EXPERIMENT- 01

HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL

Heat Transfer
Mechanical Engineering

Semester 8
University Education

By: Dilan Lakshitha

ABSTRACT

Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and conduction
through the wall separating the two fluids. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient
to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient (U) that accounts for the contribution of all
these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a
heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which
varies along the heat exchanger.

In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to work with the logarithmic mean
temperature difference (LMTD), which is an equivalent mean temperature difference between
the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger.

In this lab experiment The GUNT WL 110.03 shell and tube heat exchanger service unit was
used to obtain the measurements from the test rig to analyze the heat transfer in heat exchanger.
This lab experiment was helpful to understanding the importance of heat exchangers and
principle of the heat exchangers and also determination of heat transfer rate through the heat
exchanger for different flow rates. Then calculated result was validated using Number of
transfer Units (NTU) method.
TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 5
2. THEORY ..........................................................................................................................................6
3. EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................................................9
4. PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................10
5. OBSERVATIONS..........................................................................................................................10
6. CALCULATIONS .........................................................................................................................11
7. RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................12
8. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................18
8.1 Practical application of heat exchangers ................................................................... 18
8.2 Types of heat exchangers .......................................................................................... 20
8.3 LMTD and NTU method ........................................................................................... 23
8.4 The effect of flow rate to the heat transfer of heat exchanger ................................... 24
8.5 Factors affected to the accuracy of the observations ................................................. 25
8.6 Best maintenance practice for heat exchangers ......................................................... 25
9. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 27
10. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 27
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 27

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Classification of heat exchangers ................................................................................. 5
Table 2: Experimental data ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 3: Calculations for LMTD method ................................................................................. 11
Table 4: Calculations for NTU method .................................................................................... 11
Table 5: Table for Hot water flow rates vs LMTD values ....................................................... 13
Table 6: Table for Comparision of LMTD and NTU Values .................................................. 15
Table 7: Table for Heat transfer rate vs flow rates ................................................................... 17
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Tempreature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition..................... 7
Figure 2: GUNT WL 110.03 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Service Unit ............................. 9
Figure 3: Graph for LMTD Values vs Hot water flow rates .................................................... 12
Figure 4: Graph for Comparision of LMTD and NTU Values with hot water flow rates ....... 14
Figure 5: Graph for Heat transfer rate vs Hot water flow rates ................................................ 16
Figure 6: Double pipe heat exchanger...................................................................................... 20
Figure 7: A gas to liquid heat exchanger.................................................................................. 21
Figure 8: Shell and tube heat exchanger .................................................................................. 22
1. INTRODUCTION

Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at
different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. Heat exchangers are
commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from heating and air-conditioning
systems in a household, to chemical processing and power production in large plants.

Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not allow the two fluids involved
to mix. In a car radiator, for example, heat is transferred from the hot water flowing through the
radiator tubes to the air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates outside attached to the
tubes.

Some examples of heat exchanger applications are intercoolers, pre heaters, boilers and
condensers in power plants. Heat exchangers can be categorized based on the construction of
the components and the flow behaviour of the fluids.

The following table shows the basic categorization of heat exchangers.

Base
Construction Flow Behaviour
Tubular Parallel flow
Plate Cross flow
Shell and tube Counter flow

Table 1: Classification of heat exchangers

2. THEORY

Heat exchanger transfer heat between two media. The media doesn’t come into direct contact
and there is no mixing. Heat transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of
heat conducting partition. As it flows along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the
partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium
flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer
process at the partition can therefore be described in terms of three separate stages.

1. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.

