BUCKLING TEST

- Candidate’s Name: Muhammad Nadeem Atta

- Student ID: SUKD-1400458
- Group: N
- Lecturer: Mr. Amares
- Date of Experiment: 01-11-2017
- Submission: 10-11-2017

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Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment to conclude the Euler Buckling load for the test and find the
graph which relates the applied force against the bending. There are two different types of
steel which was S4 and S6. We used Euler’s theory in this experiment to calculate the results
which provides a superior information about buckling test according to the Euler’s concept.

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NO. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

1. Abstract 2

2. Objective 3

3. Introduction 3

4. Apparatus 4

5. Method of Experiment 4

6. Theory 4

7. Calculations & Results 6

8. Discussion 8

9. Conclusion 9

10. Reference 9

11. Appendices 10

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Objective:

I. To decide general buckling loads for sections with supports.

II. To understand and check the Euler’s concept of buckling.
III. To examine the impact of various material limitation.

Introduction:

Buckling Test Figure 1,

At the beginning the Mathematician Physicist (Leonhard Euler) gave the progression of
calculations which determined on the way to discover the deflection of the sections when
applied various load. The method below serves to confirm two of the buckling conditions of
steel segments. Euler decided the expressions shown below to find the basic load under
various sorts of ends.

This report express the column buckling sensation by comparing the theory to practical
investigation. A column subjected to an increasing axial load will deform under what load at
the end. The basic buckling load for a given section relies on different variables including:
length of the segment, geometry of the segment, sort of supporting framework, and area of
the load with respect to the centroid of the segment. The bending of the sections under load is
a huge property of materials which must be considered for planning and calculations for the
engineering purposes.

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Apparatus:

i. WP120 Buckling Test device.

The unit essentially consists of:

a. Load spindle
b. Load nut
c. Load cross bar
d. Clamping screws
e. Guide columns
f. Force gauge
g. Attachment socket
h. Basic frame
i. Force measuring device

ii. A specimen made of flat steel bar Figure A: Buckling test

iii. Measurement apparatus (ruler, calliper, divider, etc.)
device

Figure B: Top specimen holder Figure C: Bottom specimen holder

(From detail view X) (From detail view Y)

Method of Experiment:

The perpendicular situation was set by the machine. The momentum quantity with V indent
into connection hole and attached with buckle bolt was put in. Long momentum quantity with
V indent into the guide bush of load cross-bar was inserted and was held firmly. The V indent
was being inserting by the bar sample with edges. The load cross-bar was fastened on the
guide segment in such a way, to the point that there was still approximately 5 mm for the top
push piece to move. The path of the adjacent guide column was being associating in a way
that its buckling direction by the bar sample. The rod specimen with low, non-measurable

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force was tightening again. The calculating gauge was arranged to the centre of the bar
sample with the help of the holds. The measuring gauge was fixed at a right angle to the way
of buckling. The measuring gauge was pre-tightening to 10 mm bending with the changeable
support. The bar sample load was gradually subjected using the load nut. The same procedure
was doing twice for two different kinds of example. (I) Fixed end pinned end, (II) pinned end
pinned and (S4).

Theory:
A long-segment straight pillar with a rectangular cross segment is subjected to a compressive
axial load. For whatever length of time that the bar stays straight, the bar can be inspected by
the ideas of strain or pressure loads; although, on the off chance that the bending turns out to
be unexpectedly extraordinary and prompts disastrous failure, then the buckling concept must
be used for the investigation. As indicated by the concept, the basic (or Euler) buckling load
F and normal stress cr can be calculated by the following equations:

Geometric moment of inertia can be calculated as

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼= .
12

Critical Buckling load can be calculated as

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
𝐿2

Whereas,

𝑁
E is the modulus of elasticity (21× 104 𝑚𝑚2
)

