Index

4π Microscopy, 15 Apoptosis, 209

4π Microscope, 16
αv β3 -integrin, 233
129 Xe, 250, 251
13 C NMR spectroscopy, 79
1 H-NMR spectroscopy, 78
31 P-NMR spectroscopy, 78
L-selectin, 236
2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 263, 264
5-Aminolevulinic acid, 214
A mode (“A” for amplitude), 95
Abbe’s diffraction limit, 13
Absorbing filters, 9
Absorption efficiency, 7
Acoustically tunable bandpass filters, 10
Active targeting, 227, 228
Adaptive filtering, 41
Advanced, 117
Adverse effects, 144
Adverse events, 150, 151
ALTADENA, 254, 255
Analog detectors, 10
Angiogenesis, 208
Angiographic, 146, 147, 149
applications, 149
contrast agents (CAs), 147
techniques, 146
Angiography, 146, 147, 151, 154, 258, 259,
262
and blood pool agents/imaging, 146, 154
and contrast enhanced (CE-MRA), 146, 147
and magnetic resonance imaging, 146, 151
Anion transport, 170
Anorganic nanoparticles, 204
Antibodies, 208
AOTFs, 10
Applications, 117
Approximate, 34, 41, 44
Atherosclerotic plaques, 157
Attenuation correction, 126
Automated quality check routines, 43
Automatic exposure control, 41
Avalanche photodiodes, 57, 59
B mode (“B” for brightness), 95, 224
Backprojection, 29, 40
Bandpass, 10
Bandpass filters, 8
Benzodiazepine receptor, 212
Bioluminescence, 7
Bioluminescence imaging, 18
Biotin-streptavidin system, 229
bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-13 C-cyclopropane,
263
bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-13 C-cyclopropane-
d8 , 261
BLI, 18
Blood flow, 172
Blood pool, 135, 137, 146–148, 153, 154
agent(s), 135, 137, 146, 148, 153, 154
contrast agents (CAs), 147, 148
distribution, 148
imaging, 154
retention, 148
signal, 148
Breathing artifacts, 116
Brute Force, 252
Bubble concentration, 104
C-arm CT, 24, 38
Calibration, 30, 31, 44, 45, 47
Carbocyanine dyes, 204

