APPENDIX A

RAW DATA

Average Period
Period in 10 Of
Amplitude
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Oscillations, T Oscillation, T
(degrees)
(s) (s)
5 14.10 13.76 14.00 13.95 1.395
10 14.09 14.14 14.17 14.13 1.413
15 14.09 14.13 14.18 14.13 1.413
20 14.20 14.22 14.22 14.21 1.421
25 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.24 1.424
30 14.30 14.32 14.32 14.31 1.431
35 14.50 14.59 14.60 14.56 1.456
40 14.63 14.67 14.68 14.66 1.466
45 14.70 14.75 14.74 14.73 1.473

Table 2. Measurements at different Amplitudes (degrees).

Average
Length of Period of Period
Period in 10
the string Oscillation, T Squared, T2
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Oscillations, T
(m) (s) (s)
(s)
0.2 8.760 8.620 8.590 8.657 0.8980 0.8064
0.3 10.74 10.94 10.88 10.853 1.0990 1.208
0.4 12.60 12.58 12.46 12.547 1.2690 1.610
0.5 13.93 13.93 13.92 13.927 1.4190 2.014
0.6 15.30 15.25 15.23 15.260 1.5550 2.418
0.7 16.49 16.54 16.53 16.520 1.6790 2.819
0.8 17.93 17.87 17.88 17.893 1.7950 3.222
0.9 18.70 18.89 18.95 18.847 1.9040 3.625
1.0 19.75 19.88 19.89 19.840 2.0070 4.028
Table 3. Measurements at different Lengths (m).
 APPENDIX B

STATISTICS
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.958624359
R Square 0.918960661
Adjusted R
0.905454105
Square
Standard Error 0.007420359
Observations 8

ANOVA
SS Significance
df MS F
F
Regression 1 0.003746296 0.003746296 68.03811659 0.000171632
Residual 6 0.00033037 5.50617E-05
Total 7 0.004076667

Standard
Coefficients t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Error
Intercept 1.385388889 0.006822043 203.075368 9.62043E-13 1.368695951 1.402081827 1.368695951 1.402081827
5 0.001888889 0.000228997 8.248522085 0.000171632 0.001328553 0.002449225 0.001328553 0.002449225
Figure 4. Standard Error for the slope of linear function of Period as a function of the amplitude.

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.95862436
R Square 0.91896066
Adjusted R
0.9054541
Square
Standard
0.00742036
Error
Observations 8

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 0.003746296 0.003746 68.038117 0.0001716
Residual 6 0.00033037 5.51E-05
Total 7 0.004076667

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept 1.38538889 0.006822043 203.0754 9.62E-13 1.368696 1.4020818 1.368695951 1.40208183
5 0.00188889 0.000228997 8.248522 0.0001716 0.0013286 0.0024492 0.001328553 0.00244922
2
Figure 5. Standard Error for the slope of linear function of period squared, T , as a function of the string
length, L.
 APPPENDIX C

DERIVATIONS

The relationship between period, the length of the string and gravitational acceleration is expressed in
Equation 1:

𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋 √
𝑔

The acceleration due to gravity is then found in Equation 2:

𝐿
𝑔 = 4𝜋 2
𝑇2

From the initial conditions it is also clear that the initial amplitude θ is equal to θ 0 and so the linear
relationship between length L and period T 2 can be expressed:

4𝜋 2
𝑇2 = 𝐿
𝑔

Wherein the independent variable is the length, (L) and the dependent variable is the Period (T).
 APPENDIX D

CALCULATIONS

The linearized equation for the period as a function of amplitude is:

4𝜋 2
𝑇2 = 𝐿
𝑔

𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑥 √
𝑔

By deriving the equation, we solve g using:

4𝜋 2
g= 𝐿
𝑇2
𝐿
g = 4𝜋 2 𝑇 2
0.6𝑚
g = 4𝜋 2 2.4167

g = 9.802 m/s2
note: L was taken from the nine different lengths, taking its average.
T2 was taken from the average square of the period.

The uncertainty on the period is equal to:

𝜎𝑔 𝜎𝐿 2 𝜎𝑇 2
= √( ) + 4 ( )
𝑔 𝐿 𝑇
0.187082869 0.37479109

=√( √9
0.6
)2 + 4 ( √9
1.5139
)2

=0.1950439057 ≈ 0.1950

Percent error:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

9.802−9.8
9.8
× 100% = 0.02041
The equation of the line of the period as a function of length in Figure 5 is:

y = 4.0279x - 4E-05

The linearized equation for the period as a function of L is:

4𝜋 2
𝑇2 = 𝐿
𝑔

𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑥 √
𝑔

By following the general equation for a linear function:

y = mx + b
4𝜋2
m= = 4.0279
𝑔

4𝜋2
g = 4.0279

g = 9.801 m/s2

The uncertainty on the period is equal to:

𝜎𝑔 𝜎𝐿 2 𝜎𝑇 2
= √( ) + 4 ( )
𝑔 𝐿 𝑇

0.187082869 0.37479109
√ √9 √9
= ( )2 + 4 ( )2
0.6 1.5139

= 0.1950439057 ≈ 0.1950

Percent error:
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

9.802−9.8
9.8
× 100% = 0.02048