𝑏ℎ3
I is the moment of initial of the beam,𝐼 = , moment of inertia
12

b is the width of the beam

h is the thickness of the beam

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L is the length of the beam

A is the cross section area of the beam, A = bh

Corresponding deflection can be calculated as follow

𝐹
(𝜎𝑝 − )𝑙𝑦
𝐴
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = .
𝐹 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥

σmax =elasticity limit for steel (300 N/mm)

zmax = 2mm

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Calculations and Results:

Table:

Pined-Fixed:

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0
150 0.140
200 0.235
250 0.330
300 0.415
350 0.585
400 0.750
450 0.900
500 1.110
550 1.305
600 1.590

Pined-Pined:

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0

150 0.035

200 0.080

250 0.090

300 0.105

350 0.115

400 0.135

450 0.145

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Graph:

 For Pined-Fixed vs Pined-Pined

Force vs Deflection
1.8
1.6
1.4
Deflection, δ (mm)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Force, P (N)

Pined-Fixed Pined-Pined

 For Pined-Fixed

Force vs Deflection
1.8
1.6
1.4
Deflection, δ (mm)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Force, P (N)

Pined-Fixed

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  For Pined-Pined

Force vs Deflection
0.16
0.14
Deflection, δ (mm)

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Force, P (N)

Pined-Pined

Calculation:
Width, w = 20.3mm

Thickness, t = 4.20mm

Length, l = 650mm

Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa

Assume distributed load = 5 N/m

bh3 0.0042(0.0203)3
Ixx = = = 2 × 10−9 m4
12 12

bh3 0.0203(0.0042)3
Iyy = = = 1.25 × 10−10 m4
12 12

P 300 300
α2 = = (200×109 )(1.25×10−10 =
EIyy ) 25

= 12 m-2

Assuming a distributed load along the part,

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 𝑤𝐿
𝑅𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐵 =
2

From the free-body diagram, write down the expression for the Bending
Moment at a position x from the left-hand end A.

𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥 2
𝑀(𝑥 ) = 𝑥− − 𝑃𝑦
2 2
Substituting this equation into a moment curvature equate
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥− − 𝑃𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑥−
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2

It can be written as,

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 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑃
+ 𝛼 2𝑦 = 𝑥− Where, 𝛼 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

So general solution,

1 𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑤
𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥 + 2( − + ) … (1)
𝛼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥
= −𝛼𝐴 sin 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛼𝐵 cos 𝛼𝑥 + 2( − ) ……(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝛼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Using boundary condition,

At x = 0, y = 0

From eq. (1),

1 𝑤
0=𝐴×1+0+ ( )
𝛼2 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2
𝑤
∴A=−
𝐸𝐼𝛼 4
𝐿 𝑑𝑦
At x = , =0
2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝑤 𝐿 𝐿 1 𝑤𝐿 𝑤
2
From eq. (2), 0= 𝛼 sin 𝛼 + 𝛼𝐵 cos 𝛼 + ( − )
𝐸𝐼𝛼 4 2 2 𝛼2 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑤 𝐿 𝐿
0= 𝛼 4 sin 𝛼 + 𝛼𝐵 cos 𝛼
𝐸𝐼𝛼 2 2
𝑤 𝐿
∴𝐵=− 4 tan 𝛼
𝐸𝐼𝛼 2

So the equation of deflection is

𝑤 𝑤 𝐿 1 𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑤
𝑦=− 4 cos α 𝑥 − 4 tan 𝛼 sin αx + 2( − + )
𝐸𝐼𝛼 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2 𝛼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2
𝐿
The max. Deflection will be at x =
2

𝑤 𝐿 𝑤 𝐿 L 1 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤
∴ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 4
cos α − 4
tan 𝛼 sin α + ( − + )
𝐸𝐼𝛼 2 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2 2 𝛼 2 4𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝛼 2

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 P
So we can simplify this since α2 = to calculate:
EI

𝑤 𝛼𝐿 𝑤𝐿2
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 (1 − sec )+
𝑃𝛼 2 8𝑃