273
274 Index

Catalyst, 260 Decomplexation, 144

Catheter, 264 Defective detector pixels, 44
CCD, 12 Density of water, 30, 45
Charge-coupled device, 12 Depletion, 16
Charged MBs, 231 Destruction-subtraction imaging, 237
Chelate(s), 143, 145, 148, 149, 155 Detector, 24, 26–29, 32–34, 36–39, 41, 43, 44,
and albumin conjugates, 148 48
and biological interaction, 145 Detector pixel size, 29, 40
and conventional gadolinium, 155 Deterministic risk, 39
and hepatobiliary agents, 149 Diagnostic ultrasound, 91
and in-vivo dissociation, 145 Diffracting interfaces, 6
and poly(L-lysine), 148 Diffraction gratings, 10
and positive contrast agents, 143 Diffusion, 172
and small-molecule MS-325, 148 Digitizing accuracy, 12
linear, 145 Dispersion, 10
Chemical shifts, 78 Dissociation, 145
Chemoluminescence, 7 Distance of the focal spot to detector, 32
Cholegraphic agents, 170 DNP, 253
Clinical, 129 Doppler effect, 95
Clinical CT, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34, 36–38, 41, 42, Dose, 24, 27, 32, 36–44, 47, 48
44–48 Dose usage, 33, 39, 41
Clinical Diagnosis, 113 Dose/dosage, 135, 143, 148, 153, 154
Collimators, 26, 41, 60 and blood pool contrast agents, 148
Color Doppler, 99 and blood-pool imaging, 143, 154
Color-coded duplex sonography, CCDS, 96 and extracellular contrast agents, 145
Color-flow mapping (CFM), 96 and hepatobiliary contrast agents, 150
Compton scatter, 54 and paramagnetic agents, 135
Cone angles, 33, 34 and positive contrast agents, 143
Cone-beam, 24, 26, 30, 33, 45 and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, 153
Cone-beam artifacts, 33, 34, 44, 45 Dotarem, 145, 147
Confocal microscopy, 15 Drug delivery system (DDS), 226
Contrast, 135, 136, 143, 145, 146, 148–151, Dual-energy CT, 48
154, 155, 157 Dye lasers, 8
agent(s), 135, 136, 145, 148, 157 Dynamic range, 13
definition, 136
enhanced, 136, 146, 151 EAE (experimental autoimmune
enhancement, 137, 143, 155 encephalomyelitis), 234
media, 143, 149 Echo-enhancing agents, 91
of an MR image, 136, 143 Echovist, 225
of liver, 150, 151, 154 ED-B-fibronectin, 208
Contrast agents, 116 Effective linear attenuation coefficient, 41
Contrast-to-noise ratio in MRI, 87 Effective tube current time product, 39
Contrastophore, 155 Electron-bombardment (EB), 13
Correlation time(s), 139, 142, 147 Electron-multiplying, 13
CT, 170 Elimination, 137, 143, 148, 151, 158
Cupping, 45, 46 and metabolism, 137
correction, 45, 46 biliary, 151
effect, 45 from the blood, 148
Cupping or capping artifacts, 28 half-life, 143, 158
Cyanine dyes, 204 EM, 13
Emission wavelength, 6
DA, 12 Empirical precorrection, 47
Dark current, 12, 13 Emulsions, 170
DC, 12, 13 Endoglin, 233
Index 275

Enzyme-activatable Conjugates, 212 and linear chelates, 145

Excitation pulses, 136 and low molecular weight chelates, 149
Excretion, 143, 145, 149, 151 and macrocyclic complex, 148
and blood pool contrast agents, 148 and neutral non-ionic chelates, 143
and extracellular MRI agents, 143, 145 and water-soluble complexes, 150
and hepatobiliary contrast agents, 145, 150 benzyloxypropionictetraacetate, 150
biliary, 145, 149, 151 chelates, 148–150, 155
from the body, 144 complexes of, 135, 139, 143
renal, 148 ethoxybenzyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic
EXP, 13 acid, 150
Exposure time, 13 Gd3+ , 139, 143
Extracellular, 135, 137, 143, 145, 146, 149, Gd-BOPTA (Gadobenate dimeglumine,
151 Multihance), 143, 145
agents, 135, 137, 143 Gd-DO3A-butrol (Gadobutrol, Gadovist),
behavior, 151 143, 145
chelates, 149 Gd-DOTA (Gadoterate meglumine,
contrast agents (CAs), 143, 145, 146, 149, Dotarem), 143, 145, 148
151 Gd-DOTA derivative, 148
distribution, 145 Gd-DTPA (Gadopentetate dimeglumine,
space, 143 Magnevist), 141, 143, 145, 146, 156, 157
Extracellular space, 172 Gd-DTPA-B(sLex )A, 156
Gd-DTPA-BMA (Gadodiamide, Omniscan),
Fan angle, 26, 34 143, 145
Feldkamp-type image reconstruction, 29 Gd-DTPA-BMEA (Gadoversetamide,
Field cycling, 256 Optimark), 145
Field of measurement (FOM), 24, 27, 33, 34, Gd-DTPA-g-mimRGD, 157
36, 38, 41, 47 Gd-EOB-DTPA (Gd-ethoxybenzyl,
Filtered Backprojection (FBP), 29 Gadoxetic acid, Eovist, Primovist), 143,
Filtering, 29, 40, 41 145, 149–151
Filters, 8 Gd-HP-DO3A (Gadoteridol, ProHance),
Fluorescence, 6 143, 145
Fluorescence activation, 212 Gadolinium EOB DTPA, 170
Fluorescence lifetime, 6 Gadovist, 145
Fluorescence lifetime imaging (microscopy) Gas bubbles, 225
[FLI(M)], 14 Gas-filled microbubbles (MBs), 97
Fluorescence microscopy, 14 Gated imaging, 13
Fluorescence reflectance imaging, 18 Gel filters, 9
Fluorochrome efficiency, 7 Glucose transporters, 212
Fluorochrome efficiency concentration, 7
Flux, 33, 40, 41 Half-life, 152
Focal-spot size, 39 in blood, 152
Folic acid, 211 in humans, 153, 154
Frequency-domain detection, 11 in plasma, 148, 150
Full well capacity, 12, 13 of elimination, 143, 158
Full width at half maximum (FWHM), 43 Hard shell, 226
Functional imaging, 101 3 He, 250, 251

