Example

• The structure shown will be constructed in a region with Ss = 0.96 and S1 =

0.20, respectively for 10% excedance. The site is classified as Soil Type B.

Columns are square 0.5 m pinned at the base. D=22kN/m2 including weight of
columns, L=10kN/m2.
Find the design forces and moments due to seismic load combinations, including
the directional effect of column C4 at the intersection of lines 2 and B

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Building is regular, ELF procedure may be used
(1) The seismic coefficient Fa and Fv =1 for soil type B
• SMS = Fa Ss = 1.0(0.96) = 0.96 = SDS
• S M1 = Fv S1 = 1.0(0.20) = 0.20 = SD1
(2) Risk category is I. Seismic Design Category D.
(3) Period, T, and response modification factor, R:
• Ta = 0.0466(5)0.9 = 0.2sec
• Table 12.2.1, indicates that ordinary and intermediate
moment frames are not allowed for Seismic Design
Category D, but special moment frames are permitted R= 8.

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(4) Mass weight, W:
• Area = 8(8) = 64 m2
• Total mass weight = (22)(64) = 1,408 kN
(5) Base shear, V:

Therefore, Cs = 0.12
As a result, V = Cs W = 0.12(1,408) = 169kN

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• Base shear will be applied to the floor (one story)
(6) Horizontal distribution of forces: applying an
eccentricity of 5% of perpendicular dimensions:
Mtor = F.e = 169(0.05)(8) = 68kN.m
Because the frames are identical, their stiffness will be
the same. Thus, the force induced in frames A and B:
•

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• Because the structure is doubly symmetric, the
forces induced by earthquake excitation in direction
Y will be identical to the forces induced by
excitation in direction X.

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(7) Internal forces: The internal forces and moments
in frame B may be found using any structural
analysis method. For this frame, the horizontal
reactions are equal, and the solution can easily be
obtained by hand calculations.
• Because the structure is doubly symmetric, the
forces and moments in frame 2 will be the same as
in frame B. Consequently, the horizontal forces and
moments in Column C4 due to both horizontal
earthquake directions, Eh, will be given as follows:
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• Direction X:
PEx = 56kN VEx = 45kN MEx = 225 kN.m
• Direction Y:
PEy = 56kN VEy = 45kN MEy = 225kN.m

(8) Directional Effect:

Combining forces from orthogonal directions is obtained by
adding 30% of the effect of one direction to 100 percent of the
effect from the other direction as
Eh1 = Ex + 0.3Ey Case 1
Eh2 = 0.3Ex + Ey Case 2

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• Case 1:
• P = PEx + 0.3 PEy = 56 + 0.3(56) = 73kN
• V x = VEx + 0.3 VEy = 45 + 0.3(0) = 45kN
• V y = VEx + 0.3 VEy = 0 + 0.3(45) = 14kN
• M x = MEx + 0.3 MEy = 0 + 0.3(225) = 68kN.m
• M y = MEx + 0.3 MEy = 225 + 0.3(0) = 225kN.m
•

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• Case 2:
• P = 0.3 PEx + PEy = 0.3(56) + 56 = 73kN
• V x = 0.3 VEx + VEy = 0.3(45) + 0 = 14 kN
• V y = 0.3 VEx + VEy = 0.3(0) + 45 = 45kN
• M x = 0.3 MEx + MEy = 0.3(0) + 225 = 225kN.m
• M y = 0.3 MEx + MEy = 0.3(225) + 0 = 68kN.m

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• (9) Dead load: Because the effect of the vertical
component of the earthquake is proportional to the
dead load effect, the dead load effect will be evaluated
first using any structural analysis method.
Assume the results are as shown

• Frame B: P = 352kN
• Vx = 20kN
• My = 100 kN.m
• Vy = 20 kN
• Mx = 100 kN.m

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• If due to live load, multiply by a factor of 10/22 = 0.45
• P = 158kN
• V x = 9kN
• M y = 45kN.m
• V y = 9kN
• M x = 45kN.m

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(10) Vertical earthquake excitation:
• Ev = 0.2 SDS D = 0.2(0.96)D = 0.19D
• Therefore, the vertical earthquake component will be
equal to the dead load effect multiplied by a factor of
0.19.