3.25 (12)(0.65) (3.25)(0.65)2

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (300)(12)
(1 − sec )+
2 8(300)

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.570 × 10−3 m

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.570mm (theoretical)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Error % =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
0.570−0.415
= × 100%
0.570

= 27.19%

EI = (200×109) (1.25×10-10) = 25
𝑤 3.25
A=−
𝐸𝐼𝛼4
=−
(25)(12)2
= -0.903×10-3

𝑤 𝐿 3.25 0.65
𝐵=− tan 𝛼 = − tan 12 = -0.062×10-3
𝐸𝐼𝛼 4 2 (25)(12)2 2

𝐿 0.65 𝑑𝑦
For slope, x = = = 0.325, the slope =0
2 2 𝑑𝑥

And x = 0 & 0.65, the slope will be maximum.

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑤𝐿 𝑤𝑥
= −𝛼𝐴 sin 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛼𝐵 cos 𝛼𝑥 + 2( − )
𝑑𝑥 𝛼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

When x= 0 m,

𝑑𝑦 1 3.25×0.65
= 12(−0.062 × 10−3 ) cos(12 × 0) + 2( )
𝑑𝑥 12 2×25

= -0.00045o

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When x = 0.65 m
𝑑𝑦
= −(12)(−0.903 × 10−3 ) sin(12 × 0.65) + (12)(−0.062 × 10−3 ) cos(12 × 0.65) +
𝑑𝑥
1 (3.25×0.65) 3.25×0.65
( − )
122 2×25 25

= 0.00044o

For Pined-Fixed:

π2 EI π2 (200×109 )(1.25×10−10 )
PE = =
L2 0.652

= 584 N

For Pined-Pined:

π2 EI π2 (200×109 )(1.25×10−10 )
PE = =
(0.7L)2 (0.7×0.65)2

= 1191.84N

Radius of gyration:
π2 EAk2
PE =
L2

π2 (200×109 )(0.0203×0.0042)k2
584 =
0.652

K = 1.21mm

l 0.65
Slenderness ratio, λ = = = 537.19
k 0.00121

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Discussion:

According to the buckling test experiment it was tried one by one with two stainless steel but
with different elasticity which was S4 and S6. By observing the results that noted uncertainty
was made in which formal nature of the steel S4 is greater than S6.

Therefore, when calculations was taken of the reflector all of a sudden and it may occupy
more than a round. According to this way if attention is on difficulty, the results might be
uncorrected. Furthermore, put an energy not to thin or relate an external power on the table so
the exactness was held. The estimation of the diverter may impact due to these external forces
acting. For illustration, verging toward seat, hand setting on the mechanical affiliation while
perfect the weight nuts.

In this experiment buckling will occur if the material is long and remain with the elastic
limits. Shorter columns have higher buckling ratios than longer slender columns and the
relationship between the critical stress and length is inverse which means there is an
accelerated fall in the critical stress. It is also noted that the Euler buckling doesn’t act as a
safety factor but just the maximum load a column a beam can take before bowing out.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, some random errors are produced. The objective of this experiment how find
length of beam and critical loads. Error due to this experiment was awful and unattractive
fault. Poor testing procedure was being result by the basic reason or error. Whatever is left of
the mix-up was an aftereffect of not all around balanced test tests and inadequately balanced
apparatus. Adjusted test and incapable adjusted gear was the result of the rest of mistake.

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References:

 https://www.academia.edu/18641591/Buckling_test_report
 Gilbert, J. A and C. L. Carmen. "Chapter 4 – Column Buckling Test." MAE/CE 370-
Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Manual. June 2000
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/136562/Mechanics-of-Materials-Column-Buckling-Test
 Berham, P. P., Crawford, R. J., Armstrong, C. G. 1996, Mechanism of Engineering
Materials, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, China
 Hibbeler, R. C. 2005, Mechanics of Materials, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, Singapore.

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