Biol 2420 Lecture 22

Glucose and amino acids are cotransported with sodium against their gradient by SECONDARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT

note: tubular cells have a limited number of co-tranpsort carriers therefore there is a transport limit! Tm

e.g. glucose has a Tm of 373, we usually absorb 125. this is useful because when we eat a meal
we will have more glucose to reabsorb

note: when it comes to cotransporting, if there is too high a concentration of one, the other won't get
transported.

Cl has a paracellular route in reabsorption, flows against its electrical gradient (thanks to Na)

also has a transcellular route, via Cl/base antiporters

NOT IN THE THICK ASCENDING LIMB - Na/K/2Clcotransporter!!

Water

always follows the solutes to be isosmotic!

through aquaporins

in proximal convoluted tubule some of it passes intercellularly

peritubular capillaries have a high oncotic pressure, pulling H2O out of the ISF

IF there is a high amount of solute in the proximal convoluted tubule, Na starts leaking back, and it
brings water with it - osmotic diuresis

Passive Reabsorption

there are 12 aquaporin isoforms (6 known in the kidney)

some of them can also transport urea

in the proximal convoluted tubule and the thin descending limb, there are ALWAYS aquaporins
 therefore 75% of H2O is obligatorily reabsorbed.

AQP2 in the principal cells of the DCT and collecting ducts is regulated by vasopressin

vasopressin binds to membrane recceptors activating the cAMP 2nd messanger system. this
inserts AQP2 pores into the luminal membrane. --> more water reabsorbed.

vasopressin has the most effect in the cortical collecting ducts and the medullary collecting duct

2 stimuli control vasopressin release

a. ECF osmolarity

if it is above 200mosm/L, receptors in the hypothalamus release vasporessin

b. Low blood pressure and low blood volume

detected by barorecepters and stretch receptors in the atria. if low they stimulate
release of vasopressin

Diabetes Insipidus - the failure to produce or respond to vasopressin

brattleboro rats

Urea

solute and water reabsorption create a concentration gradient for urea

leaky tight junctions are moderately permeable to urea (50% gets reabsorped)

epithelial membrane transporters in the THIN LoH secrete urea BACK INTO LUMEN

tight junctions in the LoH, distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts are impermeable

half of urea is again reabsorped in the INNER MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCTS

more vasopressin means more reabsorption of urea

increasing the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla