BOREHOLE SEISMIC

ACQUISITION

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A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
ACQUISITION

§ Sources

§ Receivers

§ recording systems

§ survey geometry

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

SOURCES

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP SOURCE
INTRODUCTION

§ Requirements

§ Type
– impulsive
– vibratory
§ Surface

§ Borehole

§ Source controllers

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Surface Seismic Sources
§ Vibrators Trucks
§ Tuned Airgun Arrays
§ Dynamite

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THE VSP SOURCE
REQUIREMENTS

§ Reliability § Cycle time

§ Repeatability § Noise generation
§ Penetration § Environmental impact
§ Portability § Radiation pattern
§ Bandwidth § Safety

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP SOURCE
TYPE

§ Impulsive
– short duration
– high energy
– broadband
§ Vibratory
– longer duration
– low energy
– band limited

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THE VSP SOURCE
SURFACE

§ Impulsive
– dynamite / explosives
– airgun / sleeve gun
– ARIStm / Omnipulsetm
– miscellaneous (guns,
hammers, weight
drop)
§ Vibratory
– P-wave vibrators
– S-wave vibrators
– marine vibrators

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP SOURCE
BOREHOLE

§ Impulsive § Vibratory
– dynamite (perf. – rotary eccentric
gun, primacord) mass
– airgun – piston / mass
– electromagnetic § Drill bit
– piezoelectric – roller cone
– electrochemical – PDC
– asymmetric

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DRILL STRING SIGNATURE & ACOUSTIC
ENERGY

vertical displacement
in drill string generates
‘drill string signature’

vertical displacement
caused by the lifting
and dropping of drill
string by roller cone bit

lifting and dropping

of drill string generates
acoustic energy when
the bit hits the formation
A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
THE VSP SOURCE
SOURCE CONTROLLERS

§ Accurate start time

§ Accurate time break

– detector (accelerometers, transducers)
§ Accurate timing of multiple sources

§ Phase-locking

§ Monitor sensor

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RECEIVERS

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Receivers Generalities
§ Types § Downhole assemblies
– hydrophones – multi-component
– geophones – single level
– accelerometers – multi-level
– slim-hole tools
– fiberoptics sensors
– gimballed phones
§ Orientation (gyro vs
§ Telemetry
shots)
– wireline cables
§ Clamping
– analog cables
§ Acoustic decoupling (surface seismic)
– fiberoptics

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MULTILEVEL TOOL

l 200 o C
l 20,000 psi

3-C
RECEIVER

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Downhole Seismic Receivers
§ 1 Level (SLR)
– Sample Rate: 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 ms
– Temperature Rating: 230 C / 450 F
– Pressure Rating: 30,000 psi
– Max. Wireline Length N/A

§ 5 Level (MLR)
– Sample Rate: 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 ms 3C Gimbaled
– Temperature Rating: 230 C / 450 F
– Pressure Rating: 30,000 psi
– Max. Wireline Length: 32,000 ft.

§ 9 or 13 Level (MLR)
– Sample Rate: 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 ms
– Temperature Rating: 200 C / 400 F
– Pressure Rating: 20,000 psi
– Max. Wireline Length: 32,000 ft.

10, 15 &A Baker

20 MHughes
Interconnects
– CGG Company
THE VSP RECEIVER
INTRODUCTION

§ Transducers
§ Locking mechanisms
§ Electronics
§ Analog vs. digital receivers
§ Physical characteristics
§ Verification & Test
§ Orientation (gyro)

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THE VSP RECEIVER
TRANSDUCERS

§ Velocity sensitive geophones

– vertical
– horizontal
– tilt angle sensitivity

§ Accelerometers

§ Hydrophones

§ Fiberoptic sensors

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ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOPHONE

Suspension
springs

Coil

Permanent
magnet

Earth
Schematic

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Pressure Phone (Hydrophone)
Schematic

Sensing element consists of 4 Hermetically sealed, over-pressure

piezoelectric crystals in acceleration, mounting for sensing elements
canceling arrangement with each ensures reliable performance.
crystal operating in a high-sensitivity
bender mode.
Crystal End shot
Silicon Rubber
Crystal
Seat
Water Block
Transformer

Epoxy
Transformer
Housing Potting Sleeve
Cable Anchor
Epoxy Sensing element,transformer are
Boot permanently molded into rugged
polyurethane housing
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RECEIVERS

Hydrophone Piezoelectric phone

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THE VSP RECEIVER
TRANSDUCERS

§ Geometrical arrangement
– 3-C
– 4-C
– gimbal mounted

§ Response

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GIMBALLED GEOPHONE
ASSEMBLY

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP RECEIVER
LOCKING MECHANISM

§ Locking arm
– spring, motor driven, hydraulic, packer
– open/close speed
– failsafe

§ Locking force
– force-to-weight ratio

§ Coupling
– three-point coupling
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DONWHOLE TOOL LOCKING
MECHANISM

HARDAGE, 1985
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RECEIVER ASSEMBLY LOCKED
IN A BOREHOLE

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

Principle Design Features of VSP
Geophone

R
e
S c
e f
i
v S
e
r A
f
h
o S
u
S s Receiver housing
i
n Plan View
g

Side View

Modified from Hardage, 1985

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
DOWNHOLE TOOL
CLAMPING

HARDAGE, 1985
A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
DOWNHOLE TOOL CLAMPING

HARDAGE, 1985
A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
THE VSP RECEIVER
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

§ Short length and light weight

– Move in phase with the earth
– No coupling resonance

§ Single rigid body

– minimum makeup connections

§ Combinations
– isolation

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP RECEIVER
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