2. Heat conduction within the partition.
3. Partition emits heat to the cold medium.
The level of heat transfer determines by the performance of the heat exchanger in three heat
transfer stages. The ability to transfer heat from a medium to the partition or vice versa is
described by the heat transfer coefficient, α

The general equation for heat transfer rate, Q

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇)

Where;

 𝐴 – Surface Area
 ∆𝑇 – temperature Difference
 𝑈 – Overall heat transfer coefficient
 Figure 1:Tempreature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition

For specific case of medium 1 on the hot partition side and medium 2 on the cold partition side
Convection heat transfer rate is given by,

1. 𝑄 = ℎ1 𝐴 ∆𝑇1 where, ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇1 – 𝑇𝑤1

2. 𝑄 = ℎ2 𝐴 ∆𝑇2 where, ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑤2 – 𝑇2

Within the partition, heat is transferred from the hot side to the cold side by means of heat
conduction so then the following relationship applied,

∆𝑇𝑤
3. 𝑄 = 𝐾𝐴 𝑙

Where;

 ∆Tw = Tw1 – Tw2

 K – Coefficient of heat conduction
 l – Thickness of the partition
 A – Area of the partition
At the steady state heat transfer rate through all three phases is same, so then equating the above
equations and considering mean parameters yields the following equation for mean heat transfer
rate,

4. 𝑄 = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑚 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛
Where;

∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2 𝐴1 – 𝐴2
∆𝑇 𝑙𝑛 = ∆𝑇 𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴1
𝑙𝑛( 1 ) 𝑙𝑛( )
∆𝑇2 𝐴2

Considering the energy exchange with no allowances for losses, the mean coefficient of heat
transition km can be defined as follows,

𝑚2 𝑐𝑝2 (𝑇2𝐴 – 𝑇2𝐸 ) – 𝑚1 𝑐𝑝1 (𝑇1𝐴 – 𝑇1𝐸 ) ∆𝑇

5. 𝑘𝑚 = 𝑙𝑛 (∆𝑇1 )
2𝐴𝑚 (∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2 ) 2

Where; 𝑚1 = 𝜌1 𝑣1

𝑚2 = 𝜌2 𝑣2

𝐴𝑚 = 0.223𝑚2

For counter flow; For parallel flow;

∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛

∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡

NTU Method
𝐶
6. 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥

7. 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶𝑐𝑖𝑛 )

1+𝑒𝑥𝑝 (−𝑁𝑇𝑈√1+𝑐2 )
8. 𝜀 = 2(1 + 𝑐 + √1 + 𝑐2( √1+𝑐2 )
)−1
1−𝑒𝑥𝑝 (−𝑁𝑇𝑈

9. 𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝜀𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
3. EQUIPMENT

Figure 2: GUNT WL 110.03 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Service Unit

Shell and tube heat exchangers are in widespread use. The main advantages of this design are
the large heat transfer area and the compact design. Shell and tube heat exchangers are used in
the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, in refineries and in process engineering plants.

The WL 110.03 is part of a series of units enabling experiments to be performed on different

heat exchanger types. The experimental unit is ideally suited for investigating the functioning
and behaviour of a shell and tube heat exchanger in operation.

The WL 110.03 is connected to supply unit WL 110 using quick-release couplings. The shell
and tube heat exchanger consists of seven tubes, surrounded by a transparent outer shell. The
hot water flows through the tube space and the cold water through the space in the shell. Part
of the thermal energy of the hot water is transferred to the cold water. Baffle plates are used to
deflect the flow in the shell in such a way as to create greater turbulence and thus a more
intensive transfer of heat.

The media flows continuously in a cross-flow. Valves on the supply unit are used to adjust the
flow rates of hot and cold water. The supply hose can be reconnected using quick-release
couplings, allowing the flow direction to be reversed. This allows cross parallel flow or cross
counter flow operation.
4. PROCEDURE

 The shell and tube heat exchanger (which has 7 tubes and 4 baffle plates) was connected
to the WL 110.03 Service unit.
 The hot and cold fluid inlets were connected using the provided quick action hose
couplings.
 The service unit was turned in using the main switch.
 The readings were noted down for different flow rates for both parallel flow and counter
flow configurations.
 Calculations were done for determine the heat transfer rate through the shell and tube heat
exchanger.

