . . C<

STRESS CALCULATION

MEMBRANE STRESS OUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

[D X 0 3
w
EDX52

: MUST NOT EXCEED

“
55 1

BENDING STRESS DUE TO DEFLECTION

0.412 X riTi X fTzn X fan X fm
IISxB3xB2xBZIxQI]
TORSIONAL STRESSES
C Z3 X S B X O
:
EQUIVALENT TOTAL AXIAL DEFLECTION

4-m *
COMBINED MEMBRANE AND BENDING STRESSES

S .* 1 .5 X GS3 + 0 .5 X E l

S 3
*

10.4 X 5 2 X 5$) 2» x f i T i x n ? 1 xf20lxf7Tl

ITEM b) MUST NOT EXCEED O.S X Q S ]

TOTAL COMBINED STRESSES

s- 4®] «OS) * (4 Xaa XQB) MUST n o t EXCEED Q33

SPRING RATES

AXIAL SPRING RATE ROTATION SPRING RATE

0.431 x S i j x Q S x Q S x B i g x B B x S I ] X * 0 .5 X fTT) X flT I X f3 7 l
BUxflslxnslxfmxnal

r FACTOR OF STABILITY
2« X
mX
MUST BE GREATER THAN 10 FOR COMBINED MOVEMENT
. MUST BE GREATER THAN 5 IN CASE OF AXIAL DEFLECTION ONLY

D e s i g n F o r m 3. T o ro id a l B e llo w s

NAA-SR-4527
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 q/ x

20 30 40 50 60 80 100

0 .0 8

= 0.778
0 .0 6

5 .0
USE T H E S E
0 .0 5
S C ALES

0 .0 4

a/h = 1.0
0 .0 3

0.02

o/h= 0.8

0.01

0 .0 0 8

Q 0 .5

0 .5 5 .0

a/x

F i g u r e 7. D e fle c tio n /M a x im u m M om ent fo r T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s

NAA-SR-4527
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 USE THIS
SCALE
.0 8

.0 6

5 .0 .0 5

O
.0 4

.0 5
O/h =1.0

.02

o/h =0.8

0 .5

0.1 0 .5 1.0 5 .0

0 /x

F i g u r e 8. D e f l e c t i o n / F o r c e "C^ f o r T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s

NAA-SR-4527
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 III. FA TIG U E T E S T RE SU L T S AND ALLOWABLE STRESSES

A. C O N VO LUTED BELLOW S FA T IG U E TEST R ESULTS

A v a i l a b l e data f r o m f a t ig u e t e s t s on 45 c o n v o lu t e d b e l l o w s w e r e a n a l y z e d to
c o r r e l a t e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s w it h c y c l i c l i f e . T h e s e data a r e p r e s e n t e d in
T a b le 1. R e s u l t s o f t h is a n a l y s i s a r e d e m o n s t r a t e d g r a p h i c a l l y in F i g u r e s 9 (a,
b, c) and 10 (a, b). F r o m c o m p a r i s o n o f F i g u r e s 9a and 9b, it ca n be o b s e r v e d
th at p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s h a v e a d e f in it e e f f e c t on c y c l i c l i f e . F o r F i g u r e 9b, p e a k
p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d , a s in th e d e s i g n f o r m , to c o i n c id e w ith the
peak d e fle c tio n s t r e s s . A b etter c o r r e la tio n e x is t s b etw een ca lcu la ted s t r e s s e s
and f a t ig u e l i f e in F i g u r e 9b a s c o m p a r e d to F i g u r e 9a.

T h e t e n d e n c y o f th e b e l l o w s to s q u i r m due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and th e r e ­
s u lt in g e f f e c t upon b en d in g s t r e s s e s i s c o n s i d e r e d in A p p e n d ix A . The i n c r e a s e
in b en d in g s t r e s s e s due to t h is t e n d e n c y i s l i m i t e d to b e ll o w s u n d e r g o in g a n g u la r
d isp la c e m e n t. T h e e f f e c t o f t h i s i n c r e a s e i s m e a s u r e d a s a f a c t o r (C w h ic h
i s a fu n c tio n o f th e r a t io o f o p e r a t in g p r e s s u r e to c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e . T h is e f f e c t
i s in c lu d e d in th e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s o f F i g u r e 9 c and a p p e a r s to r e s u l t in e v e n
c l o s e r c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s and fa tig u e l i f e .

It m u s t b e p o in te d out th a t t h e s e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s e x c e e d th e y i e l d s t r e n g t h
by an o r d e r o f m a g n it u d e a n d t h e r e f o r e m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c
stresses. A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 . 7 4 w a s found b e t w e e n th e c o m b in e d t h e o ­
r e t i c a l e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s and f a t ig u e l i f e fo r th e 45 b e l l o w s t e s t e d .

To p r o v i d e a l o g i c a l b a s i s f o r c o n s i d e r i n g th e e f f e c t of p r e s s u r e in d e s i g n ,
a s t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n w a s m a d e o f r e s u l t s f r o m t e s t s w ith an d w ith o u t p r e s s u r e .
T h e b e s t m e t h o d o f p e r f o r m i n g s u c h an e v a l u a t i o n w o u ld be to p e r f o r m a n o n ­
l i n e a r m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s o f th e d ata a v a i l a b l e . A s e x p la i n e d in
A p p e n d ix B , t h i s w o u ld r e q u i r e a f i r s t e s t i m a t e o f th e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e w h ic h
w o u ld l a t e r be c o r r e c t e d w it h l i n e a r i z e d c o r r e c t i o n f o r m s . T h e f o llo w in g t e c h ­
n iq u e p r o v id e d a f i r s t e s t i m a t e w h i c h w a s d e e m e d s u it a b le . S in c e th e e x a c t v a lu e
fou n d w a s n ot u s e d , t h e r e w a s l i t t l e to be g a in e d f r o m m a k in g s m a l l c o r r e c t i o n s
to th e a p p r o x im a t e v a l u e . F i r s t , th e r e s u l t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m t e s t s of 24 b e l l o w s
w h e r e i n th e p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s e s w e r e z e r o or l e s s than 15% o f th e d e f l e c ­
t io n s t r e s s . D o u b le th e e x i s t i n g p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e and p r e s s u r e b en d in g
s t r e s s e s , fo r t h o s e b e l l o w s w it h t h e s e l o w e r p r e s s u r e s , w e r e ad d ed to th e d e ­
fle c tio n s t r e s s . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e a n a l y z e d u s in g t e c h n iq u e s o f s t a t i s t i c a l

NAA-SR-4527
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m a t h e m a t i c s to fit a c u r v e w h i c h w o u ld r e l a t e c y c l i c d e f l e c t i o n b e n d in g s t r e s s to
c y c l i c l i f e , w it h l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r . T h e f it t e d c u r v e , a s t r a i g h t l i n e l o g - l o g
r e l a t i o n g iv e n in F i g u r e 10a, w a s th e n t a k e n a s a b a s i c fa tig u e c u r v e . T h is
r e l a t i o n c o u ld b e e x p r e s s e d a s

Log^Q S = 6 .3 6 - 0 . 2 7 4 L o gjQ N ...(1)

w here
S = stress

N = n u m b e r o f c y c l e s to f a i l u r e .

R e m a in in g d ata f r o m t e s t s on 21 a d d itio n a l b e l l o w s , w h ic h w e r e s u b j e c t e d
to s u b s t a n t ia l p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s e s in a d d it io n t o d e f l e c t i o n b e n d in g s t r e s s e s ,
w e r e th en u t i l i z e d . T h e s e data w e r e f i t t e d to th e b a s i c f a t ig u e c u r v e by a d j u s t in g
th e p r e s s u r e b e n d in g s t r e s s e s by an un kn ow n f a c t o r , to o b ta in th e f a c t o r f o r fit
of le a st e r r o r . T h e m a t h e m a t i c i a n s w h o w e r e c o n s u l t e d d e d u c e d th at th e f a c t o r
fo r a fit o f l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r c o u ld b e d i r e c t l y d e r i v e d . T h is w a s d on e a s
sh ow n in A p p e n d ix B. R e s u l t s o f t h i s e f f o r t s h o w e d th a t, w h e n a f a c t o r o f 1.7 2 6
i s a p p lie d to th e p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s b e f o r e a d d in g t h e m to th e d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s e s ,
th e c o m b in e d s t r e s s - c y c l i c l i f e r e l a t i o n f i t s th e b a s i c f a t ig u e c u r v e w ith th e
le a st squared e r r o r . On t h i s b a s i s , th e f a c t o r w a s ta k e n a s 2.0 in t h e c a l c u l a ­
tio n f o r m s an d s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . W ith th e f a c t o r o f 2 .0 , th e f it t e d c u r v e o f l e a s t
s q u a r e d e r r o r w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r th e c o m b in e d s t r e s s e s an d f a t ig u e l i f e f o r a l l
45 b e ll o w s and i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e 10b. T h is r e l a t i o n c a n a l s o be e x p r e s s e d a s

Log^Q S = 6 .2 4 - 0 .2 3 6 Logj^^ N . . . (2)

C o m p a r is o n o f t h e s e tw o r e l a t i o n s a t 10'^ c y c l e s i n d i c a t e s l i t t l e d e v ia t i o n r e s u l t ­
ing f r o m in c lu d in g p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s .

The r e s u l t s a l s o i n d ic a t e th at a f a c t o r o f a t l e a s t fou r e x i s t s b e t w e e n A SA
A llo w a b le S t r e s s e s fo r 7000 c y c l e s an d th e a v e r a g e o f th e c a l c u l a t e d v a lu e o f
s t r e s s w h ic h in d u c e d f a i l u r e . The m i n i m u m d i f f e r e n c e f r o m c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s
v a lu e in F i g u r e 9 c i s a f a c t o r of 3 .3 5 a b o v e th e A SA C ode a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s fo r
that n iim b e r o f c y c l e s . F o r t h is r e a s o n a p r o p o s e d t h e o r e t i c a l a l l o w a b le d e f l e c ­
tio n s t r e s s fo r c o n v o lu t e d b e l l o w s c o u ld b e tw o t i m e s th e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y e s t a b ­
l i s h e d v a lu e a l l o w e d by th e A SA c o d e fo r p ip in g e l b o w s o r , th e a c t u a l s t r e s s

NAA-SR-4527
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c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r c o u ld be t a k e n a s o n e - h a l f th e t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a ­
t io n factoi*. It s h o u ld b e n o t e d a l s o , th at th e f a c t o r o f 2 .0 on p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s
w a s u s e d in c o m b in a t io n w it h th e t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s e s . D iv id in g
a l l th e t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s e s by 2 .0 y i e l d s a n e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s o f

+ V ^ ®bd = S • • • <' »

w h i c h s h o u ld n ot be g r e a t e r th a n th e A S A c o d e a l l o w a b le .

A s in th e p ip in g c o d e , th e p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s (both m e m b r a n e a n d b en d in g)
f o r b e l l o w s a r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m th e t o t a l a ll o w a b le s t r e s s ; th e r e m a i n d e r i s th e
a l l o w a b l e b e n d in g s t r e s s due to d e f l e c t i o n . O v e r a l l , t h is i s a k in to th e t e c h n iq u e
u s e d to c a l c u l a t e s t r e s s e s in p ip in g e l b o w s w h e r e th e A S A c o d e s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a ­
tio n f a c t o r i s ta k e n a s o n e - h a l f o f th e t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r and
th e p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s a r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m th e t o ta l a l l o w a b le s t r e s s . M o d ify in g
th e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s f o r b e l l o w s in t h i s m a n n e r s t i l l p r o v i d e s a s a f e t y f a c t o r of
1.67 b e lo w th e m i n i m u m data p o i n t s . T h is i s c o n s i d e r e d s u f f i c i e n t l y c o n s e r v a ­
t i v e , s i n c e (1) b e l l o w s s t r e s s e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d on th e b a s i s o f n o m in a l d i m e n ­
s i o n s , (2) th e b e l l o w s w e r e p r o c u r e d f r o m s e v e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e r s in a w id e
r a n g e o f s i z e s and m a t e r i a l t h i c k n e s s , an d (3) the b e l l o w s w e r e t e s t e d u n d er a
w id e r a n g e o f p r e s s u r e and d e f l e c t i o n c o n d it io n s .

NAA-SR-4527
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 10®
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a. D eflection S tr e s s - C y c l e s to F a ilu re

10® L -------- 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ---------- r " I 1 1 1 1M 1 ..... 1 1 1 IT T T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _

; ‘t q > p

o .
to
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o
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CO
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CYCLES TO F A I L U R E
c. C om bined S tr e s s ‘‘C p jS j,^ ^ 2.0 S p " - C y c le s to F a ilu re

F i g u r e 9. Convo lu ted B e l l o w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s

NAA-SR-4527
34
o.
00

LOG,n CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 10a. C o n v o lu te d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s
B e s t F it Curve S 0
p

NAA-SR-4527
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 00

L 0 6 ,n CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 10b. C o n v o lu te d B e l l o w s , F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t F i t
C u r v e — C o m b in e d S t r e s s

NAA-SR-4527
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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Angular C ritical Pres, Pres. D eflec.
Exper.
A xial Defl. T rans. Test R a h L Ka Ka Pres. Mem, Bendi ng Bending Cycles
t Kr Kr Critical
Defl. Degrees Defl. Press (in.) (in. ) (in. ) Np Nc Meas. Calc, Meas. Calc, Calc. St r e s s Stres s Stress to
(in. ) (in.) Pres.
(in. ) of (in. ), (psi) (lb/in. ) (lb/in. ) (in.lb/ (in.lb/ (psi) ( ps i ) ( ps i ) ( ps i ) Failure
( ps i )
Arc deg) deg) 9cr Smp Sbp Sbd
- 0-5° 1795 4.79 0.082 0.255 0.020 2.62 4 8 - _
104 1 860 22,400 5,730 114.000 133,000 2,265
- ±1 0 ° _ . 1.11 0.0425 0.140 0.020 1. 87 2 11 - - 26 52 - - _
336,000 4,698
- ± 10° _ 1.11 0.0425 0.140 0.020 1.87 2 11 - - 38 52 - - - - 336,000 4,456
- ±10° - _ 1.11 0.0425 0.140 0.020 1. 87 2 11 - ' 24 52 - - - - 336,000 5,515
0.80 - 0.70 - 6.375 0.074 0.370 0.020 8.00 1 27 221 325 - _ - 2,560 640 19, 200 212,000 1,133
0.80 0.70 6.375 0.074 0.370 0.020 8.00 1 27 218 325 _ 2,560 640 19, 200 212,000
_ - -
896
0.80 - 0.70 _ 6.375 0.074 0.370 0.020 8.00 1 27 257 325 _ - - 2,560 640 19,200 212,000 1 , 032
o 0.80 - 0.70 _ 6.375 0.074 0.370 0.020 8.00 1 27 228 325 - - - 2,560 640 1 9 , 20 0 212,000 1,026
r-
) 34,900
±3° I 00 8.925 0.100 0.440 0. 031 4.00 1 10 4,440 1 ,4 2 0 137 ,000 16,065 ,
<
u\>
- _ - - -

- ±3° 100 8.925 0.1 00 0.440 0.031 4.00 1 10 - - - - 4,440 1 , 42 0 34,900 137,000 12,250
+->
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- ±7-1/2° - 1160 2.25 0.075 0.220 0.020 6 . 00 3 20 1070 2050 47 5 90.7 - 2,140 4,230 71,200 104,000 620
d)
cu - 1200 4.10 2 7 53 0 4060 312 1 68 6,220 4,650 54,100 201,000 520
a0) ±7° - 2.18 0.057 0.155 0.020 18 -

550 1400 3,020 3,050 73,500 88,400 823

H ±4.3° -
400 2.90 0.160 0.286 0.0125 3. 2 3 5 1535 125 112. 5 -

± 9 . 25 ° - 1 00 9.46 0.1 86 0.900 0.040 7.44 3 10 1640 2270 _ - - 1,920 750 29,200 148,000 5,700
(U
H _
±9.25° - 1 00 9.46 0.186 0.900 0.040 7.44 3 10 - _ - - - 1 , 920 750 29,200 148.000 4,000
CO
w - 100 9.46 0.186 0.900 0.040 7.44 3 10 - - 1,920 750 29,200 148,000 1,948
-
±9.25° - - -

- ±9.25° - 100 9.46 0.186 0.900 0.040 7.44 3 10 - - - _ - 1,920 7 50 29,200 148,000 3,200
- - 1560 2,820 67 0 220,000 2,125
a, - ±13° 100 9.55 0.186 1.00 0.050 7.44 3 10 -
2370-100 2660 - 23,400
>.
H - ±13° - 100 9.55 0.186 1. 0 0 0.050 7.44 3 10 - -
1560
2370-100 2 66 0 - 2,820 67 0 23,400 220,000 1 , 00 0

0.150 0.016 2 10 _ 9,800 4,930 68,900 146,000 1 , 52 8

o ± 0 . 1 25 - -
1050 1 . 79 0.055 2.19 - - . -

146,000 3,807
H
) ± 0 . 1 25 - _
1050 1 . 79 0.055 0.150 0.016 2 . 19 2 10 - 9,800 4,930 68,900
0.306 0.010 2. 1 7 3 10 • 43 0 53. 7 72 1 , 24 2 377 20,500 144,000 3,650
_
±9° _ 37 4.38 0.054
c _ ±0.14° 37 4.38 0.060 0.309 0 . 01 2 3 . 35 2 14 344 339 54.2 58 _ 63 6 475 21 , 600 186,000 2,467
_ ±0.14° _ 37 4.38 0.060 0.309 0 . 01 2 3 . 35 2 14 329 339 45 58 _ 63 6 4 75 21,600 186,000 3,300
_
±0.14° 37 4.38 0.060 0.309 0 . 01 2 3. 3 5 2 14 300 339 45.5 58 636 475 21,600 186,000 4 ,7 1 1
0-8.5° - 3 00 2.18 0.067 0. 1 9 1 0.012 1. 87 5 1 7 625 635 _ 2,124 4,780 11 1 , 30 0 115,200 270
- 0-8.5° - 3 00 2.18 0.067 0 . 191 0 . 01 2 1. 87 5 1 7 . . _ _ - 2 , 1 24 4,780 11 1 , 30 0 115,200 614
- 0-8.5° - 300 2.18 0.067 0. 191 0 . 01 2 1. 87 5 1 7 742 635 2 8. 3 26. 4 - 2,1 24 4,780 111,300 115,200 543

- 0-7.5° - 300 2.18 0.067 0. 191 0 . 01 2 1. 87 5 1 7 1483 635 61 26. 4 - 2,124 4,780 1 1 1 , 300 101,500 660

±2.25 2 ° Co nt . - 37 4.38 0.068 0.305 0.010 5.48 3 20 189 2 07 - - - 218 376 1 9, 3 0 0 195,000 3, 201
± 14° - 37 4.38 0.064 0.302 0. 011 6 3.33 2 13 382 348 68 58 _ 650 4 82 21,700 201,000 2, 131
. ±1 0 ° - 1 00 7.07 0.125 1 . 02 0.050 5.00 3 10 - - - 3,150 680 25,900 137,000 5,462
_ ±1 0° - 100 7.07 0.125 1 . 02 0.050 5.00 3 10 3750 2 50 0 1930 1 1 00 _ 3,150 680 25,900 137,000 4.917

0.790 4.00 3 8 2200 775 1,216 1,050 59.300 37,600 51 4 6 2

_
±3° - 100 6.80 0.125 0 . 02 5 - - -

27 60 4 40 2,300 - - 708,000 22 6
6.00 - - - 6.062 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1550 - -

TABLE 1

CONVO LUTED BELLOW S FATIG UE

TEST DATA

NA A -SR -4527
37
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Angular Critical Pres. Pres. D eflec.

Kr Kr Exper. Bending Cycles
A xial Defl. Trans. Test R a h t L Ka Ka Pres. Mem. Bending
M eas. Calc, Critical Stres s to
Defl. Degrees Defl. Press (in. ) (in. ) (in. ) Np Nc Meas. Calc, Calc. Stress Stre s s
(in. ) (in.) (in.lb/ (in.lb/ Pres. ( ps i ) Failure
(in. ) of (in. ) (psi) (lb/in. ) (lb/in. ) ( ps i ) (psi) ( ps i )
deg) deg) ( ps i )
Arc Ter ^mp ^bp Sbd

6.00 6.062 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1710 2 76 0 440 708,000 185
3.00 6.062 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1750 2760 440 354,000 890
3.00 6.062 0.234 0,662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1600 2760 440 354,000 1,120
5.50 5.032 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1570 2150 465 1 , 8 30 660,000 149

5.50 5.032 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5 1 8 1580 2150 465 1,830 660,000 196

1 8 1300 2 15 0 465 1,830 359,000 580

3.00 5.032 0.234 0.662 0.050 7.5
0.050 1 8 1260 2 15 0 4 65 1,830 359,000 580
3.00 5.032 0.234 0.662 7.5
2.00 2.702 0.234 0.419 0.036 7.5 1 8 1210 1970 655 1,640 344,000 589
2.00 2.702 0.234 0.419 0.039 7.5 1 8 1440 2 39 0 655 2,000 372,000 4 05
4.00 2.702 0.234 0.419 0.039 7.5 1 8 1430 2 39 0 655 2,000 746,000 131

TA.BLE 1 (C ontinu ed )
#
NAA-SR-4527
39
B. RING R E IN F O R C E D B E L L O W S F A T I G U E T E S T R E S U L T S

A v a ila b le d a ta f r o m f a t ig u e t e s t s on 4 3 r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s (T a b le 2) w e r e
a n a ly z e d to c o r r e l a t e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s w ith c y c l i c l i f e . One of t h e s e b e l l o w s
w a s t e s t e d at 1050° F; a ll o t h e r s w e r e t e s t e d at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . S tresses
fo r on e b e l l o w s w e r e n o r m a l i z e d to r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e b y m u ltip ly in g by th e r a t io
of c o d e a ll o w a b le s t r e s s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , to that at 1 0 5 0 ° F . R e s u l t s of
t h is a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d g r a p h i c a l l y in F i g u r e s l l a , b , and 12a, b. In a n a l ­
y z in g t h e s e d a ta , r e s u l t s o f tw o t e s t s w h e r e th e b e l l o w s did n o t f a il w e r e t r e a t e d
a s though the b e l l o w s had f a i l e d w h e n the t e s t w a s s to p p e d . F ro m co m p a riso n
o f F i g u r e 11a w it h F i g u r e l i b it c a n b e o b s e r v e d th at, a s w ith c o n v o lu te d b e l l o w s ,
p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s h a v e an e f f e c t upon th e c y c l i c l i f e of r e i n f o r c e d b e l ­
lo w s . The c o m b in e d s t r e s s e s o f F i g u r e l i b in c lu d e th e e f f e c t of in t e r n a l p r e s ­
s u r e upon th e d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s e s w h e r e i n th e t e n d e n c y to s q u ir m i n c r e a s e s the
d eflec tio n s t r e s s e s . A g a in , a s w ith th e c o n v o lu t e d b e l l o w s , the to ta l c o m b in e d
c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s fa r e x c e e d th e e l a s t i c l i m i t o f the m a t e r i a l and m u s t b e c o n ­
s i d e r e d a s f i c t i t i o u s or t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s . A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of
0 .8 9 w a s found b e t w e e n th e c o m b in e d t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s and fa tig u e li f e
fo r the 4 3 b e l l o w s t e s t e d .

T h e s a m e t e c h n iq u e th at w a s u s e d fo r c o n v o lu te d b e l l o w s , p r e s e n t e d in
A p p e n d ix A , w a s u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t of p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s on c y c l i c
life. Of th e 43 r in g r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s w h ic h w e r e f a tig u e t e s t e d , 27 w e r e t e s t e d
w ith z e r o p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l b e t w e e n th e i n s i d e and th e o u t s id e of the b e l l o w s .
A l o g - l o g r e l a t i o n w ith l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r b e t w e e n c a l c u la t e d s t r e s s and c y c l i c
l i f e w a s d e t e r m i n e d fo r t h e s e 27 b e l l o w s a s the b a s i c f a tig u e c u r v e and is show n
in F i g u r e 12a. T h is r e l a t i o n c a n a l s o b e e x p r e s s e d a s

L o g j p S = 6 .4 h - 0 .2 8 4 L og^ p N . ...(4)

D a ta f r o m t e s t s o f th e r e m a i n i n g 16 b e l l o w s w e r e th en fitte d to th is c u r v e u s in g
an unknow n f a c t o r a p p lie d to p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s . The c o m b in e d s t r e s s e s
u t il i z i n g t h is fa c t o r s h o u ld f it th e p r e d i c t e d s t r e s s e s f r o m th e b a s i c fa t ig u e c u r v e
w ith l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r . T h e v a lu e o f t h is \inknown f a c t o r w a s d e t e r m i n e d
d i r e c t l y a s 0.4 71 and i s ta k e n in th e d e s i g n f o r m s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a s 0 .5 0 .
With th e f a c t o r ta k e n a s 0 . 5 0 , th e f itt e d c u r v e of l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r w a s
c a l c u l a t e d fo r c o m b in e d s t r e s s e s and c y c l i c l i f e o f a ll 4 3 b e l l o w s and i s sh o w n
in F i g u r e 12b. T h is r e l a t i o n c a n a l s o b e e x p r e s s e d a s

NAA-SR-4527
41
 L o g j p S = 6.26 - 0 .2 49 L o g j p N . ...(5)

4
C o m p a r is o n of t h is w it h th e f i r s t r e l a t i o n in th e r e g i o n of 10 c y c l e s in d ic a te s
l i t t l e d e v ia t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e i n c l u s i o n of p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s w ith th e f a c t o r
of 0 .5 0 . It s h o u ld be n o te d th at t h is v a lu e of 0 .5 0 i s u s e d w ith th e t h e o r e t i c a l
e l a s t i c b en d in g s t r e s s e s .

The v a lu e of t h is f a c t o r , h o w e v e r , i s s t r o n g l y d e p e n d e n t on th e r e s u l t s o f
8 of the 16 t e s t s w h ic h w e r e p e r f o r m e d w ith th e h i g h e s t p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s . By
o m it tin g s e l e c t e d b e l l o w s f r o m t h is s e t of 8 and u s in g th e r e m a i n d e r o f the 16,
t h is f a c t o r can b e v a r i e d f r o m 0 .2 to g r e a t e r than 1.0. T h is i n d i c a t e s th at m o r e
t e s t d a ta a r e r e q u i r e d , e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t e s t s at h ig h p r e s s u r e , and im p r o v e d
a n a ly t ic a l t e c h n iq u e s s h o u ld b e a p p lie d in o r d e r to v e r i f y th e u s e of th e f a c t o r
of 0 .5 in c o n s i d e r i n g th e e f f e c t o f b e n d in g s t r e s s e s in d u c e d by p r e s s u r e .

A g a in , a s w ith th e c o n v o lu t e d b e l l o w s , th e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e a ll o w a b le
s t r e s s r a n g e of th e ASA C o d e fo r p r e s s u r e p ip in g and th e t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c
s t r e s s fo r a g i v e n v a l u e of c y c l i c l i f e , i s a p p r o x im a t e l y 4 . 0 . C o n s i d e r in g the
e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s a s o n e - h a l f o f th e t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c s t r e s s , a s a f e t y f a c t o r of
2,0 on the m e a n w o u ld r e s u l t . The e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s w o u ld b e c o m p u t e d a s

5 = 5 + 0 .2 5 5, + 0 .5 5 , , , ...(6)
mp bp bd ’

w h ic h s h o u ld n o t b e g r e a t e r th an th e ASA C ode a ll o w a b le .

T a b le 2 a l s o c o n t a in s d a ta on m e a s u r e d s p r in g r a t e s and c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e
c o m p a r e d to t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e s o f e a c h . A g a in , s u b s t a n t ia l d i f f e r e n c e s a p p e a r
b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l and m e a s u r e d v a l u e s . In the c a s e o f a x ia l s p r in g r a t e ,
m e a s u r e d v a l u e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r than t h e o r e t i c a l by a f a c t o r a s g r e a t
a s 2 .0 . D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l and m e a s u r e d v a l u e s o f a x ia l s p r in g
r a t e co u ld be e x p la i n e d on th e b a s i s o f the a n a l y t i c a l m o d e l u s e d fo r s t r e s s
a n a l y s i s , w h e r e i n it i s a s s u m e d th a t th e in n e r c r e s t r a d iu s i s e n t i r e l y in c o n ­
t a c t w ith th e r e i n f o r c i n g r i n g s and d o e s n ot e n t e r in to th e f l e x i b i l i t y of th e c o n ­
v o lu t io n s . T h is c o u ld and p r o b a b ly w o u ld b e th e s it u a t io n u n d e r h igh p r e s s u r e s .
H o w e v e r , a ll the s p r in g r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s q u o ted w e r e o b ta in e d at z e r o p r e s ­
s u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l so th at th e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d .

NAA-5R-4527
42
 The m e a s u r e d v a lu e o f c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e ( s q u i r m p r e s s u r e ) is a l s o l o w e r
than th e t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e b y a f a c t o r a s g r e a t a s 6 f o r b e l l o w s s u b j e c t e d to
p r e s s u r e w h i l e h ig h ly s t r a i n e d a b o v e the y i e l d s t r e s s w ith l a t e r a l o f f s e t d e f l e c ­
tio n . The v a l u e s o f m e a s u r e d c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e r a n g e f r o m 81 to 100% of the
t h e o r e t i c a l v a lu e f o r b e l l o w s w ith f u lly r e s t r a i n e d e n d s . E v e n th is s m a l l
d i f f e r e n c e m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d s i n c e th e m e a s u r e d v a l u e s a r e b a s e d on a c h ie v in g
a c o m p l e t e t h e o r e t i c a l b u c k lin g lo a d . T h is t h e o r e t i c a l b u c k lin g lo a d m ig h t b e
i m p o s s i b l e to a c h i e v e on a t e s t d u e to i n e l a s t i c b e h a v io r of th e m a t e r i a l . R e ­
s u l t s o f th e t e s t s on b e l l o w s w ith r e s t r a i n e d e n d s in d ic a t e th at the a n a ly t ic a l
m o d e l m a y b e s u f f i c i e n t l y c o r r e c t to a llo w r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e p r e d ic t i o n of
s p r in g r a t e and c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e u n d e r th e p r o p o s e d l i m i t e d a llo w a b le o p e r a t in g
c o n d it io n s of p r e s s u r e and d e f l e c t i o n . In th e m e a n t i m e th e f a c t o r o f 10 r e q u ir e d
on s t a b i l i t y p r e s s u r e d o e s n o t a p p e a r e x c e s s i v e .

M o r e d a ta a r e n e e d e d f r o m r e s u l t s of t e s t s c o n d u c te d u n d e r v a r i o u s p r e s ­
s u r e and d e f l e c t i o n c o n d it io n s . An i m p r o v e m e n t to th e m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l i s
n e c e s s a r y b e f o r e a n a l y t i c a l d e s i g n f o r s p r in g r a t e and c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e u n d e r
c r i t i c a l c o n d it io n s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d a c c u r a t e l y f o r r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s . The
t e n d e n c y fo r r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s to d i s t o r t to th e s h a p e of t o r o id a l b e l l o w s im d er
v e r y h igh p r e s s u r e i s o b v io u s f r o m p h o t o g r a p h s of h ig h p r e s s u r e t e s t s . T h is
is n o t a c c o u n t e d fo r in th e t h e o r y and m a y p a r t i a l l y a c c o u n t f o r t h o s e c a s e s
w h e r e m e a s u r e d c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y a b o v e that p r e d ic t e d h e r e i n .

NAA-SR-4527
43
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C Y C L E S TO FA ILU RE

b. C o m b in e d S t r e s s "C S, , + 0.5 S, + 2 .0 S "-

ps bd bp m p
C y c le s to F a ilu r e

F i g u r e 11, R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s

NAA-SR-4527
44
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F i g u r e 12a. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s , B e s t
F i t C u r v e S wO
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NAA-SR-4527
45
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F i t C u r v e — C o m b in e d S t r e s s

NAA-SR-4527
46
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Angular Critical Pres. P r e s . D eflec.

