Hochschule Wismar

University of Applied Science

Departement of
Electrical Eng. and
Computer Science

Fundamentals of
Optical Communications

Referent:
Prof. Dr.-Eng. habilitas
Steffen Lochmann
S.Lochmann@gmx.net
www.Prof-Lochmannde

Slide 1
 Table of Contents

1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion

3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping

4. Optical Communication Systems

5. Outlook

Folie 2 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Why Optical Fibres ...

Low Signal Attenuation

High Bandwidth
Proof against Short-circuiting, Earthing and Fire
No EMI
Components with low Weight and Volume
Data Security

Multi-utilization results in high efficiency ! Pinciple

Folie 3 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48
r ncore = 1.5

n 125µm

Step Index (SI) Fiber

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48
ncore = 1.5

Step Index (SI) Fiber

• high dispersion > 100 ns/km

• attenuation ca. 1...15 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48
r ncore = 1.5

Gradient Index (GI) Fiber

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48
ncore = 1.5
V2=c/1.48
V1=c/1.5

Gradient Index (GI) Fiber

• low dispersion > 2 ns/km

• attenuation ca. 1...3 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48
ncore = 1.5
10µm

Single Mode (SM) Fiber

• almost no dispersion > 18ps/nm km

• attenuation ca. 0.2 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

 Fiber attenuation and optical windows

dB/km
SC L

1.1 1.3 1.5 µm 1.7

50 000GHz

• WDM
1.25 [µm] 1.65

• DWDM
1.475 [µm] 1.625

Folie 9 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Table of Contents

1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion

3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping

4. Optical Communication Systems

5. Outlook

Folie 10 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Dispersion:
due to:

• „path differences“ modal dispersion

(intermodal dispersion)

polarisation mode dispersion (PMD)

• spectrum of light source chromatic dispersion

(intramodal dispersion)

material dispersion waveguide dispersion

Folie 11 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Modal Dispersion:

NA2 NA4
Cm odal, SI Cm odal, GI
4 3 n1 c 80 3 n13 c

with NA n12 n22

Folie 12 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Material Dispersion:

Folie 13 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Waveguide Dispersion:
• can be neglected in multimode fibers
• caused by the different extension of LP01 into the cladding b( )
leading to a wavelength dependent effective refractive index:

50 DMat
DChrom
ps
nm km
1.0 1.4 1.6
DWG
-50

[mm]
Folie 14 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar
 Fiber dispersion of DSF

Chromatic dispersion :

DMat
50
ps
nm km DChrom

1.0 1.4 1.6 Dispersion of

a Dispersion
-50 DWG
Shifted Fiber
(DSF)
m

Folie 15 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Fibers for dispersion compensation

Chromatic dispersion :

negative
50 slope!
ps DChrom
nm km

1.0 1.4 1.6

-50

Folie 16 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Table of Contents

1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion

3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping

4. Optical Communication Systems

5. Outlook

Folie 17 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Popt=
ca.17dBm

10 - 50m
Erbium doped fiber
30db
isolator coupler

pump laser

Folie 18 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Optical pulse reshaping

ca.120km ca.120km ca. 10km

SMF SMF fiber with
negative
dispersion slope

Folie 19 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Table of Contents

1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion

3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping

4. Optical Communication Systems

5. Outlook

Folie 20 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

How does it work ?

Point-to-point:

OC1 D OC1
OC3 M OC3
E/O O/E M
STS1 U STS1
U
X
X
OC1 D OC1
OC3 M OC3
M E/O O/E
STS1 U STS1
U
X
X

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

How does it work ?

Point-to-point:

ATM/Ethernet/SDH line board

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

 How does it work ?

MUX, but still point-to-point:

OC12/1
OC12/2
OC1 OC12/3
OC3 M OC12/4 (active)
U E/O
STS1
X
DWDM
OC12/1
OC12/2 MUX
OC1 D OC12/3
OC3 M E/O OC12/4
STS1 U
X
3 Tbps via 50km (2/1999)
10.9 Tbps via 117km (9/2001)

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

 How does it work ?

MUX, but still point-to-point:

Wave Line EL2:

32channels, 200GHz spacing

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

 Table of Contents

1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion

3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping

4. Optical Communication Systems

5. Outlook

Folie 25 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 MUX-Generations

frequency
OTDM OFDM
=> DWDM

FDM

space
SDM OFDM
TDM
=> CWDM
OSDM

Folie 26 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar

 Hochschule Wismar
University of Technology, Business and Design

Departement of
Electrical Eng. and
Computer Science

Thank you for listening to

‚Fundamentals of
Optical Communications‘

Referent:
Prof. Dr.
Steffen Lochmann
S.Lochmann@gmx.net
www.Prof-Lochmann.de

Folie 27 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications Hochschule Wismar