5. OBSERVATIONS

Flow rate ( litre/min) Temperature

Inlet Outlet

Cold Hot Cold Hot Cold Hot

1.167 8.541 30 80 69.98 64.94

1.315 8.652 30 80 69.4 63.2

1.463 8.763 30 80 68.92 61.6

1.611 8.874 30 80 68.52 60.12

1.759 8.985 30 80 68.18 58.76

1.907 9.097 30 80 67.89 57.5

2.056 9.208 30 80 67.65 56.34

2.204 9.319 30 80 67.45 55.28

2.352 9.43 30 80 67.28 54.29

2.5 9.541 30 80 67.14 53.38

Table 2: Experimental data

6. CALCULATIONS

ln() Tln Km Q(LMTD)

2.29 19.59 653.48 2855.32
2.09 20.98 696.38 3258.40
1.92 22.21 733.45 3633.09
1.78 23.32 765.97 3983.52
1.67 24.31 794.68 4308.28
1.57 25.21 820.51 4612.85
1.49 26.03 842.83 4892.44
1.41 26.77 862.50 5149.27
1.35 27.46 880.39 5390.90
1.29 28.09 896.10 5612.74

Table 3: Calculations for LMTD method

𝜺 Qmax Q(NTU)
0.79 4065.05 3199.13

0.77 4580.58 3513.19

0.75 5096.12 3807.67

0.73 5611.65 4084.49

0.71 6127.18 4344.87

0.69 6642.72 4590.89

0.67 7161.73 4822.02

0.66 7677.27 5038.04

0.64 8192.80 5242.48

0.62 8708.33 5434.41

Table 4: Calculations for NTU method

7. RESULTS

LMTD value vs Hot water mass flow rate

6000

5500

5000
LMTD value (W)

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500
0.14 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.148 0.15 0.152 0.154 0.156 0.158 0.16

Hot water mass flow rate (kg/s)

Figure 3: Graph for LMTD Values vs Hot water flow rates

 H Q(LMTD)

0.142 2855.32

0.144 3258.40

0.146 3633.09

0.148 3983.52

0.150 4308.28

0.152 4612.85

0.153 4892.44

0.155 5149.27

0.157 5390.90

0.159 5612.74

Table 5: Table for Hot water flow rates vs LMTD values

 CO MPARIS O N O F L MT D AND NT U VAL UE S
LMTD NTU
6000

5500

5000
HEAT TRANSFER VALUES (W)

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500
0.14 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.148 0.15 0.152 0.154 0.156 0.158 0.16
HOT WATER MASS FLOW RATE (KG/S)

Figure 4: Graph for Comparision of LMTD and NTU Values with hot water flow rates
 H Q(LMTD) Q(NTU)

0.142 2855.32 3199.13

0.144 3258.40 3513.19

0.146 3633.09 3807.67

0.148 3983.52 4084.49

0.150 4308.28 4344.87

0.152 4612.85 4590.89

0.153 4892.44 4822.02

0.155 5149.27 5038.04

0.157 5390.90 5242.48

0.159 5612.74 5434.41

Table 6: Table for Comparision of LMTD and NTU Values

 Heat transfer rate Vs Mass flow rate of hot water
5500

5000

4500
Heat transfer (W)

4000

3500

3000
0.14 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.148 0.15 0.152 0.154 0.156 0.158 0.16
Hot water mass flow rate (kg/s)

Figure 5: Graph for Heat transfer rate vs Hot water flow rates
 H Q(NTU)

0.142 3199.126

0.144 3513.185

0.146 3807.670

0.148 4084.490

0.150 4344.872

0.152 4590.888

0.153 4822.025

0.155 5038.045

0.157 5242.484

0.159 5434.415

Table 7: Table for Heat transfer rate vs flow rates

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 Practical application of heat exchangers

 Food & Beverage

 Dairy - Milk pasteurization, milk reception, cultured milk treatment, UHT, cream
pasteurization, ice-cream mix treatment, cheese milk heat treatment.
 Soft Drink - Pasteurization of syrup and final product, water heating and sugar
dissolving of final product.
 Fruit Processing - Pasteurization of juices, nectar, and concentrates, cooling of final
product.