Kr Exper.
Axial Defl. Trans, Test Pres. Mem. Bending Bending C yc les
R a h t L Ka I^a Meas. Calc, Critical
Defl. Degrees Defl. Pres. N N Meas. Calc, C alc. Stress Stress Stres s to
(i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) P c (in,lb/ (in.lb/ Pres.
(in.) of (i n. ) ( ps i ) (lb/in. ) (lb/in. ) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) F allure
Rad) Rad) (psi)
Arc <lcr ^mp ^bp Sbd
I 1.0 - - 150 19. 3 0.53 1.3 0.062 8.5 1 4 _ . _ _ _ 3,120 91,200 70.000 31,511
6,500,,. 114,000. 109,000,
2 .63 - .818 520 6.12 0.25 0.625 0.050 10.0 1 10 _ _ _ _ _
9.400'" 1 6 3 , 0 0 0 ' 156.000^ , 2,700
±14° 150 192,000 6 30
3 - -
4.50 0.0835 0.25 0.012 6. 68 20 - - - - - 1, 040 36,100 290.000
4 1.5 - - -
3.97 0.234 0.61 0.031 _
1 3 _ _ _ _ . - - 410,000 5 80
5 0.375 - - - 3.97 0.234 0.61 0.031 _ 1 3 - _ _ - - - - - 88,000 102,192
6 0.75 . _ _ 13. 0 0.40 1.0 0.050 1 3 - - - _ - - - - 138,000 9 1, 628
7 . _ _ _ _ _ 82,500 148,472
0.75 19. 3 0.531 1.30 0.063 6.375 1 3 _ _

8 0.75 _ . 7.88 0.332 0.88 0.038 - 1 3 _ - - - - - - - 122,000 38,213

9 1.50 . . 7.88 0.332 0.88 0 . 0 38 . 1 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ - -
200,000 2,639
10 1. 50 _ _ _ 7.88 0.332 0.88 0.038 _
1 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 200,000 4,008
11 0.375 - - - 4.03 0.234 0.672 0.03 1 2.81 1 3 - - - _ _ _ - - 87,500 400,000
1 6 5 . 0 00 493
12 _
±6° _ 350 4.03 0.234 0.672 0.031 2. 8 1 1 3 1100 1320 - _ 2,150 2,950 7,000 1 54 ,0 0 0 202.000
13 0.563 _ _ 4.03 0.234 0.672 0.03 1 2.81 1 3 - _ _ _ - - - - 111,500 197,463
14 0.875 _
4.03 0.234 0.672 0.031 3 . 75 1 4 _ _ 13, 900 8,100 2,150 1, 670 - - 1 3 0 , 0 00 8,777
15 1.00 _ _ _ 7.88 0.332 0.88 0.038 5.31 1 4 - - - - 1,700 2,130 - - 1 0 0 , 0 00 24,383
I
3 . 00 0-150 7.06 0.56 1 . 063 0.054 12.8 1 4 - - - - - - 2,960 49,000 312,000 134
17 3. 00 _ _ 0-150 7.06 0.56 1. 063 0.054 12.8 1 4 - _ _ - 2,960 49.000 312,000 220
18 3. 00 _ _ 0-150 7.19 0.56 ' . 188 0.062 14.3 1 4 _ _ - - - 2,870 53,000 282,000 6 56
19 3. 00 _ _ 0 - 150 7.19 0.56 1. 188 0.062 14.3 1 4 - - - - - - 2 ,870 53,000 282,000 5 15
20 3 .0 0 - - 0 - 150 7.13 0.56 1.3 12 0.048 12. 6 1 4 - - - - - - 4,100 1 10 ,0 0 0 197 , 000 8 93
21 3. 00 - - 0-150 7.13 0.56 1.312 0.048 12. 6 1 4 - - - - - - 4,100 1 1 0 , 0 00 1 9 7 ,0 0 0 1,7 15
22 3 .0 0 0 - 150 7 . 19 0.42 1 . 1 88 0.060 10.7 1 4 - - - - - - 2,960 77,600 275,000 1, 207
23 3. 00 0 - 150 7.19 0.42 1. 188 0.060 10.7 1 4 - - - - _ _ 2 ,960 77,600 275,000 1, 886
24 3. 00 0 - 150 7.25 0.56 1.25 0.049 12.4 1 4 - - - - - 3 , 8 20 93,600 2 17 , 000 4 , 095
25 3. 00 _ 0 - 150 7.25 0 56 I .25 0.058 12.4 1 4 _ _ _ - - 3,240 68.400 249.000 1. 875
26 3 .0 0 _ _
0 - 150 7.06 0.45 1. 0 6 3 0.034 9.45 1 4 - _ - - 4,700 1 46 ,5 0 0 204 , 000 5,846
27 3 .0 0 _ _ 0-150 7.06 0.45 1. 063 0.034 9.45 1 4 - - - - - 4 , 700 146,500 204,000 5, 7 13
_
Off s et 598
28 6.00 - - 6.062 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 500 7 15 - -
238 - -
443.000 7 40
0.672 0.03 1 7.5 1 8 Fixed
29 6.00 - - - 6.062 0.234 500 7 15 - -
600 598 - - 443,000 6 78

30 3 .0 0 - - -
6.062 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 530 715 - - 598 - - 22 1, 000 2,053
31 3. 00 _ -
6.062 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 49 0 715 - - - 598 - _
221,000 11 , 87 5
Offset
32 6.00 5.032 0.234 0.672 0.03 1 7.5 1 8 440 598 - -
190 501 - -
435 , 000 1, 008
Fixed 501
33 6.00 5.032 0.234 0.672 0.0 3 1 7.5 1 8 380 598 - -
435 - - 435,000 9 13
34 3.00 _ 5.032 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 410 598 - - - 501 - - 2 18 , 0 0 0 6, 09 8
35 3.00 . - - 5.032 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 420 598 - - 501 - - 2 18,000 1 0 , 0 08
'■ 'C o rre c te d to c o m p e n s a t e fo r 1050° F t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e

TABLE 2

R IN G R E IN F O R C E D B E L L O W S
F A T IG U E T E S T D A T A

NA A -SR -4527
47
 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Angular K^. Critical Pres. Pres. D eflec.

Kr Exper.
Axial Defl. Trans. Test Pres. Mem. Bending Bending Cycles
a Ka J^a Meas. Calc, Critical
Defl. Degrees Defl. Pres. R h t L N N M eas. Calc, Calc. Stress Stress Stress to
c (in.lb/ (in.lb/ Pres.
(i n. ) of ( i n. ) (psi) (i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) (i n. ) P (lb/in.) (lb/in.) (psi) ( ps i ) (psi) ( ps i ) F allure
Rad) Rad) ( ps i )
Arc P er ^mp ^bp Sbd
Offset
36 6.00 4.032 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 320 495 304 4 15 446,000 502
F ixed
37 6.00 4.032 0.234 0. 672 0.031 7.5 1 8 300 495 350 415 446,000 • 414
38 3.00 4.032 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 280 495 41 5 223,000 1 0, 6 2 0
39 3.00 4.032 0.234 0.672 0.031 7.5 1 8 280 495 415 223,000 10 , 26 1
4.00 Offset
40 2.702 0.234 0.422 0.031 7.5 1 8 980 1860 250 ■1550 730,000 238
F ixed
41 4.00 2.702 0.234 0.422 0.031 7.5 1 8 92 0 1860 1260 1550 730,000 241
42 2.00 2.702 0.234 0.422 0.031 7.5 1 8 940 1860 1550 365.000 250
43 2.0,0 2.702 0.234 0.422 0.031 7.5 1 8 99 0 1860 1550 365,000 1, 000

T A B L E 2 (Continued)

N A A -SR -4527
49
 14 17 20

Angular Critical Pres. Pres. Deflec.

Axial Trans. Test Exper.
Defl. Pres. Mem. Bending Bending Cycle s
Defl. Degrees Defl. Pres. M eas. Critical
(i n . ) (in. ) (in. (in. Calc, Calc. Stress St r e S 3 St r e s s to
(psi) Meas. Calc. Pres.
(lb/in. (lb/in. ) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) F allure
Arc (psi)
?bd
0.750 7. 25 1.081 1.081 0.036 1 2 4 , 5 00 12 , 80 5
0 . 50 7.25 1. 133 1. 133 0 . 03 6 96,000 52 , 3 7 1
0.375 0-520 7. 25 1 . 062 1. 156 0 . 04 6 1 3, 100 1 57 ,0 0 0 8,072
0.375 0-520 7. 25 1.078 1. 203 0.045 13, 900 150,500 9,733
0 . 25 0-850 7. 25 1.055 1. 196 0.043 23.600 . 000 ■1 1.251
1.00 0-150 7.25 1 . 062 1. 156 0. 041 3, 800 408,000 522
0 . 37 5 0-535 12.0 1. 407 1. 773 0. 051 1 8, 600 85.500 1 1. 487
0.375 0-205 12.0 1. 400 1. 844 0 . 05 0 7, 600 82,300 614
o
e- 0. 5 0 0-205 12.0 1.500 1. 844 0. 051 7 ,4 0 0 112,000 79,007
0.750 0. 205 12.0 1.360 1.797 0 . 05 0 7, 400 1 6 6, 00 0 8.201
0.625 0-205 12.0 1.391 1.822 0.052 7 . 20 0 1 4 2 . 0 00 21.375
U
D 0.75 0-150 12.0 1.773 0.0505 5, 300 1 69 ,5 0 0 16, 075
a
so 0.50 0-205 12.0 1.400 1. 789 0.049 7. 50 0 1 09 . 0 00 49.757
H
1. 322 0-300 12.0 1.757 0 . 051 10 . 30 0 1.73Q
15
1. 322 0-150 12.0 1.43 1.757 0 . 05 0 5, 300 1,576
0. 75 0-300 12.0 1.40 1.757 0. 051 10 , 30 0 1 7 0 , 0 00 7 , 03 7
0.50 0-300 12.0 1.375 1.773 0.052 10,200 1 16 ,0 0 0 2 6, 8 5 6
±3 550 3.28 0.552 52 0.015 3.50 1.100 1053 1890 20,300 1 , 065
± 2.1 550 3.28 0.552 0.552 0 . 01 5 3.50 1,100 1053 1890 20,300 2,000
63.500
4, 950 T
2. 25 1 35 19. 72 1.45 1.62 0.049 11.900 C amp 47 50 4,500 1 3 2 , 7 00
0 21
22

23

24

25

26

29

30

32

34

35

FORM N 7 9 -Y

TABLE 3

TORO IDAL B E L L O W S FA T IG U E
TEST DATA

N A A -SR -4527
51
C. TOROIDAL B E L L O W S F A T IG U E T E S T R E S U L T S

A v a i la b le d ata f r o m f a t ig u e t e s t s on 20 t o r o id a l b e l l o w s w e r e a n a ly z e d to
c o r r e l a t e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s w ith f a t ig u e l i f e . T h e s e d ata a r e p r e s e n t e d in
T a b le 3. R e s u l t s of th e a n a l y s i s a r e d e m o n s t r a t e d g r a p h ic a l ly in F i g u r e s 13
and 14. It c a n be o b s e r v e d f r o m c o m p a r i s o n o f F i g u r e s 13a and 13b that p r e s ­
s u r e s t r e s s e s h a v e a d e f in it e e f f e c t upon f a tig u e l i f e of t o r o id a l ty p e b e l l o w s .
In F i g u r e 13b, a b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s and c y c ­
l e s to f a i l u r e than in F i g u r e 13a. The p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s sh ow n in
F i g u r e 13b h a v e b e e n a d d ed to the d e f l e c t i o n b en d in g s t r e s s at t w ic e t h e ir c a l ­
c u la t e d v a lu e ; th e C f a c t o r h a s a l s o b e e n a p p lie d to i n c r e a s e d e f le c t io n b e n d -
ps
in g s t r e s s e s b e c a u s e of the te n d e n c y to s q u i r m u n d er in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . A s
w ith th e o t h e r t y p e s o f b e l l o w s , th e c a l c u l a t e d bend in g s t r e s s e s fa r e x c e e d the
e l a s t i c l i m i t and m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d a s f ic t i t i o u s o r t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s .
A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 0 .8 2 w a s fou n d b e t w e e n c a l c u l a t e d t h e o r e t i c a l e l a s t i c
s t r e s s e s and c y c l e s to f a i l u r e w ith the d ata t r e a t e d a s for F i g u r e 14.

S in c e 18 of th e 20 b e l l o w s t e s t e d w e r e s u b j e c t e d to s u b s t a n t ia l in t e r n a l p r e s ­
s u r e d u rin g the t e s t , and o n ly 2 w e r e n ot s u b j e c t e d to in te r n a l p r e s s u r e , the
te c h n iq u e fo r e v a lu a t io n of the e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s on c y c l i c li f e co u ld
n ot be r e p e a t e d fo r t o r o id a l ty p e b e l l o w s . I n s t e a d , a l e a s t s q u a r e s c u r v e fit
w a s m a d e to the data in s e v e r a l c a s e s , w ith a d if f e r e n t f a c t o r a p p lie d to the
p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s for e a c h c a s e . It w a s h o p e d that a r e a s o n a b l e and
d i s t i n c t i v e c a s e w ith the l e a s t v a lu e for th e s ta n d a r d d e v ia t io n f r o m the fitte d
c u r v e w o u ld d e t e r m i n e th e f a c t o r w h ic h sh o u ld b e a p p lie d to th e p r e s s u r e s t r e s ­
ses. T h is w a s in l i e u of a n o n - l i n e a r m u l t ip le r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s of th e data
a v a ila b le. N o d i s t i n c t i v e c a s e a p p e a r e d , h o w e v e r , so a r e a s o n a b ly c o n s e r v a t i v e
c a s e w ith t h e p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s m u l t i p l i e d by 3 and ad d ed to th e
t h e o r e t i c a l b e n d in g s t r e s s e s w a s t a k e n a s th e r u le . T h e r e s u l t s of t h is a r e
sh ow n d i r e c t l y f r o m th e d i g it a l c o m p u t e r output ( F i g u r e 14). The l o g - l o g r e l a ­
t io n c a n a l s o b e e x p r e s s e d a s

L o g i o S = 6.11 - 0 .2 1 6 L o g ^ qN . . . . (7)

4
At 10 c y c l e s t h is r e s u l t s in a p p r o x i m a t e l y th e s a m e v a lu e of S ( s t r e s s ) a s the
e x p r e s s i o n fo r the o th e r two b e l l o w s t y p e s . The f a c t o r o f 3, w h ic h w a s a p p lie d

NA A -SR -4527
53
to p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s , i s g r e a t e r than th e f a c t o r o f 2 w h ic h w a s a p ­
p lie d to m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s w it h th e o t h e r tw o t y p e s o f b e l l o w s an d t h e r e b y
m a k e s a ll o w a n c e fo r s o m e p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s e s w h ic h a r e not o t h e r w i s e
c o n sid e r ed . It m a y a l s o be o b s e r v e d th at a n a l y s i s f o r th e v a lu e o f t h is f a c t o r i s
s t r o n g l y d e p e n d e n t on r e s u l t s o f o n ly 4 of th e 20 t e s t s . On th e b a s i s o f so few
t e s t s , it w o u ld b e u n w i s e to o v e r e m p h a s i z e th e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s , e s ­
p e c i a l l y w h e n th e f a c t o r of 3 r e s u l t s in g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t o f t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s -
c y c l i c l i f e r e l a t i o n s w it h t h o s e o f th e o t h e r b e l l o w s .

On th e b a s i s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s , it c a n b e c o n c l u d e d that f o r t o r o id a l b e l l o w s ,
a s w it h o t h e r b e l l o w s t y p e s , t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e s o f s t r e s s e s s h o u ld be d iv id e d by
2.0 to o b ta in th e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s and s t i l l y i e l d a s a f e t y f a c t o r o f 2 .0 on the
m e a n a b o v e th e A SA C o d e a l l o w a b l e . T h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s w o u ld th en be

S = 1.5 S + 0 .5 S. , . . . . (8)
mp bd

T a b le 3 a l s o c o n t a in s d ata on c a l c u l a t e d and e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d
s p r in g r a t e s f r o m 3 o f th e 20 b e l l o w s t e s t e d . It m a y be o b s e r v e d th at c a l c u l a t e d
s p r in g r a t e s a g r e e w e l l w ith e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b s e r v e d s p r in g r a t e s f o r the tw o
s m a l l e r b e l l o w s an d th e t e n s i o n s p r in g r a t e o f th e l a r g e r b e l l o w s , but a r e in
e r r o r by a f a c t o r g r e a t e r than 2 .0 f o r th e c o m p r e s s i v e s p r in g r a t e o f th e l a r g e r
b e llo w s. P r i n t s w e r e a v a i l a b l e for the l a r g e r b e l l o w s ; th e f a c t o r o f 2 .0 ca n a l ­
m o s t be a l l o w e d f o r b y th e e x t r e m e s o f d i m e n s i o n a l t o l e r a n c e s , a g a in in d ic a tin g
that a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of s p r in g r a t e w i l l be a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o b l e m f o r b e l l o w s
d e sig n .

