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Gases
In gases the
particles/molecules are far
apart and the
intermolecular forces
between them are weak.
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... vs liquids and solids
2
States of Matter
The fundamental difference between states
of matter is the distance between particles.
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Intermolecular Forces
4
Intermolecular Forces
•ion-dipole
•hydrogen bonding
5
Dispersion forces
MW Boiling Pt.
(g/mol) (K)
F2 38 85
Cl2 71 239
Br2 160 332
I2 254 458
6
Factors Affecting Dispersion Forces
Electronegativity is
the ability of atoms
in a molecule to
attract electrons to
itself.
7
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-Dipole
Forces
Influence of dipole-dipole forces is seen
in the boiling points of simple molecules.
MW (g/mol) Boiling Pt (K)
N2 28 77
CO 28 81
Br2 160 332
ICl 162 370
8
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole forces increase with increasing
polarity (dipole moments).
MW Dipole Boiling
(g/mol) Moment, μ (D) Pt (K)
CH3CH2CH3 44 0.1 231
CH3OCH3 46 1.3 248
CH3CHO 44 2.7 294
CH3CN 41 3.9 355
Hydrogen Bonding
A special form of dipole-dipole attraction,
which enhances dipole-dipole attractions.
9
Boiling Points of Simple Hydrogen-Containing Compounds
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Double helix
of DNA
Portion of a
DNA chain
11
••
water
-
Ion-dipole forces O dipole
••
H
H +
12
Intermolecular Forces Summary
moment
Very polar H-X bond
Hydrogen bonding and lone pair of e-
(X = N, O, F)
Dipole-dipole Dipole moment
Dispersion forces
(Induced dipole- polarizability
induced dipole) only
13
“Like dissolves like”
14
Liquids
Viscosity
The resistance of liquids to flow
Increases with stronger intermolecular forces and
decreases with increasing temperature.
15
Surface Tension
Surface tension
results from the
net inward force
experienced by
the molecules on
the surface of a
liquid.
16
Properties of liquids
Viscosity – the resistance of liquids to flow;
“the thickness”
Surface tension – energy required to break
through the surface or to disrupt a liquid drop
and make the drop spread out like a film.
Cohesive forces – forces between liquid
molecules
Adhesive forces – forces between liquid
molecules and another substance
Capillary action – the rise of liquids up
narrow tubes and other surfaces
Phase changes
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Phase changes
18
Heating/Cooling Curve for Water
19
Example: Heating curve problem
Determine the amount of heat (in kJ) required to heat
500. g of ice from -50.0 °C to steam at 200. °C.
Note that most of the heat is used to convert water into steam.
20
Critical Temperature: The highest temperature at which a distinct
liquid phase can form
Critical Pressure: Pressure required to bring about liquefaction at this
critical temperature.
Vapor Pressure
21
Temperature effects on the
distribution of energy in a liquid
E needed to
evaporate liquid
22
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure &
the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
• Clausius-Clapeyron
equation — used to find
heat of vaporization, ∆Hvap.
• The logarithm of the vapor
pressure P is proportional
to ∆Hvap and to 1/T.
• ln P = –(∆Hvap/RT) + C
P DH vap 1 1
ln 2
P1 R T2 T1
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
P DH vap 1 1
ln 2
P1 R T2 T1
23
Phase Diagrams
Phase diagrams display the state of a
substance at various pressures and
temperatures and the places where
equilibria exist between phases.
24
Phase Diagram of Water
Note the high
critical
temperature and
critical pressure.
–These are due
to the strong
van der Waals
forces between
water molecules.
25
Liquid Crystals
26
Liquid Crystals
• Rod-shaped and contain double or triple bond near the middle
• Polar groups create a dipole moment and promote alignment
27
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