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ARrzuMItand SUM10HAMADAS
YASUNORI
University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
and
TATEOKAJITA§
Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Abstract-This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of composite beams with incomplete interaction.
A simplified nonlinear model is assumed in this approach. This is applied to the elastic-plastic analysis of
reinforced concrete beams and composite beams with incomplete interaction. The numerical results are compared
with the test results and existing values based on other numerical methods, and found to be in good agreement.
The elastic-plastic behavior of partial composite beams without shear connectors in the negative bending moment
region is discussed by the proposed method.
Fig. 1. Nodal displacementsfor an incompletecompositebeam (1) Elastic-plastic analysis of the beam element
element. For the plastic analysis the total strain eZT is decom-
posed into its elastic eZc and plastic eZp strain com-
ponents as
points along the composite beam element, that is, they
have the equal curvature at any cross section. This also G= = CZet eZP. (3)
implies that the shear connectors resist separation due to
the uplift force. The total strain for the beam element under bending and
These assumptions result in a composite beam ele- axial deformation is expressed as
ment with twelve degrees of freedom as shown in Fig 1,
whose displacement vector {u} can be expressed by lZzT= (dw/dz) - (d’v/dz*)y = w’ - v”y. (4)
{u]= [WI, 4, 01, ul, wz, w;, w3, w;, v3, vi, w4, WT. The plastic strain distribution is assumed to be linear in
(1) the z-direction as shown in Fig. 3, and the plastic strains
at the upper and lower plastic regions are expressed
Based on the principle of virtual work, the governing as]111
equation can be given by
~~6c,dY+~~=~A,dl=~xissds (2)
sL=(~){c:(l-8)tr~B} (5b)
in which air and eij are the stress and strain tensors,
respectively. F, and A, are the shear force subjected to
shear connectors and slip produced by F,, respectively. where p = z/L and E:~, l
ki, eij and lkj are the plastic
Fig. 2. Assumed stress-strain diagrams for steel and concrete, and load-slip diagram for a shear connector.
where i and j represent the adjacent nodes as illustrated cracked element, SU,, is given by
in Fig. 3. The plastic strain vector of the beam element is
L b t-h(r)
expressed as
su, = u&z dy dx dz
0 0 --f
111
{I$}= [C~ilZ~jE~iC~]T. (7) L b I
= u&z dy dx dz
As mentioned previously, the displacements w and v are 0 0 -*
111
L b I
assumed by cubic polynomials as -
u&z dy dx dz
III0 0 I-h(z)
Substituting eqns (3)-(9) into the first term of eqn (2), the t =I(z)U”&+‘dz}
internal virtual work of the beam element can be I
expressed as = IsU;%CdCxl~~~ (13)
I
I
CPl=CP,I
1
1
I Forward reduction I
*
Backward substitution
*
I ’ Calculation of elastic-plastic
+
boundary depth
I
Stop J
NUMEtUCALRESULTSANDDtSCUSStON
Numerical analysis are herein conducted for rein-
forced concrete beams, simply supported and continuous
composite beams with incomplete interaction. Each span
of these beam is divided into 20-30 elements for this
analysis. The load-slip modulus, Q, and the maximum
elastic slip, (A,‘),,,, for a shear connector in both
positive and negative moment regions can be determined
from the push out test, and these values may be given as
Q = 530 ton/in. and (A,‘),,, =0.014 in. for a 3/4in.
stud[l3,14].
The section and material properties are summarized in
Table 1 for the reinforced concrete beams and composite
beams analyzed herein, and the values of material pro-
perties are mainly obtained from the material tests.
Load-deflection relationships obtained from the
o-0 0.2 04 06 0.8 1.0
Table 1. Summary of section and material properties: (a) section properties, (b) material properties
SPAN STIXI.
IV1IITH TIIICKNESS NUMRI-R I~IMNSIOI\:
CASE B 18 ft. 48.0 in. h.0 in. 1lin.x hin.x J41h. 1Oil Il/2l"X 2"
CASE C 2 x 11 ft. 24.0 in. 2.375 in. 6in.x 3in.x 12lh. 4h I .i/Ri”x 2”
CONCRI-TI: sll.t’l.