NAA-SR-4527
54
 10® -1--------1----- 1 I T I I I I--------------1-------- 1-----1 I I I I I I--------------1--------1----- 1— I I I M I--------------1--------1----- 1 M i l l

in
Q.

T3 d3
_cn
CO
CO
UJ o
cc 10®
h-
CO
to —
z □
o
CJ
LU
_J
u.
UJ
Q

I I I I I I I 1 J 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I J I I I I I I 1
104
a. Deflection Stress - C y c l e s to Fa i l u r e

10® 1 1 1 1 I I 11 1 I I I 1111 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1:

Q .
E
</) □ -
O
oJ
; cP
+
□QJc
cn a
t/> ° 0 □
_<J^ 105 ■■■ ....... o o .
cn
cn -
LiJ
cr
I—
CO
Q
UJ

CD
2
O
o 1 1 1 i .J 1 1 1 1 .......................... 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II
IQ4 ..

10 I02 10^ I04 10®

CYCLES TO FAILURE

b. C o mb i n e d S t r e s s “ Cpj Sij ij + 2 . 0 S , ^ p ” - C y c l e s to Fa i l ur e

F i g u r e 13. T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s ,
C y c l e s to F a i l u r e

N A A -SR -4527
55
 L 0 6 ,r t CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 14. T o ro id a l B e llo w s F a tig u e T e s t R e s u lts, B e s t F it C urve

C o m b in e d S t r e s s "C S, , + 3 .0 S "
p s bd mp

NAA-SR-4527
56
D. C O M B IN E D R E S U L T S OF F A T IG U E T E S T S A T 7 0 ° F

R e s u l t s o f th e 108 r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e fa t ig u e t e s t s on the t h r e e t y p e s of
b e llo w s w e r e a n a ly ze d s t a t is t ic a lly a s a sin g le group. C a lc u la te d t h e o r e t i c a l
b en d in g d e f l e c t i o n s t r e s s e s w e r e c o m b in e d w it h t h e o r e t i c a l b en d in g p r e s s u r e
s t r e s s e s and the p r e s s u r e m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s in p r e v i o u s l y s p e c i f i e d p r o p o r ­
t io n s to o b ta in t o t a l t h e o r e t i c a l s t r e s s e s e q u a l to t w ic e the e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s e s . A
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 .8 7 w a s found b e t w e e n the c a l c u l a t e d t h e o r e t i c a l
e l a s t i c s t r e s s e s and c y c l e s to f a i l u r e f o r t h i s c o m b in e d g ro u p .

C o n s t a n ts o f e q u a t io n s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d w h i c h e x p r e s s the c o m b in e d s t r e s s
a s a fu n c tio n o f c y c l e s to f a il u r e u s in g a l o g - l o g r e l a t i o n w it h l e a s t s q u a r e d
error. The e v a l u a t i o n o f l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r w a s m a d e u s in g tw o t e c h n iq u e s ,
i. e. , (1) th e e r r o r w a s u s e d d i r e c t l y , and (2) th e e r r o r w a s w e ig h t e d b y d iv id in g
20
b y the v a l u e o f th e Log S (M eth od o f F r a c t i o n a l R e s i d u a l s ). C o n s ta n t s for b oth
f i r s t o r d e r and s e c o n d o r d e r e q u a tio n s w e r e d e v e l o p e d u s in g b oth t h e s e m e t h o d s ,
r e s u l t i n g in fo u r e v a l u a t i o n s o f th e data. P r e v i o u s l y , the data for e a c h o f the
t h r e e t y p e s o f b e l l o w s h a d b e e n s e p a r a t e l y e v a l u a t e d w ith the s a m e fo u r p r o c e d u r e s .

S o m e of th e r e s u l t s of t h is a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 4, F it tin g th e
s e c o n d o r d e r c u r v e to t e s t d ata y i e l d e d u n r e a s o n a b l e r e s u l t s in th e r a n g e of
2 5 0 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s ; t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e t h e r e f o r e n ot p r e s e n t e d . T h e data on F i g u r e s
15, 16, 17, and 18 i n d ic a t e th at w e ig h t in g o f the r e s i d u a l (or e r r o r s ) w o u ld b e
th e m o s t r e a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h s i n c e th e s c a t t e r o f d ata i s o b v io u s ly l a r g e r at th e
h ig h e r s t r e s s v a lu e s ; t h e r e f o r e , o n ly t h o s e r e s u l t s u s in g w e ig h t e d e r r o r a r e i n ­
c lu d e d in T a b le 4 . T h e w e ig h t in g f a c t o r a p p lie d to the s q u a r e d r e s i d u a l s w a s
the i n v e r s e o f s q u a r e o f th e L og 10 o f th e s t r e s s f o r e a c h point.

A n e q u iv a le n t RMS d e v i a t i o n fo r t h is w e i g h t e d c u r v e w a s d e s i r e d . The RMS

d e v i a t i o n w it h the w e ig h t e d e r r o r s w a s o b ta in e d fo r the fit te d c u r v e and th is w a s
m ii lt ip li e d b y the L og 10 of th e c a l c u l a t e d m e a n s t r e s s at an y g iv e n n u m b e r of
c y c l e s to d e t e r m i n e an e q u iv a le n t RMS d e v ia t io n , n ot w e ig h t e d , at th at n u m b e r
of c y c le s . T h is m e t h o d th en p r e d i c t s l a r g e r RMS d e v ia t i o n s at h ig h e r s t r e s s e s
and i s r e a s o n a b l e if n o t m a t h e m a t i c a l l y r i g o r o u s .

T a b le 4 a l s o p r e s e n t s c a l c u l a t i o n s fo r th e f a c t o r o f s a f e t y b e t w e e n p r e d ic t e d
e f f e c t i v e m e a n s t r e s s e s and th e p r o p o s e d a ll o w a b le s t r e s s e s . A t 7 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s
and 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s the s a f e t y f a c t o r i s n o t l e s s th an 1.75 in an y c a s e . H ow ever,
a t 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s th e s a f e t y f a c t o r i s c o n s i s t e n t l y lo w e r than at 7 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s .

N A A -SR -4527
57
 TABLE 4

R E S U L T S F R O M S T A T IS T I C A L E V A L U A T I O N O F F A T I G U E T E S T D A T A

B e llo w s T y p e
108 C o m b in e d C o n v o lu te d R e in fo rc e d T o ro id a l
C u r v e w ith M in .
R M S D e v ia tio n L o g S = 6 .2 6 0 - 0 .2 4 7 9 L o g N L og S = 6 .2 2 0 - 0 .2 3 0 7 L o g N L o g S = 6 .2 6 0 - 0 .2 4 9 3 L o g N L o g S = 6 .0 9 6 - 0 .2 1 3 L o g N

E q u i v a le n t R M S
D e v ia tio n on T h e o r e t i ­ 0 .0 1 7 4 4 X L o g S 0 .0 1 6 4 1 X L o g S 0 .0 1 8 6 6 L o g S 0 .0 1 5 0 7 L o g S
ca l S tre s s e s

P re d ic te d T h e o re tic a l
S tre s s R ange a t 2 0 1 ,4 0 0 p s i 2 1 4 ,3 0 0 p s i 2 0 1 ,0 0 0 p s i 1 8 9 ,2 0 0 p s i
7 ,0 0 0 C y c le s

P r e d i c t e d E f f e c tiv e
S tr e s s R ange a t 1 0 0 ,7 0 0 p s i 1 0 7 ,1 5 0 p s i 1 0 0 ,5 0 0 p s i 9 4 ,6 0 0 p s i
7 ,0 0 0 C y c le s

A SA A llo w a b le S t r e s s
4 6 ,8 7 5 p s i 4 6 ,8 7 5 p s i 4 6 ,8 7 5 p s i 4 6 ,8 7 5 p s i
R a n g e a t 7 ,0 0 0 C y c le s

F a c t o r o f S a f e ty 2 .1 4 2 .2 9 2 .1 4 2 .0 2

R e l i a b i l i t y 75%
0 .9 9 9 5 0 .9 9 9 9 0 .9 9 9 0 .9 9 9 3
C o n f id e n c e L e v e l

P re d ic te d T h e o re tic a l
S tre s s R ange a t 8 3 ,1 8 0 p s i 9 4 ,2 0 0 p s i 8 2 ,4 0 0 8 8 ,3 0 0
2 5 0 ,0 0 0 C y c le s

P r e d i c t e d E f f e c tiv e
S tr e s s R ange a t 4 1 ,5 9 0 p s i 4 7 ,1 0 0 p s i 4 1 ,2 0 0 4 4 ,1 5 0
2 5 0 ,0 0 0 C y c le s

A SA A llo w a b le S t r e s s
2 3 ,4 3 8 p s i 2 3 ,4 3 8 p s i 2 3 ,4 3 8 2 3 ,4 3 8
a t 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 c y c le s

F a c t o r o f S a fe ty 1.77 2 .0 1 1.75 1.88

R e l ia b i lit y 75%
0 .9 9 5 0 .9 9 9 5 0 .9 9 1 0 .9 9 9 1
C o n f id e n c e L e v e l

C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c ie n t 0.8 7 0 .7 4 0 .8 9 0 .8 2

It s h o u ld b e o b s e r v e d th a t in a l l 108 t e s t s , no f a i l u r e s w e r e o b ta in e d a b o v e
197,000 c y c l e s and th e on e b e l l o w s t e s t e d to 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 c y c l e s d id n o t f a i l b u t w a s
t r e a t e d s o in th e a n a l y s i s . T h e r e f o r e , th e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s a t 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s
a r e a n e x t r a p o l a t i o n an d m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d c o n s e r v a t i v e .

F o r e a c h ty p e o f b e l l o w s a n d fo r th e c o m b in e d t e s t r e s u l t s . T a b le 4 a l s o
p r e s e n t s a n e s t i m a t e o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y in s e r v i c e at the a l l o w a b le s t r e s s l e v e l
w h e n s u b j e c t e d to th e f u ll c y c l i c l i f e . T h is e s t i m a t e o f r e l i a b i l i t y i s a t th e 75%
22
c o n f id e n c e l e v e l f o r a l a r g e p o p u la tio n . It i s b a s e d o n an a s s u m e d n o r m a l
d is t r ib u t io n . S in c e s y s t e m d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s s e l d o m s p e c i f y a n u m b e r o f
o p e r a tin g c y c l e s a s h ig h a s 7 ,0 0 0 c y c l e s , w h i c h i s th e m i n i m u m n u m b e r c o n ­
s i d e r e d in e s t a b l i s h i n g A S A C ode a l l o w a b l e s , t h e s e e s t i m a t e s o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y
m a y b e v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e in p r a c t i c e . The e s t i m a t e s do n o t in c lu d e a ll o w a n c e
f o r u n u s u a l c o r r o s i v e c o n d it io n s o r v i b r a t i o n p r o b l e m s w h i c h m a y b e e n c o u n t e r e d
in a p p lic a t i o n .

NAA-SR-4527
58
 1
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8. 4.
LOG,o CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 15. 108 B e l l o w s C o m b in e d Fa.tigue T e s t R e s u l t s ,

B e s t F it C u r v e-W eig h ted A rea

NAA-SR-4527
59
M
a.
v>
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LOGio CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 16. C o n v o lu t e d B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s ,
B e s t F it C u r v e-W eig h ted E r r o r

NAA-SR-4527
60
 , J r — ! '■
T I
1 !
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1 j
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4

4 ► 44 4

4
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q: t
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L i j a . . .
1 1 !
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1

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l o 6 ,q c y c l e s t o fa il u r e

F i g u r e 17. R in g R e i n f o r c e d B e l l o w s F a t ig u e T e s t R e s u l t s ,
B e s t F i t C u r v e - W e ig h t e d E r r o r

NAA-SR-4527
61
M
a.
<0
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UJ
a:

Ct
UJ
z
CD

O
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L 0 6 ,« CYCLES TO FAILURE

F i g u r e 18. T o r o i d a l B e l l o w s F a t i g u e T e s t R e s u l t s ,
B e s t F it C u r v e-W eig h ted E r r o r

NAA-SR-4527
62
E. R E S U L T S O F HIGH T E M P E R A T U R E F A T IG U E TESTS

R e s u l t s f r o m fa t ig u e t e s t s p e r f o r m e d at 1200 ®F on th e t h r e e t y p e s o f b e l ­
l o w s a r e p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 5 . S om e of th e se t e s t s w e r e p e r fo r m e d as part of
an e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of b e l l o w s p e r f o r m a n c e a s e x p la in e d in R e f e r ­
en ce 21. S e v e r a l o f the l a r g e r b e l l o w s w e r e m a d e e s p e c i a l l y for t h is t e s t p r o ­
g r a m a s n o n - s t a n d a r d p r o d u c t io n i t e m s , and w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m th e m a n u f a c ­
t u r e r on a b e s t - e f f o r t b a s i s . C o n s e q u e n t ly , t h e s e b e ll o w s c o n t a in e d g e o m e t r i ­
c a l v a r i a t i o n s w it h in and b e t w e e n c o n v o lu t io n s w h ic h w o u ld r e s u l t in r e j e c t i o n on
a n orm a l in sp e c tio n b a s is . T h e s e v a r i a t i o n s did not, h o w e v e r , i n t e r f e r e w ith
th e b a s ic p u r p o s e of th e p r o g r a m and th e b e l l o w s w e r e a c c e p t e d and t e s t e d fo r
s t r e s s d istrib u tio n . T h e f a t ig u e t e s t w a s an a d d itio n a l p a r t of the p r o g r a m and,
in s p it e o f th e o b s e r v e d l a r g e s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a ll th e b e ll o w s w e r e s u b ­
j e c t e d to f a t ig u e t e s t s . A n e s t i m a t e of th e a d d itio n a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c a n
a l s o be found in th e e x p e r i m e n t a l d ata o f R e f e r e n c e 2 1 . D a ta f r o m t e s t s on b e l ­
lo w s w h ic h w o u ld n o r m a l l y be r e j e c t e d a r e t h e r e f o r e a l s o in c lu d e d in T a b le 5
and m a y be g iv e n s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n in lig h t o f the a b o v e .

T h e t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d at 1200 ®F w it h m o lt e n s o d iu m m e t a l on on e s u r ­
f a c e , e i t h e r the i n s i d e o r th e o u t s i d e o f th e b e l l o w s . In the t e s t s of the s m a l l
b e l l o w s , the s e c o n d a t m o s p h e r e w a s h e l i u m g a s and in t e s t s o f the l a r g e b e l ­
l o w s , th e s e c o n d a t m o s p h e r e w a s a ir e n tr a p p e d in t h e r m a l i n s u la t io n . D u rin g
th e t e s t s , e a c h o f th e b e l l o w s w a s s u b j e c t e d to s e v e r a l l e v e l s o f c y c l i c s t r e s s .
The d ata w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d to o n e l e v e l o f c y c l i c s t r e s s at 7000 c y c l e s by the
-1 /4
u s e o f M i n e r s H y p o t h e s i s and the fa tig u e r e l a t i o n N = KS. T h is fa tig u e r e ­
la t io n m a y be d e r i v e d f r o m r e s u l t s o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f b e ll o w s fa tig u e
b e h a v io r p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 4 w ith

N = num ber of c y c le s

S = c y c lic s t r e s s range

K = a con stan t, e m p ir ic a lly d eterm in ed

The r e s u l t o f t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s p e r m i t t e d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a f a c to r of s a f e t y d e ­
f in e d a s th e r a t io b e t w e e n the e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s e s r a n g e a p p lie d for a 7 0 0 0 - c y c l e
l i f e and that w h ic h w o u ld be a ll o w e d by the A SA C ode at t h is t e m p e r a t u r e . It
s h o u ld be n o te d th a t at c o n s t a n t h igh t e m p e r a t u r e c y c l i n g the c o d e h a s b e e n i n t e r ­
p r e t e d h e r e i n a s a ll o w i n g a to ta l s t r e s s r a n g e o f 1.25 (S^ + ) w here ~ ’

N A A -SR -4527
63
 T h e s a f e t y f a c t o r d e t e r m i n e d fo r t h e s e b e l l o w s a v e r a g e s 3 . 8 0 . T h e lo w
v a lu e o f 1.15 i s fo r a b e l l o w s w ith a l a r g e d e v ia t i o n f r o m t y p i c a l c o n v o lu t io n c o n -
21
f o r m a t i o n . T h is r e s u l t e d in an e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b s e r v e d s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 .0 a b o v e th e c a l c u l a t e d and e x p e r i m e n t a l l y v e r i f i e d t h e o r e t i c a l
s t r e s s d istrib u tio n . If t h is lo w v a l u e i s ig n o r e d o r a d j u s t e d on t h is b a s i s , t h e r e
w o u ld th en be a m i n i m u m s a f e t y f a c t o r of 2 . 5 2 . T h is i s a b o v e th e m i n i m u m v a l ­
u e o f 1.7 5 on th e m e a n w h i c h i s o b s e r v e d a t 7 0 * F b y th e d a ta o f T a b le 4 . It i s
f e lt that t h is m a r g i n b e t w e e n 2 .5 2 an d 1.75 w i l l b e a d e q u a te to p r o v id e fo r th e
e f f e c t up on c y c l i c l i f e r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e d i f f e r e n c e in r a t e o f c y c l i n g b e t w e e n
that o f th e t e s t and th at o f s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s .

