1.

Compare and contrast two classes of Helminth, Nematodes with Cestodes in terms
of physical composition and method of identification.

 Helmiths:
o Egg layers, use stool to test and look for eggs and larvae
o Nematodes: non segmented roundworms
 Bilaterally and tapered at both ends
 Pseudoseal: body cavity
 Two layers
 Hypodermis
 Diocious [Male is different from female] Or Hermaphroditic:
can be both male and female simultaneously
 Parthongetic [don’t need to mate
 Overall bodyplan
 Cuticle
 Hypodermis
 Musculature
o Ceolomyrian  spindle shaped in a U, looks like
sarcromeres without z-cells
o Corcomyran: encircle sarcroplasm

o Cestodes: tapeworms, flat

o Large difference in size
o Male and female system Hemaphrodite
o One will automatically be infected
o Colex  narrowing tail end

2. Recognize the eggs of the

nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara,
and Trichuris trichiura.
3. Describe the epidemiology, physiology, structure, life-cycle, and clinical syndrome (
Ascariasis) of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides

 Fecal orally transmission

 Worldwide
 Generally asymptomatic
 Life cycle:
o Ingestion of infected egg
o Hatches and migrates into bloodstream enter circulation, break into
alveoli  cough them up and swallowing back down  development in
lumen produce many eggs
o Autoinfection

4. Describe the epidemiology, physiology, structure, life-cycle, and clinical syndrome (

Trichinosis) of the nematode Trichinella spiralis.

 Eating undercooked pork, wild game [seals bears walruses]

 Muscle damage
 Symptoms:
o Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
o Trichinosis
o Straited muscle
o Swelling of face, eyes, etc
o Eosinophilia [all worms]
o Myocardilitis
 Life cycle:
o Intermediat/diffinative host [humans]
o Cylvanic Cycle: Bears feed on contaminated animals
 Larvae released in wild small intestine
  Larvae migrate into striated muscle
 Difinitive host: adult sexually active worm
 Indifinitive host: Juvinal stage
 Adults ilive in intestine and then migrate , juvenile
becomes found in eevery muscle of the body.
 Redirection of host cells activity  Nurse cell
 Eyes, tongue, liver [high blood supply]

5. Compare and contrast the epidemiology, physiology, life cycles, identification and or
clinical presentation of Ascaris Lumbricoides and Trichnella spiralis.
6. Describe the epidemiology, physiology, structure, and life cycle of the
cestode Taenia solium.

 Aquiring from undercooked pork

 Symptoms  size 2 meters to 7 meters, can live up to 25 years
o Proglotids
o Life cycle:
 Pigs consume, Onchosphere hatch  Cysterici in muscle
 Pork is consumed, tapeworm consumed
 Human consume eggs, Cystericicosis in brain
 Incysment in the body
 Bad hygenes
 Autoimmune
 Neurocystersicosis
 Allergic response


7. Describe taeniasis and cysticercosis and how these diseases develop in humans.
8. Recognize and differentiate between the strobilia
of Taenia solium and Echinococcus granulosis.

 Hiyated discs, dogs and herbavor sheep

 Endemic to sheep with dog raising
 Eggs ingest in sheep

9. Describe the epidemiology, physiology, life cycle and structure of the

cestode Echinococcus granulosis.
10. Describe the organism responsible for hydatid cyst disease
11. Compare the mechanism of action and use of the antihelmintic agent drugs
Benzimidazole (albendazole), Pyrazinoisoquinoline (praziquantel) and niclosamide.