ULTIMATE SPLITTING
YOUNr;'S COMPRESSIVE TENSILE YOUNC ’ s YIl II’
~1OlKlLIIS STRENGTH STRENGTH tJOFlULlIS STKI-5S
LC CC) Jet 1-s 3,
CASI B 1330 (ton/y.in) 7250 (Psi) 715 (psi) 13.iWl (ton/sq.in) 17.2 (ton/sq.in)
(‘ASI. r 1787 (ton/sq.in) 69x1 (psi) h9? (psi) 13400 (ton/sq. in1 19.5 lton/sq.in)
i 1
1.0 I ‘.
J
E DEFLECTION
SLIP
- . . . EXPERIMENT’)
-PROPOSED ANALYSIS3)
-looO-
..-..-.- ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
‘“0 -5oo-
; 1
DEFLECTION (inches)
1500-
Fig. 7. Load-deflection relationships for a simply supported
composite beam.
STRAIN AT BOTTOM FLANGE OF BEAM
: 0.02
c
”
.G
l%
0.0 1
1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I c
0 00 40 0 40 00
Table 2. Summary of section and materials properties: (a) section properties, (b) material properties
xmtinuous
DISCCNTINCCUS
CONCRETE STEEL
-1000
I
reinforcing bars and the axial force diagram of the con-
- UNIFORM SPACING
crete slab are shown in Figs. 12-14, respectively. These
figures illustrate that bending behavior of the partial
composite beam is similar to that of complete one in the
-600
positive moment region, that axial forces in the concrete
slab of the partial one are presumably constant
throughout the region having no shear connectors, and
that strains in the reinforcing bars of the partial one are
smaller than those of complete one. Since strains
in the lower flange of the partial one, on the contrary, are
not significantly increased, a partial composite beam may
have better conditions in the concrete slab under nega-
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70
tive bending moment in the continuous composite beams.
CURVATURE ( 1O-6/cm) As illustrated in Fig. 15, it is recognized that a large
Fig. 10. Moment-curvature relationships at the center support horizontal shearing force occurs at the ends of the region
for a 2-span continuous composite beam. having shear connectors.
II
II
y..-----30m
P=130ton
”b i- 30 ma
A
I,
I I
(a) MODEL- A (b) MODEL - B
Fig. I I. Progression of yielded and cracked regions through the depth for a 2 span continuous composite beam.
460 Y. ARIZUMI
et al.
End
I
JPP( =JPF
600Fnd
1
-1000 - - UNIFORM
SPACING
-.- DISCONTINUOUS
SPACING
0 10
D I STANCE
END(m)
30
-400 CONNECTOR
DISTANCE FROM
r-7
DENSITY
20
END
I
(m)
~~
1
30
End I support
I I
- UNIFORM
SPACING O-
I
---DISCONTINUOUS
SPACING
-0 .l -
-UNIFORM
-0 2- SPACING I
\, i4
---DISCONTINUOUS \ !
SPACING
-0 3-
-0 .4 -
-0 .5-
I
CONNECTOR DENSITY CONNECTOR DENSITY
10 20 II
0 10 20 30
DISTANCE FROM END (m)
DISTANCE FROM END (m)
Fig. 13. Strain diagrams for reinforcing bars. Fig. 15. Slip diagrams.
linearities. The numerical results obtained from the pro- K24 = (//3O)C,+ (//24)C,,
posed method shows good agreement with test results. K,, = -(1/60/)Cs-(l/6/)&
K,z= -(3/20/)C,+(l/6/)C,t(1/6/)C,,
Acknowledgements-Computations were carried out on a K,, = (1/6O/)Cs+(l/6/)&
FACOM 230-75 computer at Nagoya University. The authors K,4 = (3/2O/)Cs-(l/6/)C,-(l/6/)&
wish to thank Prof. M. Naruoka of Nagoya University and Prof. K4, =(1/18O)C,-(1/36)C,-(1/6)C,,
T. Oshiro of University of the Ryukyus for their helpful advice. K42= - (1/3O)Cs+ (l/36)&
Kdj = - (l/l8O)Cs t (1/36)C,t (l/6)&,
KM = (1/3O)C,- (l/36)&
REFERENCES K6, = - (//12O)C,- (//24)C,,
1. N. M. Newmark, C. P. Siess and I. M. Viest, Test and &2 = (//2O)C,+ (//24)C,.
analysis of composite beams with incomplete interaction. K63 = (//12O)C,+ (//24)C,,
Pro;. Sot. Expel Stress Anal. 9, 75-92 (1931). KU = - (//2O)C, - (//24)C,
2. L. P. C. Yam and J. C. Chaoman. The inelastic behavior of Kg, = -(1/45)C, t (l/36)&
simply supported composite beams of steel and concrete. &Z = - (7/6O)C,t (5/36)C,+ (l/6)&
Pro;:ICE- b5, 651-683i1968). Ks3= (1/45)Cs- (l/36)C,,
3. L. P. C. Yam and J. C. Chaoman. The inelastic behavior of Ks4= (7/6O)Cs- (j/36)@ (1/6)C,,,
continuous beams of steel aid concrete. Proc. ICE Part 2,
287-501(1972). and
4. S. Hamada and J. Longworrh, Ultimate strength of con-
tinuous composite beams. Proc. ASCE 102(ST7),1463-1478 C, = di” - d,“.