 Chemical

 Petroleum
a) Refinery - Brine cooling, crude oil/water interchanger, treated crude oil /
untreated crude oil interchanger.
b) MTBE - Product heating, cooling & interchanging, jacket water cooling,
condensing.
c) Alkylotion - Cooling, hearing of corrosive fluids, Isobutene condenser and
reactor interchanger.
d) Oil & Gas - Sea water coolers, crude oil heat treatment.
e) Dehydration/ Dissolving - Crude oil interchanger, water/crude oil interchanger,
water interchanger, crude oil cooling.
f) Desulphurization - Lean/rich fluid interchanger & cooling, acid gas condenser.

 Hydrocarbon Processing

a) Methanol - Prehearing, water cooling, liquid product cooling.

b) Propylene Oxide - Sodium hydroxide cooling, reaction mixture cooling, heat
recovery from reactor bottom liquid.
c) Ethylene Glycol - Product cooling, reactor feed heater and interchanger.
d) Ethylene Oxide - Lean/rich cycle water interchanger, lean cycle water cooler.
 e) Ethylene-Propylene - water cooling & heating, propylene condensers, propylene
cooling, naphtha preheating.
f) Formaldehyde - Methanol preheating, formalin cooling, water cooling.

 Polymer
a) Nylon - Water cooling & heating, nylon salt cooling, condensers and
interchangers.
b) Polyester - Glycol cooling, solvent heating.
c) Polyethylene - Pelletier water & cooling water systems..
d) Polypropylene - Circulating, pellet, refrigerated and feed mate cooling,
condensers and interchangers.
e) Polyurethane - Heating & cooling of polyol and isocyanine.
f) PVC - Reactor jacket water cooling.
g) Viscose - Heating & Cooling of NaOH, viscose and different acids, heating of
spin bath solution.

 Pharmaceutical - Product heating & cooling, cooling water systems, hot water systems,
condensers & interchangers.

 Industrial

 Mining - Plating heaters & coolers, analysing heaters & coolers, strike solution cooling,
quench oil coolers, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, titanium
dioxide, chloride alkaline, and soda ash, steel.
 Automotive
 Pickling - Sulphuric and hydrochloric acid heating and cooling.
 Rinsing - Heating rinsing water.
 Phosphatizing - Phosphoric acid solution heating.
 Passivation - Heat and maintain passicating bath temperature. Pre-cutting Cooling of
electrolytic bath solution (5-15% pain and water).
 Priming & Painting - Heat and maintain paint temperature.

 Power
  Power - Auxiliary cooling circuit isolation, co-generation applications, geothermal
applications, lubrication oil cooling, diesel engine cooling, heat recovery.
 HVAC - Cooling tower isolation, free cooling, heat pump systems, sea water isolation,
thermal storage systems, pressure Interceptor.
 Marine - Seawater isolation exchanger, central cooling, jacket fresh water cooling, lube
oil cooling, camshaft lube, oil cooling.

8.2 Types of heat exchangers

Double pipe heat exchangers

The simplest type of heat exchanger; it consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters,
as shown in Figure 6, called the double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat
exchanger flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space
between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat
exchanger: in parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same
end and move in the same direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids
enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Figure 6: Double pipe heat exchanger

Compact heat exchangers

It designed to realize a large heat transfer surface area per unit volume. Compact heat
exchangers enable us to achieve high heat transfer rates between two fluids in a small volume,
and they are commonly used in applications with strict limitations on the weight and volume of
heat exchangers.
The large surface area in compact heat exchangers is obtained by attaching closely spaced thin
plate or corrugated fins to the walls separating the two fluids. Compact heat exchangers are
commonly used in gas-to-gas and gas-to liquid (or liquid-to-gas) heat exchangers to counteract
the low heat transfer coefficient associated with gas flow with increased surface area. In a car
radiator, which is a water-to-air compact heat exchanger, for example, it is no surprise that fins
are attached to the air side of the tube surface. In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids
usually move perpendicular to each other, and such flow configuration is called cross-flow.
The cross-flow is further classified as unmixed and mixed flow, depending on the flow
configuration.

