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Volume
1
loose density
Load Factor 1 % Swell
loose density 100
Load Factor
bank density Bank Volume Loose Volume Load Factor
SHRINKAGE : soil decreases in volume when it’s compacted CERM 80‐2
bank density 100% % Shrinkage
Volume
% Shrinkage 1 100%
Density
A1 A2 L ABASE
V L if A = 0 (or small) V
2 3
V LA
r = radius of stock pile
h = height of repose with angle
h r 2h
r max height V
tan or radius 3
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CONSTRUCTION 2
BORROW PIT average depth – measuring material based on adding/removing from a pit
UNIFORM SERIES
PW FACTOR NPW = PWbenefits – PWcosts
1 i 1 n Salvage is cost
P A P | A, i,n A Benefit-Cost Ratio Capitalized costs = PW
i 1 i n
FW FACTOR B PWbenefits
>1.0 (GOOD)
1 i n 1 C PWcos ts
F A F | A, i,n A
L
Pday
3 yd 8 hr 3600 sec/hr 2160 yd
3
3
Tactual
Cycle Time
Pday 2160 Factors
40 sec Factors
CAPACITY CYCLE TIME
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CONSTRUCTION 3
CRITICAL PATH – the earliest possible date of project completion (longest path)
ES DURATION EF
TASK zero float slack
LS FLOAT LF
To address overallocation (i.e., situations that demand more resources than are available).
Common ways:
1) Delay the tasks (either by postponing the start dates or extending the completion
dates) until resources become available
2) Split the task so that the parts are completed when planned and the remainders are
completed when resources becomes available
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CONSTRUCTION 4
Resisting Moments
Factor of Safety
Overturning Moments
BRICK
Center on Center
Posts 250 ft length
26 posts CoC
25 infill panel
Rooks MORTAR
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
THICKNESS
use MEAN PERIMETER OUTSIDE PERIMETER - 4 2
2
VOLUME of CONCRETE MEAN PERIMETER HEIGHT THICKNESS
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GEOTECHNICAL 1
emax e
DR 100% e emax DR emax emin
emax emin
d min d max d min
DR d 100% d
d max d min d D
1 R d max d min
d max
ATTERBERG LIMIT ≤ 0.425 mm (Sieve No. 40) CERM 35‐21
Liquid state
Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Index (PI)
Increasing
Plastic state
moisture
SIEVE OPENING
#200 > 35% → “ “ column A-4 – Fig. 2.3 using LL and PI PGI = 0.01(#200 – 15)(PI – 10)
SOIL SAMPLING
Theoretical Energy
Wt drop blows layers
volume
Standard Proctor Test Modified Proctor Test
- Soil is compacted in 3 layers by 25 - Soil is compacted in 5 layers
hammer blows on each layer - Hammer mass = 10 lbm = 4.5 kg
- Hammer mass = 5.5 lbm = 2.5 kg - Hammer drop = 18 in = 457 mm
- Hammer drop = 12 in = 305 mm - Denser soil
Wo Wf Wcone Wo Wf
Vhole Vcone
sand sand
Whole
d
1w Vhole 1 w
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GEOTECHNICAL 3
FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY
Ki V hc seepage velocity aL h0
Vs K ln CERM 35‐23
ne ne D10 average discharge velocity At h1
K hydraulic conductivity h0 = head at start of test (t0)
i hydraulic gradient
h1 = head at end of test (t1)
ne effective porosity A = cross sectional area of specimen
a = cross sectional area of stand pipe
COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY CERM 35‐23 t = t1 – t0
V = volume of water
VL t = duration of water connection
K
hAt Δh = head difference
A = cross sectional area
L = length of specimen
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GEOTECHNICAL 4
v z i i z1 1
z2 2 vA 1 z1 2 z2
A
v' v u
pore water
vertical pressure
stress
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GEOTECHNICAL 5
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