NAA-SR-4527
64
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

3 c S N N S
Bellows X = A mp Skbp "bd equiv, equiv. e qu i v . Safety
R h a R t N N a a C
No. ,
(in.) ( i n. ) (in.) (in.)
(t - V "' (in.) P c
0.778\/R4 h X
P Cd (in. ) ( ps i ) ( ps i ) ( ps i ) ( ps i )
^test total at 9 00 0 Factor
Type, & ^AC
(in! ) cycles
Material ( ps i )

1 #2 9.50 1.00 1.00 10.50 1.57 0.050 1 4 0.565 1 1. 77 0. 34 1.8 0.428 770 1500 28,200 16,370 1,000 4300
2
C o n v o l u t :d 3 0 4 SS 0 . 5 34 770 1500 35,200 19,870 820 8,000 12300 13,000 1. 15
3 #3 10.125 0.875 0.468 1 1. 0 0 1 . 1 42 0.056 1 4 0.61 0.535 0.765 0. 59 1. 92 0.500 480 1570 44,300 24,200 3,000 64, 000
4
Co n v o l u t ed 304 S3 0.624 480 1570 5 5, 3 0 0 29,700 1,000 47300
5 0.750 480 1570 66,400 35,250 1,000 96,200
6
0.876 480 1570 77,400 40,750 1,000 173.000
7
1. 000 480 1570 88,500 46,300 1 , 00 0 287.000
8
1 . 12 4 480 1570 99,600 51,850 90 40,700 708,400 35,7 00 3.17
9
#5 10.00 0.75 0.20 10.75 0.864 0.050 1 5 0.576 0 . 26 7 0.345 0. 82 1.37 0.316 100 1980 37,800 20,980 18,260 220,000
10
Con v ol u t ed 304 S3 0.404 100 1980 48,300 26,230 5,170 1 53, 000
11 66, 400
- 0.480 100 1980 57,500 30,830 1 ,1 80
12
0.552 100 1980 66,000 35,080 7 20 68,000 507 ,400 32,800 2. 92
13
#6 NF
I 0.00 0.75 0.20 10.75 0.81 1 0.050 1 5 0.576 0.267 0.345 0.82 1.37 0.400 100 1980 47,900 26,030 5,000 1 43, 600
14 C o n v o l u t ed 304 S3 0.600 100 1980 71 , 800 37,980 5,000 6 50, 000
15
0.800 100 1980 95,700 49,930 5,000 1,97 0,000
16
1.000 100 1980 1 19 600 61,880 140 1 22, 500 2 3 8 6 , 1 0 0 50,750 4.5
17 #7 1 0 . 34 1.14 0.367 1 1. 48 1 . 349 0 . 06 2 1 4 0.653 0.322 0.562 0. 75 1.5 0.560 3 50 2 80 0 42,100 24,200 1,000 21, 400
18
Conv o l ut ed 3 0 4 S3 0.700 350 2800 5 2, 5 0 0 29,400 1,000 46300
19 (welded) 0 .8 4 0 3 50 2 80 0 63,000 34,650 1,000 9 0, 000
20
0.980 350 2 800 73,600 39,950 1,000 158300
21
1.120 350 2 800 84,100 45,200 1,050 273, 000 589 , 10 0 34,100 3. 03
22 #8 Conv, 10.10 1.15 0.438 11.16 1.400 0.030 1 289, 000 28,500 2 .5 4
4 0.45 0. 381 0 . 97 3 0. 55 1. 65 1.946 780 8 92 0 63,400 41,400 1,590 289, 000
23 10.10 1.15 0.438 11.16 1.400 0.050 1 4 0.58 0. 381 0.755 0, 35 1.7 1.184 465 3795 63,200 35,860 5,000 51 5,000
24
Conv o l u' ed 304 S3 1.480 * 465 3 795 79,000 43,760 5,000 1,14 0,000 NF
25
1 . 7 76 465 3 795 94,700 51,610 3,000 1 ,335,000 2 , 990, 000 51,100 4.55
King 8 04 t>t>
26 #1 OReiS: • in in 1.15 0.438 11. 16- - 0.030 1 4 0 . 45 0. 381 0.973 0. 58 1.57 1 . 9 46 190 9 430 66,600 35,850 2,730 282, 000 2 82 .0 0 0 28,300 2. 52
27
#11 10.625 1.375 1.325 12.00 - 0.050 1 2 0.603 0.96 2. 2 1. 55 0.526 140 _ 43,400 21,910 27,850 402,000
28 Toroida 3 0 4 SS 0.788 140 - 65,000 32,710 5,130 366, 000 NF
29
1.050 140 _ 86,500 43,460 2,570 5 75, 000 1 3 4 3 , 0 0 0 42,000 3. 74
30

31

32

33

34

35

FO R M N 7 9 -Y

TABLE 5

BELLO W S FA T IG U E TEST D A T A
F R O M HIGH T E M P E R A T U R E
TESTS

NA A -SR -4527
65
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

X = S
B ello w s S N N e q u iv .
R h a R t N N a a C A mp ®bp Sbd S ^ est e q u iv . equiv. Safety
No. , c 0.7 7 8 /R t ^d at 7000
(in .) (in.) (in .) (in.) (in.) P h X P (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) total F a c to r
Type, h cy cles
(in. ) (psi)
M a terial
1 #8 1.755 0.407 0.221 2 .162 0 .533 0.03 1 10 0.198 0.543 1.12 0.52 1.8 590 57,700 29.550 1 ,000
0.545 110 31,100
2 C o n v o lu ed 0.683 110 590 72,300 36,850 1 ,0 0 0 75,700
3 0.796 110 590 84,400 42.900 1,000 138,000
3 4 7 SS
» 0.898 110 590 95,000 48,200 1,000 213,000
5 1.035 110 590 109,600 55,500 1 1 ,0 0 0 4,268,000 4,725,800 63,700 5.1
6 #10 1.755 0.407 0.221 2.162 0 .533 0.03 1 10 0 .198 0.543 1.12 0.52 1.8 0.554 110 590 58,600 30,000 1,000 33,100
7 Convolui ed 0.693 110 590 73,400 37,400 1 ,000 80,000
8 590
3 4 7 SS 0.832 110 88.100 44.750 1,000 164.000
9 110 590 103,000 52,200 1,000 303,000
0.971
10
1.110 110 590 117,700 59,550 1,000 51 2 , 0 0 0 NF

11 1.249 1I0 590 13 2,200 66,800 1 1 , 0 0 0 8 , 9 1 0 , 0 0 0 10,002,100 76,900 6.15

12 #9 1.755 0.407 0.21 8 2.1 62 0.531 0.03 1 10 0.198 0.543 1.12 0.52 1.8 0.554 1 10 590 58,600 30,000 1 ,000 33.100
13 C o n v o lu ' ed 0.693 110 590 73,400 37,400 1 .000 80,000
14 3 4 7 SS 0.832 110 590 88,100 44,750 1,000 164,000

0.971 110 590 103,000 52,200 1,000 303,000

16 1.110 11 0 590 117,700 59,550 971 499,000 1 ,079,1 OC 44,100 3.52
17 #2 1.755 0.347 0.125 2.102 0.418 0.03 1 24 0.194 0.36 0.645 0.70 1.6 0.714 80 56 0 47,700 24,490 1 ,000 14R00
18 C o n v o lu ed 0.892 80 56 0 59,600 30,440 1 ,000 3 5.000
19 NF
3 4 7 SS 1.070 80 560 71,500 36,390 1,000 70R00
20 1.248 80 560 83,400 42,340 18,000 2360,000 2 , 4 8 0 ,6 0 ( 54,300 4.34
2I #1 1.755 0.347 0.125 2 . 1 02 0.41 8 0.03 1 24 0.1 94 0.36 0.645 0.70 1 .6 0.714 80 560 47,700 24,490 1,000 14800
22 Convolu' ed 3 47 SS 0.892 80 560 59,600 30,440 1 ,0 0 0 3 5,000
23 1.070 80 560 71 , 5 0 0 36,390 1 ,0 0 0 7 0,800 NF
24 1.248 80 56 0 83,400 42,340 17,000 2225,000 2345,60( 53,500 4.28
25 #5 1.765 0.197 0.08 1.962 0.2426 0.01 5 1 30 0.134 0.406 0.596 0.70 1.6 0.666 140 67 0 46,100 23,860 1,000 13 3 0 0
26 Convo] u ed 0.832 140 670 57,600 29.610 1,000 31, 4 00
2' 3 4 7 SS 0.998 140 670 69,100 35,360 1 ,000 63800
28 1.164 140 67 0 80,600 41,110 1,000 116300
29 1 .330 140 670 92,000 46,810 8 , 5 7 6 1 , 7 1 8 ,0 0 0 1,94 3,OOC 51,100 4.09
30 #6 1.765 0.197 0.08 1.962 ■ 0.2426 0.01 5 I 30 0.134 0 .406 0.596 0.70 1.6 0.654 140 67 0 45,200 23.410 1 .000 12.300
31
C o n v o lu ed 0.817 140 67 0 56.500 29.060 1 .000 29200
32 3 4 7 SS 0.980 140 67 0 6 7,800 34.710 1.000 59.000
33 1.143 140 67 0 79.100 40.360 1 .000 108.000
34 1 .306 140 670 90,400 46,01 0 1 ,000 184,000

35 1.4o9 140 67 0 101 , 7 0 0 51,660 5,326 1350,000 1,942300 57,100 4.09

1
#3 1.755 0.347 0.133 2.1 02 0.423 0.03 I 23 0.1 94 0.383 0.685 0 .6 7 1.65 0.696 85 535 47 . 2 0 0 24.220 1,o o 7 14.000
2
C o n v o l u led O.B70 85 535 58,900 30,070 1.000 33300

3 3 4 7 SS 1.044 85 535 70.700 35.970 1 ,000 66200

4 1.218 85 535 82,500 41 , 8 7 0 1,000 125300

S 1.392 85 535 94,400 47,820 1 .000 213,000

6 1.566 85 535 106,100 53,670 1 ,000 338,000

7 1.740 85 535 1 19,300 60,270 1 ,000 540.000

6 1.914 85 535 129.800 65,520 1,000 756,000

9 2.064 85 535 140,000 70,620 35 3 360,000 2,446,000 54,100 4.33
10 #4 K755 0.34 7 0.133 2 .102 0.423 0.03 ) 23 0.1 94 0.383 0.685 0.67 ;.6 5 0.708 85 535 48,000 24,620 1,0 0 0 15,100
1, C o n v o l u ed 0.885 85 535 60.000 30.620 1 .000 36.000
1
12 3 4 7 SS 1.062 85 535 72,000 36.620 1 ,000 74,000
13 1.239 35 535 84,000 42,620 12,169 1, 63 5 ,0 0 0
1
---------------- 1---------------- r '
14 1.419 85 535 96.000 48.620 1 .000 7.30.000
15
1------ !
1 .593 85 53 5 108,000 54,620 I ,000 365,000

16 1 1.770 85 53 5 120,000 60,620 730 403,000 2 , 7 5 8 ,0 0 0 55.700 4.46 .

I ......... .

T a b le 5 (C ontinued)

NA A -SR -4527
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 IV. CONCLUSIONS

A m e t h o d o f e v a lu a tin g the d e s i g n a p p lic a t io n o f b e l l o w s on th e b a s i s of c a l ­

c u l a t e d a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s e s h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d w h ic h c o r r e l a t e s w e l l w ith t e s t
re su lts. T h is c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d a l l o w s e v a lu a tio n o f both d e f le c t io n s t r e s s e s
and p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s on c o n v o lu t e d b e l l o w s , c o n v o lu t e d b e ll o w s w ith r e i n f o r c ­
in g r i n g s and t o r o id a l b e l l o w s . The r e l i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s in
T a b le 4 a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y h ig h to a d v i s e a c c e p t a n c e o f th e c a l c u la t io n m e t h o d r e ­
g a r d le ss of its m a th e m a tic a l b a s is .

M e th o d s o f s t a t i s t i c a l m a t h e m a t i c s h a v e b e e n u s e d w ith data f r o m t e s t s to
d e t e r m i n e th e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s on c y c l i c l i f e of th e b e l l o w s . F actors
fo r t h is e f f e c t h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d in th e p r o p o s e d c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e .

T h e p r o p o s e d s t r e s s c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d and th e p r o p o s e d a llo w a b le s t r e s s
l i m i t s for b e l l o w s to be u s e d in a p ip in g s y s t e m both h a v e th e s a m e b a s i s a s
t h o s e fo r o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s of th e s y s t e m . The p r o p o s e d l i m i t s h a v e b e e n show n
to h a v e r e a s o n a b l e s a f e t y f a c t o r s at 70 *F and at 1200 ®F on the b a s i s o f e x p e r i ­
m e n t a l d ata f r o m t e s t s e v a l u a t e d h e r e i n .

T e s t d a ta h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d and so e v a lu a t e d a s to p r o v id e a b a s i s for
e c o n o m i c o p t i m i z a t i o n o f a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s e s in a p p lic a t i o n s o th e r than p ip in g
sy stem s.

T h e e f f e c t of i n s t a b i l i t y in d u c e d by i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e upon b en d in g s t r e s s e s
and s p r in g r a t e h a s b e e n e v a l u a t e d a n a l y t i c a l l y and o b s e r v e d in e x p e r i m e n t a l
d ata. T h is e f f e c t h a s b e e n c o m p e n s a t e d f o r in the p r o p o s e d a n a ly t ic a l m.ethod.

A d d it io n a l t e s t d ata and d ata f r o m s e r v i c e p e r f o r m a n c e w o u ld be h e lp fu l in:

a) C o n f i r m in g th e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e upon c y c l i c l i f e , e s p e c i a l l y for
t o r o i d a l and r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s .

b) C o n f i r m in g th e s a f e t y o f the p r o p o s e d a ll o w a b le s t r e s s e s , and th e
e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e s t r e s s e s upon c y c l i c l i f e at h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s .

c) E v a lu a t in g o th e r p r o b l e m s s u c h a s v ib r a t i o n - i n d u c e d fa tig u e f a ilu r e
w h i c h m a y o c c u r in s e r v i c e .

d) E v a lu a t in g th e m a n u f a c t u r in g p r o c e s s c o n t r o l s w h ic h m u s t be e x e r t e d
to e n s u r e r e l i a b l e b e l l o w s .

N A A -SR -4527
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 e) E v a lu a t in g o th e r d e s i g n f e a t u r e s s u c h a s end c o n n e c t io n d e t a i l s w h ic h
h e lp e n s u r e r e l i a b l e b e l l o w s .

A d d itio n a l a n a l y t i c a l e f f o r t m i g h t b e e s p e c i a l l y h e lp f u l in stu d y in g th e e f f e c t
o f c o n t a c t w it h r e i n f o r c i n g r i n g s on the f a tig u e l i f e o f r e i n f o r c e d b e l l o w s .

A s in t h e o p e n in g p a r a g r a p h , it h a s b e e n found th at s t r e s s e s a r e p r e d i c t e d
m o r e a c c u r a t e l y than d e f l e c t i o n fo r a g iv e n l o a d . T h e r e f o r e , w h e r e s p r in g r a te
J.S a c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r , p r o t o t y p e t e s t i n g u n d e r d e s i g n c o n d it io n s i s r e c o m ­
m ended, s i n c e s u b s t a n t ia l e r r o r m ig h t r e s u l t f r o m u s in g the c a l c u l a t i o n m e t h ­
ods p resen ted h erein . T h is e r r o r ca n be in e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n .