Fusion, 110 Heavy elements, 168

FWC, 12, 13 Hepatobiliary, 135, 137, 145, 149
agent(s), 135, 137, 145, 149
Gadobutrol, 169 contrast agents (CAs), 135, 137, 145, 150
Gadolinium, 170 distribution, 145
Gadolinium (Gd), 135, 143, 145, 148–150, 155 Hepatocytes, 170
and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate HEV (high endothelial venules), 236
complex, 143 High-contrast objects, 36
276 Index

High-frequency acoustic waves, 94 injected, 154

High-frequency contrast imaging, 103 nanocompounds, 154
High-pressure arc lamps, 7 nanoparticles, 136, 152, 154
High-resolution imaging, 101 nucleus, 152
High-resolution molecular imaging, 237 particles, 141, 154
History, 121 superparamagnetic, 149, 151
Homogeneity, 43, 46, 47 Iron oxide contrast agent concentration, 88
Hounsfield units, 30 Iterative, 30, 41, 46, 47
Hydroxyethylacrylate, 261
Hyperpolarization, 248, 249, 254, 267 Lanthanide chelates, 205
13 C hyperpolarization, 252
Larmor frequency, 76, 136, 142
13 C Hyperpolarized Molecules, 252
Lasers, 8
Hyperpolarized noble gases, 249, 250 LCTFs, 10
LD50 , 145, 148, 150
ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule), 234 LEDs, 7
Image Ligand
quality, 24, 27, 29, 34, 36, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47 and hydrophilic poly(aminocarboxylate),
reconstruction, 28–30, 34, 41, 43–45 143
Image fusion, 109 and magnetic centers, 156
Imagent, 232 free organic, 144
Imaging, 136, 143, 148, 151, 158 metal binding, 145
agents, 136, 143, 148, 151 molecules, 155
by magnetic resonance, 136 of E-selectin, 156
cellular, 158 Light sources, 7
clinical, 155 Light-emitting diodes, 7
molecular, 136, 155–158 Light-fiber, 122
of blood pool, 154 Limitations, 114
of liver, 153, 154 Linear attenuation coefficient, 28, 45
system, 147 Liposomes, 170, 231
techniques, 135, 136, 146 Liquid crystal tunable filters, 10
In-plane spatial resolution, 40 Liver, 149, 156
In-vitro scans, 34, 47 and blood pool contrast agents, 148
In-vivo scans, 37, 38, 47 and contrast, 150, 151
In-vivo sono-immuno-histology, 243 and extracellular MRI contrast agents, 145
Indirect lymphography, 232 and hepatobiliary contrast agents, 149, 150
Indocyanine green, 206 and metastatic focal disease, 143
Inflammation, 209, 234 and negative contrast agents, 151
Inflammation models, 230 and passive targeting, 152
Integrated, 124 and pharmaceutical enhancing, 137
Integrating detectors, 10, 12 blood vessels, 156
Intensified CCD, 13 cancer, 151
Intensity measurements, 28 dedicated T1 - or T2 -weighted MRI
Interaction with cell membranes, 227, 230 protocols, 149
Interference filters, 9 imaging and superparamagnetic nanoparti-
Inverse problem, 19 cles, 153
Inversion recovery, 83 inflammation of, 156
Iodinated X-ray contrast agents, 168 iron concentration, 154
Iodine, 169 lesions, 150, 151
Iodipamide, 170 parenchyma, 151
Iodipamide particles, 170 tumors/carcinoma, 149, 151, 154
Iopanoic acid, 170 Longitudinal axis, 26
Iron oxide, 136, 152, 154 Longitudinal resolution quantitative relation-
crystals, 152 ship between image noise σ and spatial
diameter, 152 resolution, 40
Index 277

