NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

PRESENTATION BY:
AJAY PRAKASH MISHRA
ASNT NDT LEVEL III (LT, MT, PT, RT, UT, VT)
LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED
MFF, HAZIRA, SURAT
HISTORY
 The oil and whiting method - railroad
industry in the early 1900's.
 By the 1940's, fluorescent or visible dye
was added to the oil used to penetrate
test objects.

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Scope
 PT enables the detection of
discontinuities that are open to the
surface such as cracks, porosities,
undercut.
 This method is effectively used for
examination of nonporous, metallic/non
metallic, materials both ferrous and
non-ferrous, glazed ceramics, plastics
and glasses. Prepared By: NDT-MFF, L&T 3
 PENETRANT TESTING
THE PROCESSES

Major Steps:

1. Pre Cleaning
2. Application of Penetrant
3. Removal of Excess Penetrant
4. Application of Developer
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PENETRANT TESTING
THE PROCESSES

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Process Flow Chart
Pre cleaning

Penetrant
Application
Penetrant
Dwell time
Excess Penetrant
removal

Drying

Developer
Application
Developer
Dwell time
Examine
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 Surface Preparation
 Surface preparation by mechanical, chemical
or by any other means, is necessary where
surface irregularities could mask.
 Adjacent areas with in at least 25 mm shall
be free from oil, dirt, grease, scale etc.
 Drying after preparation by normal
evaporating or with forced hot air.

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PRINCIPAL

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 PRINCIPAL

Lower the Contact Angle Higher the Wetting ability i.e. good penetration

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 PRINCIPAL

xxxxx

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 PENETRANT TESTING
QUALITIES OF PENETARNT

1. GOOD WETTING ABILITY

2. SURFACE TENSION
3. VISCOSITY

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 ROLE OF DEVELOPER
 Absorption of Penetrant from flaw i.e.
blotting action
 Adsorption
 Spread Out
 Contrast

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 Developer Properties
 Absorptive Easily wetted
Contrasting colour
 Fine texture
Easily removed
 Able to mask out Non--toxic and
Non Non-
Non-
background colour irritant
 Evenly and easily
applicable
 Light and even coat
 Non-fluorescing
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No Developer With
Developer

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 PENETRANT TESTING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS MIL-I-25135E

 Type I Fluorescent type penetrant

 Type II Visible type penetrant
 Type III Dual mode PENETRANT

 Method A Water washable

 Method B Post emulsifiable lipophilic
METHOD OF
 Method C Solvent removable
 Method D Post-emulsifiable REMOVAL

 Sensitivity Level½ Ultra low sensitivity

 Sensitivity Level 1 Low sensitivity SENSITIVITY
 Sensitivity Level 2 Normal sensitivity
 Sensitivity Level3 High sensitivity
 Sensitivity Level 4 Ultra high sensitivity

 Form a Dry developer powder

Form b Water soluble powder

DEVELOPER
 Form c Water suspended developer
 Form d Non-aqueous developer
 Form e Specific application developer

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 PENETRANT TESTING
COMPARISION BASED ON ADVANTAGE

Water Post Solvent

Water wash
Variable Washable Emulsification Clean
visible
Fluorescent Fluorescent Visible
High Sensitivity X X

High visibility X X

High speed X X

Good retest X
X
Portability X
X
Intricate parts X

Shallow defects X

Large parts X X

Contaminated parts X

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 PENETRANT TESTING
DIADVANTAGES COMPARISION

Water Post Solvent

Water wash
Variable Washable Emulsification Clean
visible
Fluorescent Fluorescent Visible
Black light X X
required
X
Poor retest X X

High manpower X
X
Rinsing aid X X
required
X
Low speed X X

Poor on shallow X X X
defects

Poor on rough
surfaces

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5. Inspection

 Indications viewed as soon as

practicable after developer application
with final assessment taking place after
a minimum development time has
elapsed.

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30 Seconds 1 Minute 15 Minutes

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LIGHT REQUIREMENT
For Fluorescent light examination
 Visible ambient light < 20 Lx

 Intensity of Black light >1000

µW/cm2
 Wave length –320 to 380 nm.

 Allow backlight to warm up for a

minimum of 10min prior to its use.
For Visible light examination :
 Light intensity = 1000 Lx
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Visual Inspection

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6. Post Cleaning
DP residues are required to be removed
because
 They may be harmful to the component

or
 They may impair subsequent processing

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Advantages of DPI

 Applicable to all non-porous materials

 Able to test large parts with a portable kit
 Batch testing
 Applicable to small parts with complex
geometry
 Simple, cheap, easy to interpret
 Good sensitivity
 Training requirements typically less than for
other NDT methods.
 Automation is possible
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 PENETRANT TESTING
CAPABILITIES

Combinations of Penetrant Type – Removal Process –

Developer Type provides a wide variety of application for a
range of test objects.

Visible dye is best suited for field application

Generally less operator dependent

Visible Penetrants do not require special arrangements like

black light

Very simple and immediate result

Indications are formed over discontinuity hence easy to locate

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 PENETRANT TESTING
LIMITATIONS

Not suitable for non porous materials

Can only detect flaws open to surface

General purpose PT materials can be applied for ambient

temperature

Surface cleaning is very critical for effective testing

Cannot find depth of flaw

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Disadvantages of DPI
 Will only detect defects open to the
surface
 Careful surface preparation required
 Not applicable to porous materials
 Temperature dependent
 Cannot retest indefinitely
 Compatibility of chemicals
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PENETRANT TESTING
PERFORMANCE CHECK

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PENETRANT TESTING
BLACK LIGHT LAMP

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PENETRANT TESTING
APPLICATIONS

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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS

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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS

Surface Preparation

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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS

Application of Penetrant

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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS

Application of Developer

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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS

Thank You

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