The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a d d itio n a l t e s t d a ta an d fu n d s w o u ld j u s t i f y and a llo w th e

u s e of n o n - l i n e a r m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s o f a ll t e s t d a ta . T h is m e t h o d
c o u ld be a p p lie d to e v a lu a t in g the e f f e c t of in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and o th e r f a c t o r s
on th e f a t ig u e l i f e and p e r f o r m a n c e o f b e l l o w s .

NAA-SR-4527
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 REFERENCES

1. A SA , C o d e fo r P r e s s u r e P ip in g

2. A . R . C . M a r k l, " F a t ig u e T e s t s of P ip in g C o m p o n e n ts ," A SM E , V o l. 74,

p 2 8 7 - 3 0 3 (1952)

3. A . R . C . M a r k l, " P ip in g F l e x i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , " T r a n s . A SM E (1955)

4. T h . Von K a r m a n , " U b er d ie F o r m a n d r u n g d iin n s w a n d ig e r R o h r e ," Z e i t -

s c h r i f t d e s V e r e i n e s d e u t s c h e r I n g e n ie u r e , V o l. 5, P a r t 2, 1911, p 1 8 8 9 -
1895

5. W illia m H o v g a a r d , " T h e E l a s t i c D e f o r m a t i o n o f P i p e B e n d s ," J o u r n a l of

M a t h e m a t i c s and P h y s i c s , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t , o f T e c h n o lo g y V o l. 7,
1 9 2 7 -1 9 2 8 , p 198-238

6. I. V i g n e s s , " E l a s t i c P r o p e r t i e s of C u r v e d T u b e s ," T r a n s . A SM E 65, 1 0 5 -

120 (1943)

7. L . B e s k in , " B en d in g o f C u r v e d Thin T u b e s ," J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d M e c h a n ­

i c s , V o l. 12, p 1 -7 (1945)

8. R . A . C la r k and E . R e i s s n e r , " B en d in g of C u r v e d T u b e s , A d v a n c e s in A p ­
p l i e d M e c h a n i c s , V o l. II, A c a d e m i c P r e s s (1950)

9. F. Salzmann, “ U e b e r die N a ch ig ieb ig k eit von W e ll r o h r e x p a n s i o n e n ,”

S c h w e i z e r i s c h e B a u z e i t u n g 127 ( l l ) , 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 (1946)

10, C . E . T u r n e r and H. F o r d , " S t r e s s and D e f le x io n S tu d ie s of P ip e lin e E x ­

p a n s i o n B e l l o w s , " I n s t , o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s P r o c e e d i n g s , V o l . 17 1
p 5 2 6 - 5 5 2 (1957)

11, N . C. D ahl, "T oroid al S hell E x p a n sio n Joints," Journal of A pplied M e c h a n ­

i c s , 20, p 4 9 7 - 5 0 3 (1953)

12, R . A . C l a r k , "On th e T h e o r y o f T h in E l a s t i c T o r o i d a l S h e l l s , " J o u r n a l of

M a t h e m a t i c s and P h y s i c s , 2 8 - 2 9 , p 1 4 6 -1 7 8 (1950)

13, A , L a u p a a n d N , A , W e i l , " A n a l y s i s of U - S h a p e d E x p a n s i o n J o i n t s , " Jour­

n a l o f A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c s , P a p e r N o . 61 — W A - 4 1

14, F , J , F e e l e y , J r , and W, M , G o r y l, " S t r e s s S tu d ie s on P ip in g E x p a n s io n

B e l l o w s , " J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c s 1 7, 1 3 5 - 1 4 1 ( 1 9 5 0 )

15, M . H e t e n y i and R , J , T i m m s , " A n a l y s i s o f A n n u la r S h e l l s With A p p l i c a ­

t i o n s to W e l d e d B e l l o w s , " T r a n s . A S M E ( I 9 6 0 ) S e c t . D . o r K A P L — 1 08 9
(1954)

16, J. A . H arin gx, "The R igidity of C o r ru g a ted D ia p h ra g m s," A pplied S c ie n tif­

i c R e s e a r c h , S e c , A (2) 2 9 9 - 3 2 5 ( 1 9 5 0 )

NAA SR -4527
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 REFERENCES

17. J . A . H a r in g x , " I n s t a b ilit y o f B e l l o w s S u b j e c t e d to I n te r n a l P r e s s u r e , "

P h i l i p s R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s , V o l. 7, p 1 8 9 - 1 9 6 (1952)

18. A . M . W ahl and G. L o b o , J r . , " S t r e s s e s and D e f l e c t i o n in F l a t C i r c u l a r

P l a t e s W ith C e n t r a l H o l e s ," J o u r n a l of A p p lie d M e c h a n i c s , T r a n s . A SM E
V o l. 52. p A . 2 9 (1 9 3 0 )

19. W. S a m a n s and L . B l u m b e r g , " E n d u r a n c e T e s t i n g of E x p a n s i o n J o in t s ,"

ASM E P a p er N o. 5 4 -A -1 0 3

20. R . H . S h ud d e, L e a s t S q u a r e s C u r v e F i t t i n g With T r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f Input

D a ta , A M T D - 1 3 5 , N A A P r o g r a m D e s c r i p t i o n

21 . R . W in b o r n e , " S t r e s s and E l e v a t e d T e m p e r a t u r e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f L a r g e
B e llo w s," N A A -S R -9 7 6 2

2 2 . D . B . O w en , F a c t o r s fo r One S id e d T o l e r a n c e L i m i t s and for V a r ia b le

S a m p lin g P l a n s , S C R - 607 (M a r c h 1963)

2 3 . R, W in b o r n e ," s im p li f ie d F o r m u l a s and C u r v e s fo r B e l l o w s A n a l y s i s ,
N A A -S R -9848

NAA-SR-4527
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 A PPE N D IX A
INSTABILITY OF BELLOWS WITH INTERNAL PRESSU RE

The p r o b l e m to b e i n v e s t i g a t e d i s th a t of i n s t a b i l i t y of a b e l l o w s u n der
i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e w h e n u s e d a s a h in g e . The b e n d in g s t r e s s e s in the b e ll o w s
w hen n ear in sta b ility o c c u r s w ill be in v estig a ted .

The a s s u m p t i o n i s m a d e th a t the b e l l o w s c a n be a p p r o x im a t e d by a thin

w a l l e d h o llo w c y l i n d e r h a v in g a b en d in g r i g i d i t y E l w h ic h c a n be ta k e n a s a c o n ­
tin u u m q u a lity . T h is a s s u m p t i o n m i g h t r e q u i r e 10 c o n v o lu t io n s to a v o id a p ­
p r e c i a b l e e r r o r ; i t s e f f e c t h a s n o t b e e n e v a lu a t e d .

T ak in g the b e l l o w s a s a th in w a l l e d tu b e w ith in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e a s sh o w n in
F i g u r e 19, two s o u r c e s o f t r a n s v e r s e f o r c e a r e found w h ic h c o n t r ib u t e to i n ­
s t a b i l i t y , the end f o r c e "Q" and th e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e " P ." B oth of t h e s e s o u r c e s
r e q u i r e s o m e c u r v a t u r e (d ^ y /d x ^ ) fo r th e e x i s t e n c e of a t r a n s v e r s e f o r c e .

It c a n e a s i l y b e sh o w n that th e t r a n s v e r s e , or y c o m p o n e n t of f o r c e f r o m
Q f o r a le n g th "dx" e q u a ls

(1)

The t r a n s v e r s e f o r c e c a u s e d by in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e r e s u l t s f r o m i n c r e a s e d
a r e a on on e s i d e and d e c r e a s e d a r e a on th e o th e r s id e due to th e c u r v a t u r e of
the tu b e. The le n g th of an e l e m e n t of the o u t s i d e s u r f a c e w h e r e the le n g th of
the c e n t e r is "dx" m a y be e x p r e s s e d a s

dL = d x l + R . s in < p (^ . . (2a)

or

dL = dx 1 - R s i n <p . . . ( 2b)

NAA-SR-4527
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 NOTE©

P-dL-Rd<^-sin<i

NOTE © t IS NEGATIVE AS SHOWN

dx2

F ig u r e 19. D im e n s io n s and F o r c e s on B e llo w s

NAA-SR-4527
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since

. (3)
3 x — d x \^ j ^^2 • • •U;

T he y c o m p o n e n t o f th e in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i s

dfpy = p ‘dL • Rd<p • s in <p , . . . (4)

th en th e n e t t r a n s v e r s e f o r c e fr o m in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e f^^ fo r a le n g th d x e q u a ls

'(P=Z1T /

fpy. • d x =

w h ic h c a n b e in t e g r a t e d to
II
/<p=0
P d x 11 - R s in <p —^ | • R s in <p d<p ,
'
. . . (5a)

f
py
Cl
• dx = I
«
'<p=
I - P • R^
I dx
+ P R d x s in <p d<p , ...(5b)

f d x = PR^ ^ •dx"77’ + 0 , ...(5c)

py dx^

2
f d x = -PTTR • — ^ • d x . . . . (5d)
py dx^

One c a n in t e r p r e t th is to m e a n th at f^^ i s eq u a l to the p r e s s u r e t im e s th e c r o s s -

s e c t io n a l a r e a o f th e tu b e t im e s th e c u r v a t u r e . A ls o , s in c e the to ta l t r a n s v e r s e
f o r c e u n d e r c o n s id e r a t io n i s th en

f ^ = - P7TR + Q ^ , ...(6)
y dx

NAA-SR-4527
75
a r e a d y e x p la n a tio n c a n b e m a d e fo r th e r e a s o n th a t b u c k lin g o f tu b e s d ue to
in te r n a l p r e s s u r e is s e ld o m o b s e r v e d . W hen end c a p s o r e lb o w s e x i s t on tu b e s ,
th e f o r c e , Q, i s o p p o s it e in s ig n to th a t sh o w n on and p r o c e d in g p a g e , and h a s
a v a lu e

Q = -P ff

T he r e s u lt w o u ld th en b e

f = 0 ,
y
and no t r a n s v e r s e (o r b u c k lin g ) f o r c e s e x i s t .

T he e q u a tio n o f e q u ilib r iu m fo r f o r c e s in th e y d ir e c t io n on an e le m e n t o f
le n g th d x , c o n s id e r in g b en d in g o f th e tu b e , th en b e c o m e s

If E l i s a c o n s ta n t and e l a s t i c a c tio n p r e v a i l s , th en b y s u b s titu tin g fo r f^.

E l ——^ + f p 1 7 + q) = 0 . . . . (8)
dx'^ ' dx^

T ak in g a s b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s a t x = 0,

a ) y = y^ = 0 d e fin e d
M .L
b) y' = 6 = 0 / 2 d e fin e d a s —
o 2E I

c ) E i " = -M
' y o

d) E i '" = V
y o

NAA-SR-4527
76
at X = L,

e) y = y, =0 d e fin e d
M .L
1
f) y ' = 0^ = - 0 /2 d e f in e d a s
2E !

g) E i " = -M t
V L

h) E I = V-
y L

A ls o , s in c e s y m m e t r y e x i s t s , th en a t x = L / 2 ,

« L /2 = “ '^ L /2 = ° •

In te g r a tin g E q u a tio n 8 fr o m x = 0, to x = ^ a .rb itra ry p r e s e r v in g th e m e a n in g

of th e l i m i t s a s b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s (b) a n d (d ) y ie ld s

+ IPTTR +Q = 0 . ..(9)
dx
dx (■

or

EI ^ - V + (PTTR^ + Q) ^ + Q) = 0 . . . ( 10)
n O O Q X O
dx

I n te g r a tin g a g a in in th is w a y and s u b s titu tin g fo r b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s in (a) and

(c ) y ie ld s

E i^ + (PTtR + Q) y = V ^ X -M ^ + (P7TR + Q) (0^ x + y^ ) ( 11)

O ' O '
dx

T h is now r e q u ir e s s o lu tio n a s a d if f e r e n t ia l eq u a tio n :

H + K ^ = (V „ + F 8 „ ) ^ + ( F y „ - M „ ) ^ , (12)
dx

NAA-SR-4527
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 F = P7TR^+Q , ...(13)

K = gj . ...(14)

The s o lu tio n i s o f a c l a s s i c fo r m

y = A cos K x + B s in K x +C + D x . . . . (1 5 )

S o lv e fo r th e c o e f f i c ie n t s and unknow n b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n s V , V t . M , M , ,

’ o’ L’ o’ L’
by s u b s titu tin g in to th e e q u a tio n s a s fo llo w s :

S u b stitu tin g E q u a tio n 15 in to E q u a tio n 11 y ie ld s

K^C + K ^ D x = ( V „ + F e „ ) i + ( F y „ - M „ ) i , ...(16)

Fy - M
C = — ^ , ...(17)

F9 + V
D = ° . ...(18)

F r o m b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n a ),

-M
C = . ...(19)

S u b stitu tin g b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n a ) in to E q u a tio n 15 y ie ld s

y = 0 = A - l + B - 0 + C+D-0 ...(20a)

M
A = -C = ~ . . . . (20b )

S u b stitu tin g b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n b) in to E q u a tio n 15 y ie ld s

y ' = 6^ = -K A s in K x + K B c o s K x + D , . . . (2 la )

NAA-SR-4527
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 B = (21b)
K

then
0 - D
•C c o s K x + — —— s in K x + C + D x (22)
XV

U sin g th e s y m m e t r y c o n d itio n s by ta k in g e q u ilib r iu m o f f o r c e s in th e y d ir e c t io n

fo r th e le n g th x = 0 to x = L / 2 ,

re, /, + V, - F0 - V = 0 , . . .(23a)
L /2 L /2 o o ’

y ie ld s

F0 + V = 0, o r D = 0 , . . .(2 3 b )
o

th en

M 0 M
o .. , o . ^ o
y = + ^=— c o s K x s in K x . . .(24)

S u b stitu tin g in to b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n f) and b o u n d a ry c o n d itio n b),

M
0 . . . (25)
y' = -K -jT- sin K L + K c o s KL

M ^ - -V - - y - (1 + c o s K L) , (26)
o K s in K L 2 ' ’

then

1 0 / 1 + c os KLW „ A I 0 ■ zr (27)
y = K 2 r ~5 in 2K >
M.L >, .
or s in c e 0 /2 = —L_ w h e r e M. i s th e b e n d in g m o m e n t w h en p r e s s u r e P = 0,
2 EI ^
M .L ,
1 J_
2E I K
(I - cos K l\ /
s in K L I y
o s K x - 1 I + s in Kx . (28)

and
-M .L K
1
M = E I y' (1 +s inc oKs LK l J\ c o s K x + s in Kx ..(29)

#
NAA-SR-4527
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It c a n b e sh o w n th a t w h en s in K L = 0 and a t K L = 1T, th e v a lu e o f M i s n o t i n ­
f in it e . H o w e v e r , w h e n s in K L = 0 at K L - 271, th e v a lu e o f M b e c o m e s in f in ite ,
or K L = 277 d e t e r m in e s the c r i t i c a l b u c k lin g lo a d . T h is c r i t i c a l lo a d

477 ^ E I . . . (30)
cr

is th e s a m e a s fo r a r e g u la r fix e d end c o lu m n o f le n g th L.

T o fin d th e p o in t o f m a x im u m m o m e n t

dM
= 0 = V
dx

S in c e V = 0 a t x = L / 2 , m a x im u m m o m e n t o c c u r s a t L / 2 , and s in c e

1 + cos KL , 2
s in K L = c o t -iK L = - (31)
s in j K L
th en
-M .L K c o s ^ -^KL
1
M + s in -rK L (32)
l /2
s in KL

-M .L K 1 M
1 L /2
M
l /2 2 . , or M.
s in ^ K L 1

■/sin - |K L . (33)
2

U sin g th is fo r m u la and th e m o m e n t a t x = L / 2 a s a fu n c tio n o f •^KL/277 ,

(th e r a tio o f o p e r a tin g p r e s s u r e to c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e ) , th e e f f e c t o f in te r n a l p r e s ­
s u r e on m a x im u m b en d in g s t r e s s w a s e v a lu a te d . T h is i s p r e s e n t e d g r a p h ic a lly
as

M
L /2
ps M.
1

as a function of P / P ^ ^ in F i g u r e 20.
#
NAA-SR-4527
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 E x a m in a tio n o f E q u a tio n 29 s h o w s a l s o th a t at th e e n d s o f th e b e llo w s , x = 0, and
X = L; M and M , b e c o m e z e r o w h e n j K L , = 71/2 o r F / F = 1 /4 .
o L ‘ cr
T h is s u g g e s t s a s tr o n g e f f e c t o f in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e on r o ta tio n s p r in g r a te
K^. W hen F /F ^ ^ > 1 / 4 , th e s p r in g r a te b e c o m e s n e g a tiv e .

