BAIHAQI BIN BAHRIN

012016020357

TEL20304
POWER ENGINEERING
SIR MOHAMMAD ALI TOFIGH
REPORT 1
INTRODUCTION

There are 3 stages in the basic structure of the Electric System which is Generation,

Transmission and Power distribution which will be focused on, the final stage in the delivery

of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.

Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission

voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers.

Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers

located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the

utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment or household appliances. Often

several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines.

Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines

through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be

connected directly to the primary distribution level or the subtransmission level.

METHOD

After electricity is generated and moved along the high-voltage transmission system,

it comes off the transmission grid at local distribution substations where the voltage is

reduced by transformers. This process can take electricity of up to 765,000 volts and step it

down to levels under 50,000 volts. The distinction between transmission and distribution

lines is not a hard and fast rule, but, generally speaking, distribution lines tend to have

voltages below 50,000.

 A transformer has two cores, each wrapped in copper wiring, with an electromagnetic

field passing between them. When entering the transformer, the power travels through a core

with many winds of copper wiring surrounding it. As it leaves the transformer, it passes the

other core with many fewer winds, resulting in electricity with much less voltage.

Low voltage electricity can then be distributed through cities and neighbourhoods on local

distribution power lines. Before the electricity enters houses and business, it is usually

stepped down in voltage once again on transformers near the customer. For some industrial

customers like factories, the voltage may still be relatively high as it reaches its destination,

usually between 4,000 and 13,000 volts. The power that reaches most residential and

commercial customers, however, comes in at 120 or 240 volts.

Here are sources of electricity and consumption in Malaysia for 2012:
SUGGESTION AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

1. Sitting new transmission lines.

2. Determining an equitable approach for recovering the construction costs of a new

transmission line built in one state when the line provides benefits to consumers in

other states .

3. Expanding the network of long-distance transmission lines to renewable energy

generation sites where high-quality wind and solar resources are located, which are

often far from where electricity demand is concentrated.

4. Protecting the grid from physical and cyber attacks

5. Low investment

6. Low power losses

7. High environmental compatibility.

Conclusion

Thanks to the work of innovators like Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, we

have a robust electricity distribution system today, but we must continue to work to make

sure our electricity is reliable and affordable for future generations amongst the human race.

That starts with an appreciation of how far we have come and how fortunate we are to have

access to the electricity that powers our lives.