Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Chapter 13 — Solutions Terminology: Homogeneous _A substance that is uniform in composition and properties. ‘Aqueous Solutions + Apure substance dissolved in solution is a solute + Asubstance used to dissolve solutes is called a solvent + When water is the solvent, the solution is said to be aqueous. Parts per million (ppm) > —_1.g of solute / 1E6 g of solution 11mg of solute/L of solution Parts per billion (ppb) + 1g of solute / 19g of solution Sol n Concentration: Mass Percent + mass of solute, mass of solvent + 5% (mim) NaCheq 0 5 grams of NaCl dissolved in 95 grams of water mass of solute Y%(m/ m) = 100 total mass Volume Percent * volume of solute, volume of solvent * 4:3 (viv) MeOH:H,0 © 1 mL of methanol and 3 mL of water volume of solute, 4 %(v/v)= = total volume Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 125‘Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prept01 Molarity (M) + Molarity is the number of moles of solute (n) divided by the total volume of the solution (V) in litres. + Knowing the molarity of a quantity in liters you can easily calculate the number of moles and by using the molar mass, the mass of solute Moles of solute (n) Motarty (uy = Moles of solute (n) __] ne Total volume of solution (L}| + Brackets around a substance indicate concentration © 1 M hydrochloric acid can be written as [HCI] = M Mole Fraction (X): * Fraction of moles of one component in the total number of moles ‘© Ina two component system, Xq + Xa = 1 © Ina three component system, Xq+ Xa +Xo=1 * Mole percent are mole fractions multiplied by 100% Molality (m): * Amount of solute (in moles) over the mass of solvent (in kilograms) * Concentration unit is independent of temperature moles of solute (n) Molality (m) = olalty (9) ©. eS oF solvent (Kg) Henry's Law + Pressure affects the solubility of a gas * Solubility of a gas increases with increasing pressure [Henry] + Some textbooks use H or k to designate Henry's constant C=HPgs H = k= Henry's constant = 1.3E-3 M atm? Peas = Partial pressure of the gas solubility of a gas in a particular solvent (at a fixed temperature) Vapour Pressures of Solutions Py=X5Py Fr = vapour pressure of pure B Po = partial pressure of compound B mole fraction of substance B Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 126(Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prepi01 Boiling Point Elevation, AT ATy = Kym = boiling point elevation i= van't Hoff factor Ky = Boiling point elevation constant molality * Boiling point of a solution made of a liquid solvent with a nonvolatile solute is greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent * The boiling point of a liquid or is defined as the temperature at which the vapor Pressure of that liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. * Fora solution, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lower at any given temperature. Therefore, a higher temperature is required to boil the solution than the pure solvent. Calculating van't Hoff factor '= 1 for all nonelectrolytes (ex: sucrose, benzene, phenol, water) + 1=2 for strong electrolytes that produce two moles of ions in solution © NaClog —+ Nat + CI © Klog > K+ Pr 0 MgQjaq — Mg** + 0% * 1=3 for strong electrolytes that product three moles of ions in solution © MgClyeq) > Mg” + 2cr © NazSOqjay > 2Na’ + SO,” Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 127Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Freezing Point Depression, AT; AT = Kem AT; = freezing point depression van't Hoff factor reezing point depression constant Ky m= molality * Freezing point is depressed due to the vapor pressure lowering phenomenon * Note that the sign of the change in freezing point is negative because the freezing point of the solution is less than that of the pure solvent * We use molality to measure the concentration of the solute because it is temperature independent * In order for a liquid to freeze it must achieve a very ordered state that results in the formation of a crystal. If there are impurities in the liquid, i.e. solutes, the liquid is inherently less ordered. Therefore, a solution is more difficult to freeze than the pure solvent so a lower temperature is required to freeze the liquid, Calculating van't Hoff factor 1 for all non-electrolytes (ex: sucrose, benzene, phenol, water) * 12 for strong electrolytes that produce two moles of ions in solution © NaChaq > Na” + CI © Klay — K+ © MgO%aq)—> Mg?* + 0? 