A s im il a r d e r iv a tio n w a s m a d e fo r b e llo w s s u b je c te d to t r a n s v e r s e m o tio n

and in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . N o i n c r e a s e in p e a k d e f le c t io n b en d in g s t r e s s e s i s found
to b e in d u c e d w h e n in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i s l e s s than -i-P . .
^ 2 cr
T h e co n tin u u m q u a lity E I c a n b e e s t im a t e d by u s in g th e e a s i l y c a lc u la te d
v a lu e s o f a x ia l s p r in g r a te w h ic h c o u ld b e r e la t e d to th e p r o p e r t ie s o f a s im p le
tu b e s o th a t

e FL F EA .1

F r o m th e e q u a tio n

I = (? )^ A ,

r = r a d iu s o f g y r a tio n

— R O
r = ^ fo r th in c y lin d e r s
-

\/T

th en

and

EI F •
2 = ^a • •••(36)

T o fin d r o ta tio n a l s p r in g c o n s ta n t K^,

NAA-SR-4527
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and to fin d th e c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e , o r in te r n a l p r e s s u r e w h ic h w o u ld c a u s e b u c k ­
lin g w h en Q = 0,

F = 7 TR^P = 47T^ — • 0 .5 R ^ K , ...(38)

cr cr l2 L ^

2 7TK
Pcr = i : ^ • •••(39)

NAA-SR-4527
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 6.0

5 .0

4 .0

3 .0

CO
a.
O

2.0

0 0.1 0.2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7
P/Pcr

F ig u r e ZO. F a c t o r fo r I n c r e a s e in A n g u la r D e fle c tio n S t r e s s

F r o m I n te r n a l P r e s s u r e C ps - P / P
cr

NAA-SR-4527
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 A PPE N D IX B
MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION O F T H E E F F E C T O F PRESSU RE STRESSES ON FATIGUE L IF E

F r o m th e e m p ir i c a ll y d e r iv e d r e la t io n o f c y c l i c s t r e s s to fa tig u e lif e o f
b e llo w s w ith o u t s ig n if ic a n t p r e s s u r e s t r e s s

L og = X - n L og • • • ( la)

on e c a n a l s o s ta te

s' = J L . . . ( l b)
bd
i

w h e r e s u b s c r ip t "i" d e n o te s in d iv id iia l v a lu e s , p r im e d e n o te s p r e d ic te d v a lu e

5^^ = b en d in g s t r e s s f r o m d e f le c t io n , p s i

N = n u m b e r o f c y c l e s to f a ilu r e

X , n = e m p ir i c a ll y d e r iv e d c o n s ta n ts

C = f a c to r fo r i n c r e a s e o f d e f le c t io n s t r e s s due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
ps
S = m e m b r a n e s t r e s s in d u c e d b y in t e r n a l, p r e s s u r e , p s i
mp ’ ’
S =
bp b en d in g s t r e s s in d u c e d b y in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , p s i

T he a s s u m p t io n i s m a d e th a t th e v a lu e o f "X" and "n" d e te r m in e d fr o m t e s t s on

a g r o u p o f b e llo w s w ith no s ig n if ic a n t p r e s s u r e s t r e s s d e t e r m in e th e r e la t io n of
c y c l ic s t r e s s to fa tig u e lif e fo r th e e n t ir e p o p u la tio n o f b e llo w s , in c lu d in g th o s e
b e llo w s w h e r e s ig n if ic a n t p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s o f u n d e te r m in e d e f f e c t i v e n e s s
e x is ts . T h en a f a c t o r fo r th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s on fa tig u e
lif e w i l l be d e t e r m in e d .

G iv e n th e t e s t d a ta f r o m a b e llo w s w ith in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e one c a n c a lc u la te

a p r e d ic te d s t r e s s fr o m the g iv e n n u m b e r o f c y c l e s N i

X
sr = — - . . .(ic)
' (N .)^

N A A -S R -4 5 2 7
85
or to s e p a r a te th e s t r e s s c o m p o n e n ts

/
X
S. = C
X
S, , + 2S
ps . b d . m p .
+ s,
b p .
= ------------ .
, n
. . . ( Id)
' '
■ ^ 1 1 1 -^1 ( N .)

T h is p r e d ic te d s t r e s s w o u ld b e c o m p a r e d to th e a c t u a l c a lc u la t e d t h e o r e t ic a l
s t r e s s fr o m th e k n o w n c o n d itio n s o f p r e s s u r e and d e f le c t io n a s

C .S , , + 2S + |8S, = S. . . . . ( 2)
ps bd^ mp^ bp^ 1

It i s fu r th e r a s s u m e d th a t

C S, ,' + 2S ' = G S, , + 2S . . . (3J

ps^ bd^ mp^ p s bd^ mp^ ' ‘

w h ic h im p li e s th a t a n y e r r o r e x is t in g w o u ld r e s u l t fr o m th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
on c y c l ic li f e o r

-Sbp. • •••w
‘1

W hen n o r m a liz e d b y d iv id in g b y S and s q u a r e d to a v o id th e m a .th e m a tic a l p r o b ­

le m s o f u s in g a b s o lu t e v a lu e s o f th e e r r o r th e n

n , n fSSbp. - Sbp.r

i= l i= l 1
n
T o fin d th a t v a lu e o f ” |8" w h ic h y ie ld s th e m in im u m v a lu e o f ^
i-i

one ta k e s

2 T 2 S, (®S, - S , )
\ bp. bp. b p .'
^ =0=> ^ ...(6)
5^ (S^.)

NAA-SR-4527
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w h ic h y i e l d s

^ b p .V .
> ^ V - r r ^ 2 / /\2 ~
^ (^ 0 ^ (s;)^

o r a s a c o n s ta n t

n s' S,
V (8)

B =
n

T h is y ie ld s a v a lu e o f "B" w h ic h w o u ld r e s u lt in th e l e a s t s q u a r e d e r r o r b e tw e e n
th e p r e d ic t e d v a lu e s o f t o t a l s t r e s s and th e a c tu a l c a lc u la t e d v a lu e s o f s t r e s s
w h ic h in c lu d e p r e s s u r e b en d in g s t r e s s .

If m o r e e x a c t e v a lu a tio n o f th e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e s t r e s s upon c y c l ic lif e

w e r e d e s ir e d , a m u ltip le n o n - lin e a r r e g r e s s i o n w o u ld be a b e t t e r w a y o f e v a lu ­
a tin g th e b e s t f it v a lu e o f " 6 ”, One g e n e r a l m e th o d o f p e r fo r m in g a m u ltip le
n o n - lin e a r r e g r e s s i o n i s to o b ta in an e s t im a t e o f th e unknow n c o e f f ic ie n t s and
th en s o lv e fo r c o r r e c t io n s to t h e s e t e r m s u s in g m u ltip le lin e a r r e g r e s s i o n
t e c h n iq u e s .

T h e d a ta m a y b e e x p r e s s e d b y

L og y '= + R L og (A^Xj + -^2^2^ • • • (9)

w here w o u ld b e r e la t e d to "B" .
T h is c o u ld a ls o b e e x p r e s s e d a s

Ln y ' n L n ( a i X i + a 2X2 > ...(10)

w h e r e th e v a lu e s o f n , a , an d a^ m u s t b e fou n d fo r l e a s t sq u a r e d e r r o r . E xp ress­
ing th e v a lu e s fou n d in th e p r e v io u s a p p r o x im a te a n a ly s is a s n^, a^^^, and a^Q

NAA-SR-4527
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one c o u ld d e fin e th e b e s t f it v a lu e s a s c o r r e c t io n s o f t h e s e b y

...(11a)

. . .(lib)

^2 ~ ^ 2 0 ^2 ...(11c)

th en

L n y M n ^ + ^ ^ ) L ^ [ ( a i o + e^) X^ + ( a 2 o + € 2 ) X 2 ] . ...(12)

E x p a n d in g th e r ig h t s id e a s a T a y lo r s e r i e s e x p r e s s i o n fo r n a tu r a l lo g s an d
ta k in g o n ly th e f i r s t t e r m c o r r e c t io n

Ln(X + f ) = L n X + ^ = LnX + y ...13)

th en

L n y = %^n^a^^QXj + ^2o'^Z^ ^ o^ n ^ ^ lO ^ l ^ ^20^2^ . . . (14)

nf X n f.X-
+ g_J_J + .___________ . ...(14)
^10^1 ^20^ 2 ^10^1 ^20^2

T h is e x p r e s s i o n i s lin e a r in ^ ^ an d ^ ^ an d s o w o u ld a llo w th e u s e o f
m u ltip le lin e a r r e g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s .

T h is m e th o d w a s n o t u s e d , h o w e v e r , a s : (1) no c o m p u te r co d e to s o lv e fo r
t h e s e c o r r e c t io n s w a s r e a d i ly a v a ila b le ; an d (2) th e m e th o d w h ic h w a s u s e d w o u ld
s e r v e to s u p p ly th e v a lu e s o f n^, an d a^Q to b e c o r r e c t e d . The u n c o r r e c te d
v a lu e s p r o v e d to p r o v id e a c o r r e la t io n c l o s e e n o u g h fo r p r a c t ic a l p u r p o s e s .

NAA-SR-4527
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 A PPEN D IX C
SPECIFICATIONS FOR TH E PURCHASE OF BELLOWS

TA B L E OF CONTENTS

Page

1. S c o p e ................................................................................................................................................ 90
2. R e q v iir e m e n ts ........................................................................................ 90
3. I n s p e c t io n a n d T e s t s ................................................................................................................ 96
4. E n g in e e r in g D a t a ..................................................................................................................... 97
5. A tta c h m e n ts :
D e s ig n S h e e t F o r m 1 C o n v o lu te d B e l l o w s .......................................................... 17
D e s ig n S h e e t F o r m 2 R in g R e in f o r c e d B e l l o w s ............................................... 23
D e s ig n S h e e t F o r m 3 T o r o id a l B e l l o w s ......................................................... 28
F ig u r e 1 C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s C ^ ................................................................... 18
F ig u r e 2 C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s C ^ .............................................................................. 19
F ig u r e 3 C o n v o lu te d B e llo w s C ^ .............................................................................. 20
F ig u r e 4 R in g R e in f o r c e d B e llo w s C ^ ..................................................................... 24
F ig u r e 5 R in g R e in f o r c e d B e llo w s C ^ ..................................................................... 25
F ig u r e 6 R in g R e in f o r c e d B e llo w s C^ . . . . ................................................... 26
F ig u r e 7 T o r o id a l B e llo w s C ^ .................................................................................. . 29
F ig u r e 8 T o r o id a l B e llo w s C ^ ....................................................................... 30

^ In clu d ed in b o d y o f r e p o r t - s e e c o n te n ts p a g e .

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 B E L L O W S T Y P E E X P A N S IO N JO IN T S

1. Scop e T h is s p e c if i c a t io n c o v e r s th e r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r d e s ig n , f a b r i­
c a tio n , in s p e c t io n , t e s t in g , and p a c k a g in g o f b e llo w s ty p e e x p a n s io n j o in t s w h ic h
a s s u r e f l e x i b i l i t y o f p ip in g s y s t e m s fo r h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e liq u id m e t a l s e r v i c e
s u b je c t to t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o r o th e r m o v e m e n t . T h e b e llo w s ty p e e x p a n s io n
jo in t a s s e m b l y c o n s i s t s o f th e c o n v o lu tio n s o r t o r u s e s , c o n n e c t io n s to p ip in g o r
e q u ip m e n t, and h a r d w a r e f o r s u p p o r t and r e s t r a i n t o f m o v e m e n t s d e fin e d b y th e
d e s ig n c r i t e r i a . A p p lic a tio n o f t h is s p e c if i c a t io n i s lim it e d to c o n v o lu te d , r in g
r e in f o r c e d c o n v o lu te d an d t o r o id a l b e llo w s a s f a r a s th e sh a p e o f c o n v o lu tio n s i s
concerned.

2. R E Q U IR E M E N T S

2.1 D e s ig n C o n d itio n s

I te m 1 I te m 2 I te m 3 Ite m 4 I te m 5 I te m 6

N u m b er r e q u ir e d
P ip e s i z e
P ip e M a te r ia l
P ip e C o n n e c tio n ty p e
T yp e o f b e llo w s
T yp e o f h a r d w a r e
D e s ig n p r e s s u r e , p s ig
D e s ig n te m p e r a t u r e , ° F
O p er a tin g t e m p e r a t u r e , ° F
A x ia l d e f le c t io n , in .
L a te r a l tr a n s la t io n , in .
A n g u la r m o v e m e n t, °
N u m b er o f l i f e t im e c y c l e s
T o r s io n a l m o m e n t
(o b ta in e d b y p ip in g
s t r e s s a n a ly s is )

2.2 C o n fig u r a tio n o f B e llo w s T h e c o n v o lu t io n s and t o r u s e s s h a ll b e o f

c o m m e r c ia ll y a v a ila b le c o n fig u r a tio n b u t lim it e d to t h o s e s p e c if i e d in p a r a g r a p h 1.

2 .2 .1 T h e r e s h a ll b e no a p p r e c ia b le v a r ia t io n o f th e s p r in g c o n s t a n t s o f
in d iv id u a l c o n v o lu tio n s and t o r u s e s .

NAA-SR-4527
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2. 2. 2 T h e sh a p e o f en d c o n v o lu tio n s an d t o r u s e s s h a ll b e c o n s is t e n t w ith a l l
o th e r b e ll o w s e l e m e n t s .

2 . 2, 3 T h e d e s ig n o f a tta c h m e n t b e t w e e n p ip e an d b e llo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll a s ­
s u r e th a t n o d e t r im e n t a l s t r e s s e s w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d w h ic h m a y c a u s e th e fa ilu r e
o f th e b e ll o w s m a t e r i a l o r th e w e ld m e n t.

2 .3 H ardw are

2. 3, 1 A l l b e llo w s s h a ll b e f it t e d w ith p e r m a n e n t p r o t e c t iv e c o v e r s so sp aced

o r a r t ic u la t e d a s to a llo w f u ll m o v e m e n t o f th e b e llo w s w h ile m in im iz in g the
p o s s i b i l i t y o f e n t r y o f f o r e i g n p a r t i c l e s b e t w e e n c o n v o lu tio n s o r d a m a g e d u rin g
th e c o n s t r u c t io n p e r io d .

2 . 3, 2 R e in f o r c in g r i n g s , h a r d w a r e , o r o th e r it e m s in c o n ta c t w ith th e b e l ­
lo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll b e s m o o th an d f r e e o f p r o j e c t io n s w h ich c o u ld in d u ce f a ilu r e .

2.3.3 B e llo w s h a r d w a r e o r p a c k a g in g s h a ll b e fitte d w ith s to p s or r e s t r a i n t s

to p r e v e n t e x c e s s d e f le c t io n d u r in g th e c o n s t r u c t io n p e r io d .

2 .4 A llo w a b le S t r e s s e s an d S t r e s s R a n g e s T he s t r e s s e s due to in te r n a l
p r e s s u r e an d t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n s h a ll n ot e x c e e d th e fo llo w in g a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s
and s t r e s s r a n g e s w h e r e S^, Sj^ an d f a r e d e fin e d in th e a p p lic a b le s e c t io n of the
A m e r ic a n S ta n d a r d C o d e f o r P r e s s u r e P ip in g A SA B 3 1 .

2 .4 . 1 M e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s in th e c o r r u g a t io n s , r e in fo r c in g r in g s and h a r d ­
w a r e due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e (S ) s h a ll n o t e x c e e d th e a llo w a b le s t r e s s e s a t
^ ' m p'
d e s ig n te m i^ e r a tu r e

2.4.2 In n o n r e in f o r c e d ty p e b e ll o w s , th e c o m b in a tio n o f m e m b r a n e and

b e n d in g s t r e s s e s due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e (S^ = ^rnp ^ ^bp^ s h a ll b e lim iL ed to
1.25 S, .
h
2.4. 3 S h e a r s t r e s s e s s h a ll b e lim it e d b y 0 .5 Sj^.