Figure 7: A gas to liquid heat exchanger

Shell and Tube Heat exchangers

Perhaps the most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications is the shell-and-
tube heat exchanger. It contains a large number of tubes (sometimes several hundred) packed
in a shell with their axes parallel to that of the shell. Heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows
inside the tubes while the other fluid flows outside the tubes through the shell. Baffles are
commonly placed in the shell to force the shell-side fluid to flow across the shell to enhance
heat transfer and to maintain uniform spacing between the tubes. Despite their widespread use,
shell and tube heat exchangers are not suitable for use in automotive and aircraft applications
because of their relatively large size and weight. Note that the tubes in a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger open to some large flow areas called headers at both ends of the shell, where the
tube-side fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after leaving them.

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according to the number of shell and tube
passes involved. Heat exchangers in which all the tubes make one U-turn in the shell, for
example, are called one-shell-pass and two tube- passes heat exchangers. Likewise, a heat
exchanger that involves two passes in the shell and four passes in the tubes is called a two-
shell-passes and four-tube-passes heat exchanger

Figure 8: Shell and tube heat exchanger

Compare the performance of different type of heat exchangers.

I. Plate type heat exchanger

Advantages which overcome other heat exchanger are:

 Negligible heat loss

 overall weight of set is less
 Fits in less space
 Less maintenance cost and
 Overall heat transfer coefficient is more
 Easy installation
Disadvantages:

 Not compatible for higher temperature and pressure say above 200oC and 20 bars.
Application: Used in oil cooling system in automobiles, steam condensations, swimming water
cooling systems, refrigeration systems.

II. Shell and tube heat exchanger

It contains tubes inside a shell which is basic and basic design of heat exchangers, it is heavy
duty equipment which is widely used in process industries it can handle higher temperature up
to 900 degree cent grade’s even more.

Advantages:
  Can handle heavy duty and high temperature and pressures
 Easy control and operate-able
Disadvantage:

 Required large space

 Maintenance cost is more
Application: Used as regular heat exchanger for distillation columns, chemical equipment’s
stream cooling and heating purpose. Used internally in reboilers and evaporators.

III. Fin type heat exchanger

These are called as extended surface exchangers it is used in the conditions where when a
process fluid is having very low heat transfer coefficient when compared to other fluids because
the overall heat transfer coefficient decreases which affect the capacity of heat transfer by the
available surface area so the area of contact is to be increase. We come across this type of
problem when heat transfer is dealt with heating of air or gas streams and for cooling viscous
liquids like engine oil.

Advantages:

 Use to handle low heat transfer coefficient fluids

 Used for cooling and heating of vast quantity of gases
Disadvantage:

 Slurry fluids cannot be handled

 Deposition of particle at fin corner
 Cleaning difficulty
 High pressure drops

8.3 LMTD and NTU method

LMTD: The ‘log mean temperature difference’ (also known by its initialism LMTD) is used to
determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat
exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot
and cold streams at each end of the exchanger. The larger the LMTD, the more heat is
transferred. The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a heat exchanger
with constant flow rate and fluid thermal properties
We assume that a generic heat exchanger has two ends (which we call "A" and "B") at which
the hot and cold streams enter or exit on either side; then, the LMTD is defined by
the logarithmic mean as follows:

where, ΔTA is the temperature difference between the two streams at end A, and ΔTB is the
temperature difference between the two streams at end B. With this definition, the LMTD can
be used to find the exchanged heat in a heat exchanger:

NTU: The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to calculate the rate of heat
transfer in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is insufficient
information to calculate the Log-Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD).

the number of transfer units,

Where, is the overall heat transfer coefficient

is the heat transfer area
is the minimum heat capacity

The advantage of NTU

In heat exchanger analysis, if the fluid inlet and outlet temperatures are specified or can be
determined by simple energy balance, the LMTD method can be used; but when these
temperatures are not available The NTU or The Effectiveness method is used.