Vertical stress
2.5
3p 1 z = depth
2 2 r = radial distance
2 z 1 r
z
B L
M n
z z
q Iq
Approximate method = 2V : 1H
Rectangular area:
qBL P
B 2 L 2 B 2 L 2
qr 2 p
Circular area: 2
2
z z
r 2 r
2
UNIFORM SQUARE/INFINITE
x
? B Rectangular:
B 2.6 0.84
B
z L
? B Note: use superposition
B CERM A‐82
1 method for large or
? B (no tables) q 1 B various point loads
B
1.38 0.62
L
1 22
OR USE EQUATIONS:
Circular (D=B) Square Continuous
1.5
1.76
2.6
1 1 1
q 1 2
q 1 2
q 1 1.38
1 B 1 B 1 B
22 22 22
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GEOTECHNICAL 6
RATE OF CONSOLIDATION
Cv t Tv time factor
Tv 2
Hd Cv coefficient H for one-way drainage
Hd length of the drainage path
CERM 40‐5
H/2 for two-way drainage
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GEOTECHNICAL 7
qult cNc Sc Df
qnet cNc Sc cohesion
Unconfined
qu
undrained shear strength → su c compressive strength
2
qnet Df Nq 1 0.5 BN S
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GEOTECHNICAL 8
Case 1: Df D 0
CERM 36‐8
D' D1 'D2 Df
' sat w
Case 2: B d 0 Case 3: d B
d d
1 ' groundwater is negligible 0
B B
M
e middle 1/3 of footing ( e B 6 ):
P
P 6e P 6e
Qmin 1 Qmax 1
BL B BL B
Outside middle 1/3 ( e B 6 ):
4P
Qmin 0 Qmax
3L B 2e
qult cNc Df Nq 0.5 B' N
qnet qult Df B' B 2eB or L' L 2eL
qnet
q(net )all
FS
D D
Circular/square Fq 1 2 1 m f f Ku tan
B B M = coefficient
Ku = nominal uplift coefficient
D B D
Rectangular Fq 1 1 2m f 1 f Ku tan
B L B
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GEOTECHNICAL 9
for level
CERM 37‐4
1 1
pp K p H 2c K p Rp pp H K p H 2
2 2
CERM 37‐3
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
CERM 37‐4
Neglect the friction between wall and soil
1 1 sin
Ka tan2 45
K p 1 sin 2
Level
1 1 sin
Kp tan2 45
K a 1 sin 2
Ka 2
sin sin
sin sin 1
2
sin sin
angle sloping backfill
sin2 inclination of wall face on back side
Kp 2
sin sin
sin sin 1
2
sin sin
Ra v Ra sin 90
Ra h Ra cos 90
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STRUCTURES 1
ASD CERM 45‐2
Apply service loads (no load factors)
fALL STRESS FALLOWABLE STRESS Allowable stress per material
(ELASTIC)
P
E
L E AE
ft Ig My M bh3 I I bh2
CRACKING → Mcr BENDING → fb I S
yb I S 12 y h /2 6
Material
CONCRETE fc in psi properties
C Force – couple
parallel force
T same magnitude
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STRUCTURES 2
Vu Av fy
Vs(required ) Vc smax
0.75 50bw
Av fy d d
s When: Vs( required ) 2Vc 4 fc bw d → smax but not greater than 24”
Vs(required ) 2
For: 4 fc bw d Vs 8 fc bw d (prevents overturning)
b
TEMP STEEL RATIO
d As h
As
fy 60 ksi 0.0018
Ag
CERM 51‐2 ACI 318
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STRUCTURES 3
3 FAILURE MODES
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STRUCTURES 4
fy AISC
COMPACT SECTION : fb
b
bf E
FLANGE : 0.38
2tf fy
h E
WEB : 3.76
tw fy
ry
Lp 300 Lp max unbraced length
fy
Mn Cb Mp BF Lb Lp BF = Bending Factor
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TRANSPORTATION 1
Azimuth is always
from North
Vo2 V 2 a CERM 75‐6
D f PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE AASHTO 3‐9
a 32.2
30 G
32.2
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TRANSPORTATION 2
5729.578 ft
R [US arc def
D deg
50 ft 50 ft
R
D
[US CHORD DEF → Dc 2 sin1
R
sin I = 180° – T1 – T2
2
2 RI 100 ft 60° 60°
L RIRADIANS I
360 D
SUPERELEVATION AASHTO 3‐32 CERM 79‐9 PT STA = PC STA + L
V2 PC STA = PI STA - T
Rmin MIN RADIUS USING e + f
15 emax fmax
wp
TR
SRR
w
L l
SRR
R R H SO CL of INSIDE LANE
S arccos
28.65 R
SPIRAL CURVES CERM 79‐18 COMPOUND CURVES AASHTO 3‐84
3
3.15 V mph
Ls OPEN ROAD HIGHWAYS
RC