2.4.4 C o m b in a tio n o f c a lc u la t e d m e m b r a n e , b en d in g and t o r s io n a l s t r e s s e s

d u e to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e and d e f le c t io n c a u s e d b y t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n
Sj^^, an d S^) s h a ll not e x c e e d th e C o d e a llo w a b le s t r e s s r a n g e fo r c o m b in e d
str e sse s = f (1 .2 5 S ^ + 1 ,2 5 Sj^)-

2 .5 S t a b ility T h e f a c t o r o f s t a b ilit y , th a t i s th e r a tio o f c r i t i c a l to o p e r ­

a tin g p r e s s u r e , m u s t b e g r e a t e r th a n 5 if th e b e llo w s a r e d e s ig n e d fo r a x ia l
m o v e m e n t o n ly an d m u s t b e g r e a t e r th a n 10 fo r b e llo w s d e s ig n e d fo r c o m b in e d
m o v e m e n ts.

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2 .6 C a lc u la t io n s C a lc u la t io n s to s u b s t a n t ia t e c o m p lia n c e w ith th e r e q u ir e ­
m e n ts o f p a r a g r a p h s 2 . 4 an d 2 . 5 s h a ll b e p e r f o r m e d b y th e m e a n s o f th e a tta c h e d
D e s ig n S h e e t F o r m s 1, 2 o r 3, w h ic h e v e r i s a p p lic a b le a n d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith
th e fo llo w in g d e f in it io n s an d e q u a tio n s:

2.6.1 D e f in it io n s

R -M e a n r a d iu s o f c o n n e c tin g p ip in g , in .

h - H a lf w a v e h e ig h t, in .

a -R a d iu s o f c o n v o lu tio n , in .

t - B e l l o w s t h ic k n e s s , in .

R = R + h - M ea n b e llo w s r a d iu s , in .

N -N u m b e r o f p lie s
P
N -N tu n b e r o f c o n v o lu tio n s
c
D - O v e r a ll a c t iv e le n g th o f b e llo w s , in .

A - C r o s s s e c t io n a r e a o f th e r e in f o r c in g r in g s

p - I n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , p s ig

A - A x ia l d e f le c t io n , in .
a ’
6 - L a t e r a l t r a n s la t io n , in .

= 65R - L a t e r a l t r a n s la t io n e q u iv a le n t a x ia l d e f le c t io n , in .
Xj

Q = A n g u la r m o v e m e n t , r a d ia n

= R © -A n g u la r m o v e m e n t e q u iv a le n t a x ia l d e f le c t io n , in .

A = A^ + Aj^ + 1«2A^ T o ta l e q u iv a le n t a x ia l d e f le c t io n , in .

M^ - T o r s i o n a l m o m e n t, in lb .

tp -A n g u la r r o t a t io n d u e to t o r s io n a l m o m e n t, r a d ia n

-Y o u n g 's m o d u lu s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , p s i

- Y o u n g 's m o d u lu s a t o p e r a tin g t e m p e r a t u r e , p s i

V = 0 . 3 P o i s s o n ' s r a t io

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2.6.2 Equations

(a) M e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e :

pR a
Ph ..
fo r c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s
mp N pt a + h] N pt

Ph
fo r rin g r e in f o r c e d and
mp N t
P t o r o id a l b e llo w s

S = P^^ fo r r e in fo r c in g r in g s
mp EA

(b) B e n d in g s t r e s s e s due to in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e :

2C ph R
P
bp t^N R
P

O b tain c o n s ta n t C ^ fr o m F ig u r e 1 fo r c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s , fr o m F ig u r e 4 fo r
r in g r e in f o r c e d c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s .

(c ) B e n d in g s t r e s s e s d ue to d e fle c tio n :

0.412E tAR
S - ------------ ---------
bd , 2N C , R
h c d

O b tain c o n s ta n t f r o m F ig u r e 2 c o n v o lu te d b e llo v /s , fr o m F ig u r e 5 fo r rin g

r e in f o r c e d c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s and f r o m F ig u r e 7 fo r t o r o id a l b e llo w s .

(d) C o m b in e d m e m b r a n e an d b en d in g s t r e s s e s due to in te r n a l p r e s s u r e
an d d e fle c tio n :

S, = S + + 0.5 S , , fo r c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s
d mp bp bd

S, = S + 0 .2 5 S , + 0 .5 S , , fo r r in g r e in fo r c e d c o n ­
d mp bp bd
v o lu te d b e llo w s

S , = 1.5S + 0.5S , , fo r t o r o id a l b e llo w s

d mp bd

(e ) T o r s io n a l s t r e s s e s
M. ,P E^ R

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W h ere m a y b e o b ta in e d fr o m the s t r e s s a n a ly s is o f th e p ip in g c o n fig u r a tio n
or fr o m th e c l e a r a n c e s m a in ta in e d in th e h a r d w a r e o f r e s t r a i n t s .

(f) C o m b in e d t o t a l m e m b r a n e , b en d in g a n d t o r s io n a l s t r e s s e s :

= = V

(g) A x ia l s p r in g r a te :

0 .4 3 1 R E, t^ N
K = ___________^ ----- £ lb / i n .
a- , 3^
N h-^C.
c f

O b tain c o n s ta n t f r o m F ig u r e 3 fo r c o n v o lu te d b e ll o w s , fr o m F ig u r e 6 fo r
rin g r e in f o r c e d c o n v o lu te d b e llo w s an d fr o m F ig u r e 8 fo r t o r o id a l b e llo w s .

(h) R o ta tio n s p r in g r a te :

K = 0 .5 R^ K in .lb /r a d ia n
r a

(i) F a c t o r o f s ta b ility :
ZTTK
F = ■■ ■■ -
- S

2 .7 M a t e r ia l

2. 7 . 1 M a t e r ia l in c o n ta c t w ith th e flu id s h a ll b e a u s t e n it ic s t a i n l e s s s te e l,
an y 3 00 s e r i e s . M inim iam t h ic k n e s s o f b e llo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll n o t b e l e s s th an
0 .0 3 0 in . n o m in a l.

2. 7 . 2 M a t e r ia l n ot in c o n ta c t w ith th e f lu id s u c h a s r e in f o r c in g r in g s and
h in g e o r g im b a l h a r d w a r e m a y b e o f o th e r th a n 300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s fo r r e a s o n s
o f r e d u c tio n o f w e a r o r s tr e n g th , p r o v id e d it i s c o m p a tib le w ith th e o th e r
m a t e r i a ls .

2. 7 . 3 A ll m a t e r i a l s s h a ll b e c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t and m e t a ll u r g ic a l ly s t a b le
u n d e r lo n g t im e e x p o s u r e a t o p e r a tin g t e m p e r a t u r e s .

2. 8 F a b r ic a t io n A l l f a b r ic a t io n s h a ll b e p e r f o r m e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e
p r o v is io n s o f th e p e r t in e n t s e c t io n o f th e A m e r ic a n S ta n d a r d s C o d e f o r P r e s s u r e
P ip in g A S A B 31 u n le s s o t h e r w is e n o te d in t h is s p e c if ic a t io n .

2.8. 1 W eld in g W eld in g s h a ll b e a c c o r d in g to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l S p e c if i­

c a tio n N A 0 1 0 7 -0 0 2 .

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2.8. 2 P a s s iv a t io n P a s s iv a t io n o f th e b e llo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll b e a c c o r d in g to
th e s u p p lie r 's p r o c e s s o r to c o m m e r c ia ll y a c c e p t a b le p r a c t ic e , i f a p p lic a b le .
W hen a p p lic a b le th e p r o c e s s s h a ll b e s u b m itte d to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l fo r i n ­
in fo r m a tio n .

2.8. 3 H e a t T r e a tm e n t H e a t tr e a t m e n t o f th e b e llo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll be
c o r d in g to th e s u p p lie r 's p r o c e s s o r to c o m m e r c ia lly a c c e p t a b le p r a c t ic e , if
a p p lic a b le . T h e p r o c e s s s h a ll b e s u b m itte d to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l fo r
in fo r m a tio n .

2. 9 C le a n in g C le a n in g s h a ll be d on e a c c o r d in g to c o m m e r c ia lly a c c e p t a b le
p r a c t ic e to r e m o v e d ir t , g r it , s c a le , w e ld s p a tte r , g r e a s e , o il, c le a n in g flu id ,
and r in s in g w a t e r .

2. 9. 1 H a lo g e n - io n b e a r in g c le a n in g s o lu t io n s s h a ll b e p r o h ib ite d .

2 . 9. 2 A ll o p e n in g s s h a ll b e s e a le d im m e d ia t e ly a f t e r c le a n in g to p r e v e n t
e n tr y o f f o r e ig n m a t t e r and m o is t u r e d u rin g t r a n s it and s t o r a g e .

2. 9. 3 A ll g a s , o r m o is t u r e , o r b o th tr a p p e d b e tw e e n la y e r s o f m u lt i- p ly
b e llo w s s h a ll b e e v a c u a te d an d th e s p a c e s e a le d a t d e s ig n t e m p e r a tu r e to p r e ­
v e n t d e fo r m a t io n o f th e b e llo w s c a u s e d b y t h e r m a l e x p a n s io n o f an y g a s p r e s e n t .

2. 10 I d e n tif ic a t io n I d e n tific a tio n o f th e p ro d u ct to b e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith

c o m m e r c ia ll y a c c e p t e d p r a c t ic e u sin g an e l e c t r o - c h e m i c a l m a r k in g on a n o n -
c r itic a l s t r e s s a r e a . I m p r e s s io n s ta m p in g o r v ib r a tin g n e e d le id e n t if ic a t io n
s h a ll n ot b e u s e d .

2. 11 P a c k a g in g T he b e llo w s s h a ll b e p a c k a g e d to p r e v e n t dan^age and

c o n ta m in a tio n d u rin g h a n d lin g , s h ip m e n t, and s t o r a g e , and b e a c c e p t a b le b y
com m on c a r r ie r s .

3. IN S P E C T IO N A N D T E ST S

3. 1A c c e s s A n A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s h a ll h a v e a c c e s s to
the S e l l e r ' s p la n t fo r s u r v e illa n c e o f w o r k a t a n y tim e d u rin g th e fa b r ic a tio n ,
a s s e m b ly , in s p e c t io n , t e s t in g , an d p a c k a g in g o f th e eq u ip m e n t.

3. 2 T h e S e l l e r s h a ll s u p p ly a l l m a t e r i a ls and e q u ip m e n t fo r c o n d u ctin g ,
and c o n d u c t a ll n e c e s s a r y in s p e c t io n s a s r e q u ir e d b y th is s p e c if ic a t io n .

3. 3 T h e b e llo w s m a t e r i a l s h a ll b e d e t e r m in e d to b e f r e e of in ju r io u s d e ­
f e c t s b y d e f in it iv e in s p e c t io n m e th o d s p r io r to fo r m in g .

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3 .4 A f t e r f o r m in g , th e b e llo w s s h a ll b e d e t e r m in e d to b e f r e e f r o m in j u r i-
our d e f e c t s b y d e f in it iv e in s p e c t io n m e th o d s .

3. 5 A l l w e ld s o f th e e x p a n s io n jo in t a s s e m b l y s h a ll b e r a d io g r a p h e d in
a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e p r o v is io n s o f A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l S p e c if ic a t io n N A 0 1 0 7 -0 0 2 .
W h ere r a d io g r a p h y i s n o t p r a c t ic a l, liq u id p e n e tr a n t e x a m in a tio n m a y b e s u b s t i ­
tu ted . A p p lic a t io n o f th e liq u id p e n e tr a n t s h a ll b e d o n e b y p a in tin g o r d ip p in g .

3 .6 V is u a l e x a m in a tio n and m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e c o m p le t e d e x p a n s io n jo in t
a s s e m b l y s h a ll d e t e r m in e th a t v a r i a n c e s o f f a b r ic a t io n s u c h a s n o t c h e s , c r e v i c e s ,
m a t e r ia l th in n in g , m e t a l b u ild u p , u p s e ttin g o r o t h e r s w i l l n o t s e r v e a s p o in ts o f
s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t io n o r s t r e s s r a i s e r s .

3. 7 T h e c o m p le t e d e x p a n s io n jo in t s h a ll b e t e s t e d f o r le a k a g e b y th e h e liu m
_7
le a k d e t e c t io n m e th o d . T h e m a ix im u m a llo w a b le le a k a g e s h a ll b e 1 x 10 cc p er
s e c o n d f o r a o n e a t m o s p h e r e p r e s s u r e d if f e r e n t ia l a t s ta n d a r d c o n d it io n s . T he
S e ll e r s h a ll s u b m it h is d e t a ile d p r o c e d u r e to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l an d o b ta in
A to m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l a p p r o v a l b e f o r e s t a r t o f t e s t in g .

3 .8 A l l in s p e c t io n and t e s t r e p o r t s and f o r m s in c lu d in g m a t e r i a l c e r t i f i c a ­
tio n s s h a ll b e s u b m itte d to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l.

4. E N G IN E E R IN G D A T A T h e s e l l e r s h a ll fu r n is h th e fo llo w in g d a ta fo r
A t o m ic s I n te r n a t io n a l's r e v ie w an d a p p r o v a l p r io r to fa b r ic a t io n .

a. B e llo w s a s s e m b l y d r a w in g in c lu d in g th e fo llo w in g in fo r m a tio n :

c o n fig u r a tio n , w e ld m e n t s , c o n t r o llin g d im e n s io n s , t o le r a n c e s , m a t e r i a ls ,
f in is h e s , a p p lic a b le s p e c if i c a t io n s .

b. D e s ig n s h e e t f o r m s c o m p le t e d w ith c a lc u la t io n s .

c. F a b r ic a t io n p r o c e d u r e s .

d. I n s p e c t io n an d t e s t p r o c e d u r e s .

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3 .4 A fte r f o r m in g , th e b e llo w s s h a ll b e d e t e r m in e d to b e f r e e fr o m in j u r i-
ou r d e f e c t s b y d e f in it iv e in s p e c t io n m e th o d s .

3. 5 A ll w e ld s o f th e e x p a n s io n jo in t a s s e m b l y s h a ll b e r a d io g r a p h e d in
a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e p r o v is io n s o f A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l S p e c if ic a t io n N A 0 1 0 7 -0 0 2 .
W h ere r a d io g r a p h y i s n o t p r a c t ic a l, liq u id p e n e tr a n t e x a m in a tio n m a y b e s u b s t i­
tu ted . A p p lic a t io n o f th e liq u id p e n e tr a n t s h a ll b e d o n e b y p a in tin g o r d ip p in g .

3. 6 V is u a l e x a m in a tio n and m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e c o m p le te d e x p a n s io n jo in t
a s s e m b l y s h a ll d e t e r m in e th a t v a r ia n c e s o f f a b r ic a t io n su c h a s n o t c h e s , c r e v i c e s ,
m a t e r i a l th in n in g , m e t a l b u ild u p , u p s e ttin g o r o t h e r s w i l l n o t s e r v e a s p o in ts of
s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t io n o r s t r e s s r a i s e r s .

3. 7 T h e c o m p le t e d e x p a n s io n jo in t s h a ll b e t e s t e d fo r le a k a g e b y th e h e liu m
_7
le a k d e t e c t io n m e th o d . T he m a x im 'o m a llo w a b le le a k a g e s h a ll b e 1 x 10 cc per
s e c o n d fo r a on e a t m o s p h e r e p r e s s u r e d if f e r e n t ia l a t sta n d a r d c o n d itio n s . T he
S e ll e r s h a ll s u b m it h is d e t a ile d p r o c e d u r e to A t o m ic s In te r n a tio n a l and o b ta in
A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l a p p r o v a l b e f o r e s t a r t o f t e s t in g .

3 .8 A ll in s p e c t io n and t e s t r e p o r t s and f o r m s in c lu d in g m a t e r i a l c e r t i f i c a ­
tio n s s h a ll b e s u b m itte d to A t o m ic s I n te r n a tio n a l.

4. E N G IN E E R IN G D A T A T h e s e l l e r s h a ll f u r n is h th e fo llo w in g d a ta fo r
A t o m ic s I n te r n a t io n a l's r e v ie w and a p p r o v a l p r io r to fa b r ic a tio n .

a. B e llo w s a s s e m b l y d ra w in g in c lu d in g th e fo llo w in g in fo r m a tio n :

c o n fig u r a tio n , w e ld m e n t s , c o n t r o llin g d im e n s io n s , t o le r a n c e s , m a t e r i a ls ,
f in is h e s , a p p lic a b le s p e c if i c a t io n s .

b. D e s ig n s h e e t f o r m s co m v jle ted w ith c a lc u la t io n s .

c. F a b r ic a t io n p r o c e d u r e s .

d. I n s p e c t io n and t e s t p r o c e d u r e s .

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