(1976). C, = d,“,
5. K. H. Dai and C. P. Siess, Analytical study of composite C, = d,’ - d,l.
beams with inelastic shear connection. Structural Research C,=d,‘-2t.
Series No. 267, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (1963). C, = (4” - d,“)2.
6. T. Okumura and M. Sato, Study on Strength of Composite C, = (di” - d,“)(3t - 2d,“),
Beams (in Jaoanese). Universitv of Tokvo (1972). C,=(3t-d,“)d”.
7. M. J. S. Hirst and’M. F. Yea; The analysis oi composite C,=(d;-d,‘)2.
beams using standard finite element programs. Comput. C, = (d,‘- d,‘)(t - 2d,‘),
Structures 11, 233-237 (1980).
8. A. W. Wegmuller and H. N. Amer. Nonlinear response of and
composite steel and concrete. Comput. Structures 7, 161-169
(1977). C,,, = 2t2 t td,’ - (di’)2.
9. A. W. Wegmuller, Overload behavior of composite steel and
concrete. Proc. ASCE 103(ST9),1799-1819(1977). The initial strain matrix [Kc& of a cracked concrete element
10. S. Hamada and Y. Arizuma, Finite element analysis of con- in eqn (13) is given as
tinuous composite beams with incomplete interaction. Trans.
JSCE 9,6C67 (1977). Cl, Cl2 Cl3 CM Cl, CM Cl3 CM
!
II. H. Jr. Armen, A. Pitco and H. S. Levine, A finite element G2 c23 c24 c12 G6 c23 C28
method for the plastic bending analysis of structures. NASA c33 c34 cl3 c36 c33 c38
contractors, Rep. CR-97 375 (1968). G4 CM G6 c34 G8
12. S. D. Lash, N. Macleod and W. Blackwell, High strength [Lack1= Ec C,, cl6 cl3 cl8
symmetric
reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams, Part 2: crack c66 CM G*
width. deflection fatigue. Reo. No. 38. Dent. of Civil Ene.. G, C38
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario (196$. C88
13. R. J. Mainstone and J. B. Menzies, Shear connectors in steel
concrete composite beams for bridges. Concrete 1, 291-302 (A2)
(1967).
14. J. C. Chapman and S. Balakrishman, Experiments on com- where
positive beams. The Structral Engineer 42, 369-382 (1964). CII - (7Ai +7Ai)/(5/).
Cl2 = AjilO,
Cl3 = (3Gj- 3Gi)/(S/‘),
APPENDIX C,., = - (4G, + G,)/(S/),
The initial strain matrix [K:] for a beam element in eqn (IO) is C16= AillO,
given as Cjs = (Gi + 4G,)/(5/),
C,, = (3Ai f A,)//30,
K12 KK” C,, = (7G, + 3G,)/(lO/).
K22
C,, = (l3G, +2G,)/30.
K32 K:: Cl, = - (Ai + Ai)//60,
C,, = (8Gj + 7GJ30,
&2 &3
.K 12K 13 -
-
C,, = (61, t 61,)/13,
K62 K63 c,, = (41,+24)//2,
K 32 - K 3, - C,, = - (3Gj+ IJG,i/(lO/).
Ku2 Kg3 c,, = (21,t 41j)//2.
c44 = (31,+ r,)//,
where Ce = -(7Gi + 8G,)/30,
C, = (Ii -t r,)//,
K,, = -(l/lo)c, -(l/d)c,, C, = (Ai + 3A$/30,
K,z = - (3/2O)C,-(l/4)&, C, = - (2G, + 13GJ30,
K,, = (lllO)C,+(l/4)C,,
and
K,4 = (3/2O)C,+ (l/4)&
K2, = -(//12O)C, +(//24)C,,
cs, = (I, t 34311.
K22 = - (//30X, - (//24)C,,
K23 = (//12O)C,- (//24)C’,, The initial deformation matrix [K:] of a shear connector in
462 Y. ARIZUMI
et al.