FLAT RADIUS → SHARPER RADIUS
ft
RAIL : C 1 (U.S.) INTERSECTIONS 1.5 : 1
sec3
RAPID CHANGES 2 : 1
ROAD : C 1 3 (1 to 3)
INTERCHANGE RAMPS
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TRANSPORTATION 3
AASHTO 3‐155 AASHTO 3‐161
SSD PSD HSD
CREST CREST SAG
K factor →
CERM 79-16 AASHTO 3-157 CERM 79-18
Condition SSD PSD HSD
CREST CREST SAG Note:
SL AS2 AS 2 AS 2 Assume S < L first,
L L L then solve it. If no,
2158 2800 400 3.5S
solve for S > L
SL 2158 2800 400 3.5S
L 2S L 2S L 2S
A A A
elev E elevG
s
elev E elev F
2d s 1
L
s 1
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TRANSPORTATION 4
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TRANSPORTATION 5
Spacing
SPEED, FLOW, DENSITY CERM 73‐6 S
Headway – time between
v D = # of vehicle per hour per lane (vpmpl) successive
DENSITY → D S = space mean speed (mph) vehicles (sec/veh)
S
v = flow/rate of flow/volume (vphpl) Spacing – distance between
common points on
successive
3600 sec/hr Spacing
Headway vehicles (ft/veh)
(sec/veh) flow rate (veh/hr) S
5280 ft/mile
Spacing
(ft/veh) D
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TRANSPORTATION 6
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
R = crash rate
A 106 A = # of crashes
INTERSECTION → Rint
365 T V
T = time period of analysis (years)
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WATER RESOURCES 1
FLUID STATICS
A D CERM 16‐6 CERM A‐21
R R for or
P 4
A, P, R for circular pipes
A 0.7854D2 D2
4
P wetted perimeter
De or Dh hydraulic diameter 4R
DeV CERM 16‐7
Re Laminar ≤ 2100 Critical = 2100~4000
BERNOULLI CERM 16‐2
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WATER RESOURCES 2
FLUID DYNAMICS
fLv 2
DARCY: hf
2Dg
3.022 Vfps L 10.44 L Qgpm
1.85 1.85
HAZEN WILLIAMS: hf hf
C 1.85 d10
1.165 4.8655
C 1.85 Dft
pA1V1 pA2V2 A1V1 A2V2
E p hp p / pressure head or static head
HORSEPOWER CERM 18‐8
lb gal lb
Mass Flow 8.34 flow
gal
sec
SG
sec
hA Q (gal/min) Q (ft3 /sec) Mass flow (lb/sec)
hAQSG hAQSG hA mass flow whp
head from Pump Efficiency 100
pump 3956 8.814 550 bhp
bhp
Motor Efficiency 100
Brake Horse Power (bhp) = whp / pump efficiency ehp
Electrical/Motor (mhp/ehp) = bhp / motor efficiency
Overall Efficiency pump eff motor eff
Friction of Heat (fhp) = bhp – whp CERM 18‐10
Motor HP – Nema Motor Sizes whp
100
Cost mhp 0.7457 kW/hp $/kWh time in hours ehp
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WATER RESOURCES 3
Circular channel:
RATIO CURVE CERM A‐47 Full → use CHEZY-MANNING
1.49 Partial → use RATIO CURVE
A R S
0.67 0.5
Q
n
D S
0.375 0.188
nQfull nQfull
Qfull S
0.375 0.5
D 1.335 0.5 Must be known :
1.335 n
0.375 2.67
S D Qfull n S
1.335
Froude Number: FR = 1 (critical flow)
FR < 1 (sub critical flow)
CERM 19‐18
FR > 1 (super critical flow)
2 g 4
0.5
1 2 V 2 d d2
d2 d1 1
1 1
2 g 4
gd
V1 2d2 d1 d2
2
1
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WATER RESOURCES 4
CULVERT CERM 19‐26
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
- Determine type - Determine culvert velocity
- Apply Q equations for that type - Determine diameter
→ given Qreq Q VA (neglect barrel friction)
CERM 19‐28
Vt 2gh Vt theoretical velocity V2 V2 V 2 n2 L
H Ke CERM 19‐28
2g 2g 2.21 R
1.33
C D C c Cv C D culvert geometry
CERM 17‐17 H = KE + entrance loss + barrel friction
H h1 h4
0.5 CERM A‐58
Critical Depth: Determine hc (known = Q, d)
H
V
CERM 19‐28
1 Ke Ln2
d A
2g 2.21R1.23 Find A through AP 16 A 2
D D
n = MANNINGS CERM A‐55
p = rainfall in inches 2 yr 24 hr
S = slope HGL
INLETS CERM 28‐5
ft3 /sec
Q 0.7 curb opening length inlet flow depth curb inlet depression
1.5
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