8.4 The effect of flow rate to the heat transfer of heat exchanger

The higher the velocity inside the tubes the better the overall heat transfer will be due to the
breaking-down of the inside film coefficient caused by both the turbulence and the sweeping
action. The sweeping action will retard the deposition of contaminants on the inside walls,
usually referred to as fouling. Depending on the cleanness or turbidity of the raw water often
used in surface condensers, a fouling factor is added to the theoretical overall coefficient.

8.5 Factors affected to the accuracy of the observations

I. It should be noted that due to the thermal boundary layer the and due to the friction of
the walls temperature will be not equal throughout the mass flow. Therefore values
obtain for heat transfer will be questionable.
II. Heat loss to the surrounding from the heat exchanger.

8.6 Best maintenance practice for heat exchangers

Different kind of heat exchangers are maintaining in different manner, but the purpose of all
the maintenance procedure is almost similar.

In minor maintenance of heat exchangers are considered such as clearing blockages, cleaning,
lubrication, and oil level checks can be carried out in accordance with the Standard Operating
Procedures.

Cleaning

For a heat exchanger to work efficiently, the heat transfer surfaces must be clean, and the flow
assuages must be clear of obstruction. Fouling is indicated by a gradual increase in the
temperature difference between the two fluids over a period of time. This is usually
accompanied by a noticeable rise in pressure loss at a given flow rate. Fouling and scaling
cannot be completely avoided. A cleaning program should be put in place to help insure the
continued optimal, or near optimal, performance of heat exchangers. Exchanger cleaning
methods are classified as either mechanical or chemical. Mechanical cleaning takes time and
people, therefore it's preferable to use chemical cleaning.

Mechanical cleaning

Mechanical cleaning requires opening the exchanger. This involves the removal of the end
covers and the tube bundle (plates in the case of a plate exchanger), then cleaning and then
reassembly. Damage of the exchanger components, particularly the tube bundle, is always a
risk and great care must be taken. If the deposit is on the inside of the tubes then an abrasive
brush, either hand or power operated, can be used. Another technique involves the use of an
abrasive bullet forced through the tube by compressed air. These bullets have the advantage of
being able to negotiate tube bends, unlike other mechanical means. Shell-side deposits require
you to place the tube bundle in a specially designed cleaning cradle. This enable high pressure
water or grit blasting to be carried out.

Mechanical cleaning techniques:

1. High pressure jet washing with or without the use of abrasives or chemicals
2. Hydro-steam cleaning
3. Sand and grit blasting
4. Rotary or percussive tools

Chemical cleaning

With chemical cleaning it is important to identify the deposit in order to select the correct
method for its removal. Some of the common chemicals used to clean exchangers are:

1. Mineral acids
Hydrochloric acid is most widely used because of its low cost. It dissolves calcium carbonate
(limestone) scale deposits. (If sulphuric acid was used to remove calcium carbonate scale,
calcium solphate would form this is another insolubale substance). Otherwise, this would result
in the formation of calcium sulphate, another equally insoluble substance.

2. Organic acids

Citric and formic acids are widely used - especially in steam generators where chlorine ions
would cause problems with austenitic steels. Citric acid is used, in the form of ammonium acid
citrate, to prevent the formation of insoluble ferrous acid citrates.

3. Alkaline agents
These agents have a detergent action and are capable of neutralising acids. Some examples are:
soda ash, caustic soda, sodium silicates and tri-sodium phosphates.

4. Organic solvents

These are used where fouling is due to waxes and tars. They include kerosene, diesel fuels and
trichloroethane. Organic solvents do not dissolve mineral deposits.

9. CONCLUSION

 A better understanding of the heat transfer through shell and tube heat exchangers could
be obtained by the experiment.
 LMTD and NTU method can be used to calculate the heat transfer rate through the shell
and tube heat exchangers
 LMTD values and NTU values are changed with the different flow rate as given by
polynomial functions.

10. REFERENCES

[ S. K. K, "Inclusive Science and Engineering," 25 February 2012. [Online]. Available:

1 http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/comparison-between-four-types-of-heat-
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11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

HEAT TRANSFER A Practical Approach, 2nd edition, Yunus A Cengel