THE CELL CYCLE ratnayanti

OUTLINE CONCEPT
• CONCEPTS Cell Cycle Definition
• INTERPHASE • A strictly regulated process
• MITOSIS of cell’s “reproduction”
• MEIOSIS
• CELL CYCLE • DNA must be copied exactly
REGULATION Should be controlled

• Producing 2 or more
descendant cells
 Cell Cycle Phase
• Interphase
• Cell Division
– Mitosis: somatic cell
– Meiosis: germ cell

STABLE PHASE
G0: resting stage
 Interphase
M
• Consist of 3 phases:

G2
– G1: gap 1: preparation G1
for DNA synthesis
– S: synthesis: DNA
replication
– G2: gap 2: preparation S
for cell division
12 - 96 hours
2 - 4 hours
2 - 4 hours
 G1 Phase
• Events take place:
– Synthesis of cell material: restoring size
– Synthesis material for DNA replication
– Nucleolus reformation
– Centrioles duplication
G1

12 - 96 hours
 S Phase
• Events take place:
– Genome duplication
2n  4n

• Germ cell:
– Only preceeding meiosis I S

2 - 4 hours
 G2 Phase
• Events take place:
– Centrioles replication complete
– Further synthesis of cell material
– Energy production
G2
2 - 4 hours
 Mitosis Phase
• 2 process:
– Karyokinesis: nucleus division
– Cytokinesis : cell division
• Phase: 5
 MTOC (Microtubule Organizing
Centre)
• Centrosome: MTOC of
cytoplasm
– 2 centriole orthogonal
– Astral ray:
• Mitotic spindle
microtubule  attached
to chromosome
• Polar microtubule
• Kinetochore: MTOC of
chromosome
– Plate: inner and outer
– Microtubule
 Prophase
• Chromosome:
– Condensed
– Consist of 2 sister
chromatids
– Paired at centromere
• Centrosome:
– Divide
– Move to opposite pole
 Prometaphase
• Chromosomes:
– Randomly placed
• Nuclear envelope
disappear:
– Phosphorilation of
nuclear lamina
 Metaphase
• Chromosome:
– Maximally condensed
– Aligned in equator
– Attached to mitotic
spindle at kinetochore
– Centromere begin to
disappear
 Anaphase
• Chromosome:
– Sister chromatids
separate
– Migrate to pole
– Shortening of MS
microtubule
• Cytoplasm:
– Cleavage furrow
 Telophase
• Chromosome:
– At poles
– Unwind  chromatin
• Nucleolus developed
• Nuclear envelope
resolved
 Cytokinesis
• Furrows deepen
• Contractile ring: actin &
myosin
• 2 daughter cells
 Meisosis Phase
Specialized cell division: germ cell & produced
1n (haploid) descendant cells
• Meiosis I: reductional division
• Meiosis II: equatorial division
• Each consist of 4 phase:
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
 Meiosis I
• 4n  2n
• Prophase: long time
• Metaphase – Anaphase: paired chromosome
separate
Prophase I
 Meiosis II
• 2n  1n
• Similar with mitosis
 Cell cycle regulation
Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

• Enzime which control

the progression of cell
cycle
• Consist of several types:
mainly: CDK4/6, CDK2/1
• Need cyclins to be
activated
 Cyclins
• Protein which control
the progression of cell
cycle
• Activates CDKs
• Several types: cyclin D,
E, A, B
Cyclin-CDKs Action
 Checkpoints
• G1: START/restriction point
– DNA damage?
– Proceed to cell cycle or not
• G2: quality control
– DNA damage?
• M: chromosome alignment
– Mitotic spindle microtubule?