Longitudinal studies, 24, 39 Misalignment correction, 44

Longpass, 8 Modified Magnets, 126
Loss of correlation (LOC), 100 Modulation transfer function (MTF), 39, 43
Low contrast details, 37, 48 Molar extinction coefficient, 7
Low-density lipoprotein, 212 Molecular imaging, 136, 155–158, 178, 179,
Lymph flow, 231 182, 186, 194, 198, 224, 227
Lymph flow transport, 227, 231 Molecular probes, 224
Lymphography, 236 Molecular target, 179, 224, 228
Molecular ultrasound imaging, 100, 101, 230
Macrophages, 149, 152, 154, 170, 230 Monochromatic spectrum, 8
Magnetic, 137 Monte Carlo-based dose calculation, 43
center(s), 137, 156 MR contrast agent concentration, 87
coupling, 141 MR contrast agents, 87
dipole, 151 MR-Spectroscopic Imaging, 81
efficacy, 152 MRI, 248, 252, 258, 259
field(s), 136, 138, 139, 142, 151 MRI imaging, 217
label(s), 137, 155 Multi-modality, 216
materials, 156 MultiHance, 145, 149, 150
moment(s), 137, 141, 151 Multimodal imaging, 109
nuclei, 136 Multimodality imaging, 109
payload(s), 155, 158 PET/CT, 109
properties of 1 H, 136 PET/MR, 118
relaxation, 158
relaxation dispersion profiles, 139 Near infrared range (NIR), light in, 5
reporter, 155, 158 Neoangiogenesis, 233
resonance, 75, 135 NMR Imaging, 79
resonance angiography, 146 NMR Spectroscopy, 78
resonance imaging, 135, 136 Non-specific Dyes, 206
susceptibility, 152 Noncontact imaging, 19
Magnetization Notch filters, 8
and the proton spin, 141
associated to electrons, 141 Object motion, 47
of the superparamagnetic particle, 142 Object placement, 34
specific, 142 Oblique multiplanar reformations (MPRs), 25,
Magnevist, 143, 145, 146 29
and brain tumor, 146 OD, 8
and contrast enhancement, 143 Omniscan, 145
and extracellular MRI contrast agents, 145 Optical density, 8
Magnification, 32, 33, 36, 47 Optical imaging, 4, 7, 21
Magnification factor, 29 Optical probes, 4
Mapping of CT numbers, 30 Optical properties of tissue, 5
mAs product, 37, 39 Optimark, 145
Materials, 120 Optoacoustic tomography, 20
MECA-79, 236 Organic fluorophores, 204
Metabolic imaging, 267 Oscillation, 98
Metabolism, 267 Osmolality, 169
Metal chelates, 168
Micro-channel plate, 13 P-selectin, 234
Micro-CT, 24, 26, 27, 29–32, 34–48 Para-H2 , 254
Micro-CT artifacts, 44 Para-hydrogenation, 259–261
Microaxial tomography, 17 Paramagnetic, 135, 137–139, 141, 143
Microchannel plates, 12 center(s), 137–139, 141, 143
Microcirculation, 102 complex, 138, 143
Microultrasound, 101, 237 contrast agents (CAs), 135, 143, 149
278 Index

