BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Ref Book: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 4th Ed

Charles K. Alexander & Matthew N.O. Sadiku

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BASIC CONCEPTS

Contents:
1. System of Unit
2. Charge & Current
3. Voltage
4. Power & Energy
5. Circuit Elements
6. Applications

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INTRODUCTION
An electric circuit is an interconnection of the elements
An active element is capable of generating energy (ie. Generators, batteries, amp) while
a passive element not (ie. Resistor, capacitor, inductor)

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SYSTEMS OF UNITS

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CHARGE & CURRENT
Charge is an electrical property of atomic particles of which matters, measured in
coulombs (C)
Each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons
Charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602 x 10-19 C, while
a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron
In 1C of charge there are 1/1.602 x 10-19 = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
The motion of charges due to electromotive force creates electric current

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CHARGE & CURRENT

It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive charges, ie.
opposite to the flow of negative charge

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CHARGE & CURRENT
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in ampere (A)

A direct current (dc) is a current that A alternating current (ac) is a current

remains constant with time that varies sinusoidally with time
Current I (capital letter) Current i (small letter)

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VOLTAGE

Conventional current flow; positive current

flow, negative current flow

The voltage vab between points a and b in The plus (+) and minus
an electric circuit is the energy (work) needed (-) signs are used to
to move a unit charge from a to b define reference
direction or voltage
polarity

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VOLTAGE
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watt (W)

Element is absorbing Element is releasing

power or supplying power

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VOLTAGE
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the positive terminal
of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal, p = -vi

Elements with an absorbing Elements with a supplying

power of 12 W power of 12 W
P = 4 x 3 = 12 W P = -4 x 3 = -12 W

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POWER & ENERGY
The algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time

The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t

Energy is capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)

The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hour (Wh)

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CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or
current that completely independent of other circuit elements

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or current

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POWER & ENERGY
The cost of electricity depends upon the amount of energy consumed in kilowatt-hour

However, if no energy consumed

at all, there is a minimum service
charge need to be paid because
it costs money to stay connected
to power line

As energy consumption increases, the cost per KWh drops

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APPLICATIONS
Eg. A houseowner consumes 850 kWh in August. Determine the electricity bill for the
month using the following residential rate schedule:

Base monthly charge of RM15.00

First 200 kWh per month at 25 cents/kWh
Next 200 kWh per month at 35 cents/kWh
Over 400 kWh per month at 40 cents/kWh
Solution:
Base monthly charge = RM15.00
First 200 kWh at 25 cents/kWh = RM50.00
Next 200 kWh at 35 cents/kWh = RM70.00
Next 450 kWh at 40 cents/kWh = RM180.00
Total charge = RM315.00

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