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Enhances nuclear detail of cells
Differentiates WBCs from RTE cells
3. 2% Acetic Acid
Microscopic Urine Analysis Lyses RBCs
Third part of routine urinalysis Enhances nuclear detail WBCs.
Used to detect/ identify/ quantify insoluble materials
present in urine (sediments, crystals, cells) 4. Hansel Stain
Most time consuming part of routine urinalysis Composed of methylene blue and eosin Y
LEAST STANDARDIZED among all analyses Preferred stain for urinary eosinophls
conducted in urine sample. Dried smear of centrifuged urine is used
Also known as chemical seiving.
5. Wright’s Stain
Urine Sediment Preparation and Examination Primarily used for peripheral blood smear but can
Standardization started in 1926 by Thomas Addis also be use as a substitute for urinary staining
(Addis’ Count) (particularly eosinophil)
- uses hemocytometer Not as specific as Hansel stain for eosinophil
- 12 hour urine sample
- Used to monitor the course of diagnosed cases of 6. Prussian Blue Stain
RENAL DISEASE. Stains hemosiderin granules as seen in
Commercialized methods have been developed hemoglobinuria
throughout the years. Hemosiderin granules stain BLUE
e.g.
KOVA CenSlide Lipid Stains
Urisystem R/S Workstation 1. Oil red O, Sudan III & Sudan IV
Count-10 Quick-Prep For the identification of lipid containing cells and free
fat bodies.
CenSlide Triglycerides and neutral fats stains well with a
Doesn’t require manual charging of urine sample on ORANGE-RED color
slides
Closed-system procedure to eliminate exposure Bacterial Stain
Especially designed tube to facilitate urine 1. Gram’s Stain
microscopy Differentiates Gram positive from Gram negative
bacterial infection
R/S Workstation For bacterial cast identification
Glass flow cell through which urine sediment is
pumped, examined and discarded from the system. 2. Ziehl Neelsen Stain
Differentiates acid fast organisms from non acid fast
Specimen Preparation organisms.
Freshly collected then thoroughly mixed, midstream For urinary tubercular infection
clean-catch sample
10-15 mL (standard amount of urine ) Cytodiagnostic Testing
Centriguation time: 5 minutes at 400 RCF 1. Papanicolaou’s Stain
Decantation (rapid pouring of centrifuged urine Used for preparing fixed slides for urine sediment
sample) identification and cytology.
Charging the sediment on the slide (20uL/ 0.02 mL) For the detection of malignancies in lower urinary
Examination under the microscope tract.
Reporting the microscopic exam semiquantitatively Detects and monitors renal diseases
(rare, few, moderate, many) Provides more definitive information about:
transplant rejection, inflammatory conditions,
Checking the Correlation… pathologic casts
Correlation between physical and chemical exam plus the First morning urine sample or suprapubic aspirate.
microscopic exam must be observed to ensure accuracy and
reliability of reports. MICROSCOPE
Bright-field Microscopy
Sediment Examination Techniques Most common type of microscopy done in the lab
STAINS Object appears dark against light background
Increases the overall visibility of sediments being When using this method, decreased light level must
analysed. be employed. (Adjust the rheostat level)
Imparts identifying characteristics to cellular
structures: nuclei, cytoplasm, and inclusions. Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Crystal: Tyrosine
Description: Fine yellow needles in sheaves or
rosettes
Significance: Severe liver disease
Comments: Often accompanied by leucine
Crystal: Cystine
Description: Hexagonal (six-sided)
Significance: Cystinuria
Comments: Must be differentiated from uric acid.
Does not polarize light.
Crystal: Cholesterol
Description: Flate plate with notched out corner.
“Star-step.”
Significance: Nephrotic syndrome
Comments: Birefringent
Crystal: Bilirubin
Description: Yellowish-brown needles, plates, and
granules
Significance: Liver disease
Comments: Reagent strip or Ictotest should be
positive for bilirubin.