§ Pointed ends and small diameter

– Reduce upgoing and downgoing tube
waves
– Less sensitive to tube waves
reflections

§ Single rigid body

– minimum makeup connections

§ Combinations
– isolation
A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
THE VSP RECEIVER
ELECTRONICS

§ Amplifier
– low noise
– adequate gain
§ Analog-to-digital converters
– large dynamic range
– high resolution, precision
– low noise
§ Telemetry
§ Switching

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

THE VSP RECEIVER
ANALOG VS. DIGITAL

§ Analog
– higher temperature components
– no telemetry delays
– limited # receivers
– higher noise
§ Digital
– greater # of receivers
– low noise (digitize at source)
– lower temperature components
– telemetry delays
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Acquisition Technology

Dual ASR & SSR

SST500next

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 Geochain™

La proxima generacion de arreglo sismico

Ø Sistema de 16 niveles
Ø Expandible a 32 niveles
Ø Respuesta de alta frecuencia

Leaders in VSP
technology
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 RECORDING SYSTEMS

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RECORDING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION

§ Resolution
§ Dynamic range
§ Gain
§ Record length
§ Recording format
§ Recording media
§ Quality control
§ Plotting
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ACQUISITION
RECORDING SYSTEMS

§ SWD

§ DSS

§ Surface Seismic

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Basic Components of VSP
Recording System

CRT

Source Disk/
Source CPU
Controller Tape

Analog-to-
Digital
Converter

Downhole
Receiver
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DSS Acquisition Recording Units

Units Purpose Built

l Land
l Offshore

l Stand Alone

l Integrated into ECLIPS

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

RECORDING SYSTEMS
RESOLUTION, DYNAMIC RANGE &
GAIN
– Resolution
§ Dynamic range
§ sampling
interval – signal strength
§ sample rate – input noise
§ frequency range – signal-to noise
§ Gain
– A/D converters
– fixed
§ IFP
– floating point
§ Delta-Sigma
– AGC
§ 16-bit, 24-bit
– clipping
§ 8-, 16-, 32-bit
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RECORDING SYSTEMS
RECORD LENGTH

§ Number of samples

§ pre-time zero

§ Vibroseis: sweep time + listen time

§ File number / indexing

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RECORDING SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL

§ Shot-to-shot QC
– repeatability
– noise
§ Sort
– verticals, horizontals, monitor phones
– gathers (lines, common
source/receiver/depth)
§ Edit
– time pick, mute, time-shift
§ Stack
– signal-to-noise
A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
RECORDING SYSTEMS
QUALITY CONTROL

§ Composite displays
– total wavefield
– signature
§ Spectral analysis
§ Bandpass filtering
§ Onsite processing
– Velocity Survey
– VSP

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SURVEY GEOMETRY

A Baker Hughes – CGG Company

SURVEY GEOMETRY

§ Vertical Seismic Profile § Cross-well

§ Zero offset and Offset § Passive monitoring
VSP § Seismic-While-Drilling
§ Reverse VSP § Single-well acquisition
§ Walkaway
§ Vertical Incidence
§ 3D VSP

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VSP - SCHEMATIC

§ Zero-Offset VSP

§ Offset VSP

§ Walkaway

§ 3-D VSP

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Zero Offset VSP

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Zero Offset VSP – Normal incidence VSP

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 3-D VSP

§ Rectangular grid

§ Circular or spiral (marine)

§ Radial source layout

§ Detailed pre-survey modeling

§ Simultaneous acquisition with surface seismic

§ Reverse VSP

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Far Offset VSP

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Walkaway VSP

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 3-D VSP ACQUISITION

Rectangular grid Circular grid

Blackfoot survey - Alberta, Canada Oseberg field - North Sea
Shot with surface seismic

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3D VSP - CIRCULAR WALKAROUNDS
POSITIONING CIRCLE CENTERS ABOVE RECEIVERS

Y North
well head
circular walkaways

X East

sea bottom

borehole

source

receiver

Z depth

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Simultaneous acquisition

TB/Start
Recording Surface unit
Cable
Source
Source

•Passive monitoring
•No operational impact on
Geophone
Surface seismic acquisition

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CROSS-WELL
§ Tomographic imaging

§ Cross-well reflection

§ Connectivity mapping

Borehole
geophone

Borehole
source

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CROSS-WELL
ACQUISITION LAYOUT AND TOMOGRAPHIC COVERAGE

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 SALT PROXIMITY

§ 3-D modeling

§ Through-salt imaging
– Estimating salt flank position through travel
times comparison

§ Reflection imaging
– VSP Migration

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SALT PROXIMITY
Surface
Source
S
Deviated Common entry point
Well O for all raypaths
Unit 1
A
D B
Unit 2 C
E
Unit 3

F
Unit 4

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FRAC MONITORING

§ Mini-frac monitoring - single well

§ Hydraulic fracturing monitoring - multi well

Fluid flow

Seismic
receiver
Mini-frac
survey

Packer
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SEISMIC-WHILE-DRILLING

§ Onshore and offshore

§ TOMEX surveys : reverse VSP processing

Rig Recording
sensor Truck
WESTERN
ATLAS

Receivers
WESTERN
ATLAS

Drill bit

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2D / 3D VSP Modeling Software (VECON)

l Complex Velocity Model Building

l Pre-Survey Planning

l 2D / 3D Visualization Tools

l Synthetic Data Generation

l Windows PC and Unix

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www.vsfusion.com A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
www.vsfusion.com A Baker Hughes – CGG Company
 vecon

www.vsfusion.com A Baker Hughes – CGG Company