dendrimers, 156 Propagation speed of ultrasound, 93

effect, 138 Protoporphyrin IX, 214
ion(s), 143 Pyruvate, 267
relaxation, 137, 139
substance, 139 Quality figure of merit, 43
Partial volume effect, 71 Quantification, 103
PASADENA, 254, 255 Quantitative molecular imaging, 237
Passive targeting, 227 Quantum Dots, 214
Peptide ligands, 208 Quantum efficiency, 10, 12
Perfluoro gas, 233 Quantum yield, 7
Perfusion, 262–264
Permeability, 172 R1 and r1 , 137
PET, 54 and blood pool contrast agents, 148
PET/CT, 108, 111, 117 and extracellular MRI contrast agents, 145
advanced applications, 117 and hepatobiliary contrast agents, 150
artifacts, 115 and inner sphere (IS), 138
clinical diagnosis, 113 and longitudinal relaxivity, 135
limitations, 114 and paramagnetic CAs, 135, 143
preclinical research, 117 and physicochemical parameters, 137
technical aspects, 111 and relaxivity, 137
PET/MR, 108, 118, 120–122, 124, 126, 128, and signal enhancement, 135
129 and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, 153
attenuation correction, 127 enhancement, 143
clinical, 129 of tissues, 143
history, 121 R2 and r2 , 135, 145
integrated systems, 124 and extracellular MRI contrast agents, 135,
light-fibers, 122 145
materials, 120 and paramagnetic CAs, 135, 143
modified magnets, 126 and physicochemical parameters, 137
preclinical research, 128 and relaxivity, 137
technical challenge, 119 and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, 153
pH, 173 and transverse relaxivity, 135
Phagocytosis, 227, 230, 232 of tissues, 143
Pharmacodynamic, 180, 192 Random coincidences, 70
Pharmacokinetic, 180, 192, 194, 196 RARE, 258, 259
PHIP, 254 Rare earth metal chelates, 204
Photoelectric absorption, 54 Read noise, 12, 13
Photomultiplier, 11 Rebinning, 29
Photomultiplier Tubes, 56 Reconstruction, 65
Photon counting devices, 11 Reconstruction kernel, 29, 40, 41
Photon detectors, 10 Reconstruction times, 30
PMTs, 11 Relaxation, 139, 141, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259,
Point spread function (PSF), 43 267
Poisson distributed, 40 dispersion profiles, 139
Polarization, 248, 253, 254, 260 in superparamagnetic colloids, 141
Polychromatic radiation, 28 inner sphere (IS), 137–139, 141
Polymethine dyes, 204 longitudinal, 139
Positron emission tomography, 54 mechanism(s), 137, 138
Power, 34, 37–39 of protons, 141
Power-Doppler, 96 outer sphere (OS), 137, 139
Preclinical Research, 117, 128 process, 141, 151
Precorrection, 31, 45–48 rate, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 155, 158
Prefiltrations, 31 switches, 158
Prohance, 145 time(s), 135–139, 141–143
Index 279