3 for strong electrolytes that product three moles of ions in solution © MgCliay > Mg** + 2cr © NaSO,ioq) > 2Na’ + SO Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 128Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prepi01 Osmotic Pressure, 1 w= iMRT lolarity (in moles/L) leal gas constant = 0.0821 atm L mol’ K* T = temperature (in Kelvin) +The pressure that would have to be applied to a solution to stop the passage through a semipermeable membrane of solvent molecules from the pure solvent. Solved Example What mass of urea, CO(NH2)2, would you dissolve in 225 mL of solution to obtain an osmotic pressure of 0.015 atm at 25°C? ‘Solution 1w=MRT >= (n)RT > n=nVIRT n= (0.015)(0.225)/(0.0821)(298) + n=14E-4 moles moles (molecular weight) = mass 1.4 E-4 moles (60 g/mol) = 0.0084 g of urea Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 129Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q134 Q13.2 Chapter 13 - Practice Problems To prepare 250 mL of 0.500 M aqueous NaCl, one may >A) Dissolve 7.31 g of NaCl in 243 mL. B) Dissolve 29.22 g up toa total volume of 250 mL in a volumetric flask 2 Dissolve 0.500 g of NaCl up to a total mass of 0.250 kg. (D) Dissolve 7.31 g of NaCl up to a total volume of 250 mL ina Volumetric flask E) Dissolve 0.500 moles NaCI in 0.250 kg of water. To prepare a 0.250 m solution of aqueous MgCl, one may “A) Dissolve 381 g of MgCl2 up to a total volume of 250 mL ina volumetric flask ‘B) Dissolve 23.8 g of MgCl in 226.2 mL of water C) Dissolve 381 g of MgCl, in 226.2 g of water Dissolve 23.8 g of MgCl, in 0.2262 kg of water (EJ Dissolve 23.8 g of MgCl; in 1.00 kg of water Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions, 130Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q13.3 To prepare a solut should In that is 15.0% aqueous KCI by mass, one A) Dissolve 15.0 g of KCI in 85.0 g of water issolve 15.0 g of KCI in 1.00 x 102 g of water issolve 0.150 moles of KCI in 0.850 moles of water D) Dissolve 0.150 moles of KCI in 1.00 moles of water E) None of the above 13.4 How many grams of HCI are required to prepare 1.00 kg of 5.5 mass% aqueous HCI? A) 18g B) 0.018 g 55g 'D) 55g E) 550g Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions, 131Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q13.5 Whats the mole fraction of NaCl present in a solution that is 10.0% by mass aqueous NaCl? A) 0.171 B) 0.0342 C) 0.0334 D) 0.0234 E) 0.100 Solutions will be posted at www. prep101.comisolutions 132‘Chem120 Exam Booklet 13.6 Concentrated nitric fraction of nitric acid? A) 0.680 8) 0.405 C) 0.377 D) 0.0620 £) 0.0112 Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/sol ©Prept0t id is 70.4% HNO by mass. What is the mole 133Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q137 Concentrated nitric acid is 70.4% HNO; by mass and has a density of 1.42 glmL. What is the molarity of concentrated nitric acid? A) 11.2. B) 55.5 M C) 7.87 M D) 14.6 M E)15.9M Q13.8 Concentrated sulfuric acid is 18.0 M and has a density of 1.84 g/mL. Calculate the percent mass of sulfuric acid in concentration H2SO,. Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 134‘Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 13.9 ‘A sample of tap water contains 75 ppm aqueous FeCls. What is the mass percent of iron(II!) chloride in the tap water? A)7.5E1% B)7.5E-2% C)7.5E-3% D)7.5E-4% E)7.5E-5% 13.10 Which of the following statements is false? A) Nonpolar substances are usually insoluble in water B) Water soluble vitamins are readily excreted from one's body C) Megadoses of water insoluble vitamins, such as A and D, can be toxic Gis solids are usually insoluble in water Icohols become less soluble in water as the length of the carbon chain increases. Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions. 135Chem120 Exam Booklet Q13.11 The solubility of most solids i A) crosses, increases increases, decreases C) decreases, increases D) remains constant, increases E) remains constant, decreases ©Prep101 as the temperature 213.12 An aqueous solution contains 11.5 g of NaCl in 250.2 g of water. Calculate the vapor pressure of this solution at 25.0°C The vapor Pressure of pure water is 23.8 mm Hg at 25.0°C. Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 136Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q13.13 The molal boiling point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m. At what temperature will a mixture of 20.0 g of NaCl and 500.0 g of water bol A) 100.71°C B) 99.36°C C) 100.02°C D) 100.36°C E) 120.80°C Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions. 137Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prepi01 13.14 The molal freezing point constant for water is 1.86 °Cim. At what temperature will a mixture of 2.00 g of CaCl, and 25.0 g of water freeze? A) -2.45°C B) -4.46°C C) -0.149°C 1.34°C -4.02°C Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 138‘Chem120 Exam Booklet ©Prep101 Q13.15 A solution is prepared by dissolving 8.50 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte in 0.20 kg of water. If the freezing point of the water is depressed by 0.724°C what is the molar mass of the solute? The freezing point depression constant for water is 1.86 °C/m. A) 25.2 gimole B) 74.6 gimol C) 87.3 gimol D) 121 gimot E) 252 gimol Solutions will be posted at www.prep101.com/solutions 139