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(11) Horizontal and vertical combination of earthquake effect:

The combination of the horizontal and vertical components is

given as

E = Eh + Ev
where Eh represents either case 1, Eh1 or case 2, Eh2. Therefore,
this combination results in two load cases, E1 and E2. Because
the structure does not satisfy the code requirements for
reduction of , shall be taken as 1.3 for SDC D.
• E1 = 1.3Eh1 + Ev
• E2 = 1.3Eh2 + Ev

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• (12) Load Combinations:
• Because all components from dead, live and earthquake effect
are evaluated, the design load combination can now be
evaluated as follows:
• U = 1.2D + 1.0L + E
• U = 0.9D + E
• The 2nd combination is applied mostly to check uplift problems,
the 1st combination will be more critical for the design of the
members. Therefore, only consider the 1st load case.
Furthermore, because the earthquake effect results in two load
cases, E1 and E2, each combination above also breaks down
into two load cases. The first load combination breaks into the
following two load cases

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 To be modified

• U1 = 1.2D + 1.0L + E1 , U 2 = 1.2D + 1.0L + E2

For case U1
• P = 1.2() + 1.0() + = kN
• Vx = 1.2() + 1.0() + =
• Vy = 1.2() + 1.0
• Mx = 1.2() + 1.0=
• My = 1.2() +
• For case U2,
• P = 1.2() +
• Vx = 1.2() +
• Vy = 1.2() +
• Mx = 1.2()
• My = 1.2() +
• The column can now be designed using the design method provided by the
applicable design code (for example, the design criterion in the ACI code).

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Earthquake design through a detailed
example
 A detailed design example

• 1-storey RC slab-beam factory structure: fixed foundations, 4 spans

5m bays in x and a single 8m span in y, 6m elevation
• E=24GPa, μ=0.2, γ=24.5kN/m3
• Cylinder concrete strength=25MPa, steel yield=420MPa
• 25cm one-way slab, drop beams 30cmX80cm (6cm cover), columns
30X60cm reinforced on two faces.
• superimposed loads=5kN/m2, live load=9kN/m2
• Structure in a seismic area zone 4 on rock (soil type B)
• Find base shear and its distribution across frames in y-direction if:
structure is composed of ordinary frames
structure is composed of intermediate MRF
structure is composed of special moment frame
• Design the structure for each case
A detailed design example
 A detailed design example

Ordinary frame analysis and design by SAP

• According to ACI R10.11.1 use the following modifiers for gross
inertia:
– Beam 0.35
– Column 0.7
– One way slab (0.35, 0.035)
• For ordinary frames R=3
 A detailed design example

Gravity equilibrium checks

• D:
– Slab=20X8X(0.25X24.5+5)=1780kN
– Beams=(5X8+2X20)X.55X.3X24.5=323kN
– Columns=10X6X.3X.6X24.5=265kN
– Sum=2368kN
• L:
– R =20X8X9=1440KN
 A detailed design example

Lateral equilibrium checks: Equivalent method

 A detailed design example

Lateral equilibrium checks

 A detailed design example

• SAP results:
 A detailed design example

BM in beams in interior middle frame (kN.m)

 A detailed design example

• Conceptual check for dead

– Wd=(.25X24.5+5)X5=55.6kN/m
– Md=55.6X82 /8=445kN.m (compare with 243+192=435kN.m
ok)
• Conceptual check for live
– WL=9X5=45kN/m
– ML=45X82 /8=360kN.m (compare with 183+144=327kN.m ok)
 A detailed design example

Reinforcement calculation
 A detailed design example

Design for D, L and E

• Conceptual check for EQ:

• Limits
– Lateral force for each frame=789/5=158kN
– ME=0 to (158/2)X6/2=236kN.m (compare with 192kN.m)
A detailed design example

Design intermediate MRF

R=5
A detailed design example

Design for D, L and E

A detailed design example

Design Special SMF

R=8
A detailed design example

Design for D, L and E

• Additional slides

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 ASCE 12.1.3

• All parts of the structure between separation joints shall

be interconnected to form a continuous path to the seismic
force-resisting system, and the connections shall be capable
of transmitting the seismic force (Fp) induced by the parts
being connected. Any smaller portion of the structure shall
be tied to the remainder of the structure with elements
having a design strength capable of transmitting a seismic
force of 0.133 times the short period design spectral
response acceleration parameter, SDS, times the weight of
the smaller portion or 5 percent of the portion’s weight,
whichever is greater. This connection force does not apply
to the overall design of the seismic force-resisting system.
Connection design forces need not exceed the maximum
forces that the structural system can deliver to the
connection.
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