Relaxation processes, 77 Spectral Doppler, 101

Relaxation times, 83 Spectrum, 28, 41
Relaxivity, 87, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, spin-echo experiment, 84
148, 150, 151, 153, 156 Spiral scan, 27, 36, 41
Residence time, 138, 141 Spiral trajectory, 27, 44
of water, 138, 141, 147 Stationary tube-detector system with rotating
vascular, 146 object, 32
Reticulo-endothelial system (RES), 147–149, Statistical reconstruction, 41
230 STED, 15
Ring artifacts, 44 STED microscope, 17
Rotating gantry with stationary object, 32 Stimulated acoustic emission (SAE), 100
Rotation axis, 26, 34, 36 Stimulated emission, 16
Rotation center, 26 Stimulated emission depletion, 15
Stokes shift, 6
SAE effect, 231 Streak camera, 13
SAE image layer thickness, 104 Streptavidin-carrying MBs, 229
SAE signals, 236 Superparamagnetic, 141
Scan time, 32, 34, 36–39, 44, 47 colloids, 141
Scattering coefficient, 6 contrast agents (CAs), 136, 158
Scintillator, 39, 55 crystals, 141, 142
Second order beam hardening correction, 46 iron oxide, 136, 149
Second-harmonic imaging, 98 nanoparticles, 151–153
Semiconductor nanocrystals, 214 nature, 154
Sensitive particle acoustic quantification particle(s), 141, 142, 156
(SPAQ), 101, 103, 240 relaxation, 141
Sensitivity, 169 System
Sensitivity of NMR, 85 CT, 73
Sequential step-and-shoot or sequence scan, 27 MR, 81
Shaped filtration, 31, 33, 41 PET/CT, 111
Shortpass filters, 8 PET/MR(I), 121
Signal-to-noise ratio, 98, 233
Signal-to-noise ratio in MR, 86 T2 ∗ and T2 , 136
Signaling moiety, 228 T1 , 136, 138, 151
Silica nanoparticles, 215 and calculation, 138
Single photon emission computed tomography, and relaxation
54 rate, 137
Single-channel photon-counting, 11 times, 136
Singlet-triplet transitions, 7 and the first coordination sphere of the
Phosphorescence, see Singlet-triplet metal, 138
Size of the focal spot, 29 effect(s), 148, 155
Slip-ring technology, 27 of water protons, 143
Small molecule ligands, 209 relaxivity, 147, 151
SNR, 251 shortening, 136, 143, 151, 154
Soft shell, 226 weighted, 136, 143, 146, 149, 150, 156
Somatostatin, 208 T2 , 136, 137
Sonavist, 231 T2 ∗ effects, 155
Sono-immuno-histology, 243 and relaxation rate, 137
Sound wave, 92 and relaxation times, 136
SPAQ method, 240 and T2 -star (T2 ∗ ), 136
SPAQ resolution, 240 shortening, 151
SPAQ technology, 104 weighted, 149, 154
Spatial resolution, 24, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38–44, Target materials, 41, 48
47, 48, 69, 241 Target-specific conjugates, 208
SPECT, 54 Target-specific MBs, 228
280 Index

Targeted microbubbles, 223 of liver, 149, 154

Targeted ultrasound contrast agents, 223 pharmaceutical enhancing, 137
Targeting moiety, 228 vascularity, 149
Technical Aspects, 111 Two-dimensional (2D) sonography, 95
Technical Challenges, 119 Two-photon microscopy, 15
Temporal resolution, 48
Tetrapyrroles, 204 Ultrasound contrast agents (USCAs), 92, 224
Thorium oxide, 171 Ultrasound device, 105
Thrombosis, 235 Unit, 13
Thrombus, 235
Thrombus-specific MBs, 235 VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule),
Time-domain detection, 11 234
TNFα, 239 Vectorizing moiety, 155
Tomographic view, 25 VEGFR-2, 239
Transducer, 92 Video densitometry, 101
transillumination, 18 Viscosity, 169
Translation stages, 32 Voxel, 29, 30, 38–40, 43, 51, 79, 80, 88
Transmetallation, 149 Voxel size, 29, 35, 43, 81
by Zn2+ , 149
in-vivo, 144 Water phantoms, 43
Transmission or reflection anode, 28 Water precorrection, 45, 46
trueFISP, 258, 261, 262 Wideband harmonic imaging, 99
tubes, 11 Window, 30, 33, 42
Tubular secretion, 170 Wire phantoms, 43
Tumor(s), 146
and blood pool agents, 146 X-ray, 26, 45, 167, 168
and liver contrast, 150 polychromatic, 45, 114
and metastases, 154 polychromaticity, 45
characterization, 148 scattering, 45, 47
malignant, 151 X-ray contrast media, 169
of brain, 143, 146 Xanthene dyes, 204